Therapists in Union Bridge, MD

Photo of Janelle Maldonado-Saad, PhD, Psychologist
Janelle Maldonado-Saad
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Life takes us through so many unexpected twists and turns. As a Psychologist practicing since 1989, I know the courage that clients bring as they seek help in addressing a challenge that has come before them. Together, we build a safe and trusting relationship, set meaningful goals, and do the work of healing and growing. Clients may bring a range of issues, from navigating a life transition to recovering from a tragic loss or trauma. I use an eclectic treatment approach that incorporates cognitive behavior therapy, behavior analysis, developmental psychology, RET, hypnosis, imagery, and other trauma-based interventions.
Life takes us through so many unexpected twists and turns. As a Psychologist practicing since 1989, I know the courage that clients bring as they seek help in addressing a challenge that has come before them. Together, we build a safe and trusting relationship, set meaningful goals, and do the work of healing and growing. Clients may bring a range of issues, from navigating a life transition to recovering from a tragic loss or trauma. I use an eclectic treatment approach that incorporates cognitive behavior therapy, behavior analysis, developmental psychology, RET, hypnosis, imagery, and other trauma-based interventions.
(410) 438-8694 View (410) 438-8694
Photo of Morgan Tyler, MSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Morgan Tyler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Union Bridge, MD 21791
Hello there, I’m happy you’re here! Whether you have recently experienced something tough or you are looking to improve your everyday life, I’m here for you. I understand that therapy is a vulnerable place and it is important for therapy to be non-biased, comfortable and safe. I intend to carry a non-biased approach with each of my clients while listening, offering reflection and support to your goals along the way.
Hello there, I’m happy you’re here! Whether you have recently experienced something tough or you are looking to improve your everyday life, I’m here for you. I understand that therapy is a vulnerable place and it is important for therapy to be non-biased, comfortable and safe. I intend to carry a non-biased approach with each of my clients while listening, offering reflection and support to your goals along the way.
(667) 202-1241 View (667) 202-1241
Photo of Shannon Marble, LCPC, NCC
Shannon Marble
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Union Bridge, MD 21791
Hello! I am a licensed professional counselor who works children, adolescents, and adults. I am happy to be accepting new clients for both virtual and in person appointments in Union Bridge, MD. Counseling is not the same for everyone and is not “cookie-cutter” therefore, I offer a variety of counseling services including: play, talk, grief, brief-solution focused, and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).
Hello! I am a licensed professional counselor who works children, adolescents, and adults. I am happy to be accepting new clients for both virtual and in person appointments in Union Bridge, MD. Counseling is not the same for everyone and is not “cookie-cutter” therefore, I offer a variety of counseling services including: play, talk, grief, brief-solution focused, and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).
(667) 291-0994 View (667) 291-0994
Photo of Tiffany Masimore, LCSW-C, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tiffany Masimore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LCSW
Verified Verified
Union Bridge, MD 21791
Whether it be helping you through big life changes or managing the stress of day to day life, therapy can help! My goal is to empower, support, and help you achieve your personal goals and help you learn to manage things getting in the way.
Whether it be helping you through big life changes or managing the stress of day to day life, therapy can help! My goal is to empower, support, and help you achieve your personal goals and help you learn to manage things getting in the way.
(667) 868-0872 View (667) 868-0872

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Lillian Morales, LCPC, Counselor
Lillian Morales
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Owings Mills, MD 21117
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in the state of Maryland. I have provided individual, family, and group therapy in a variety of settings. I am bilingual and can provide services in Spanish. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, and young adults and specialize in anxiety, depression, ADHD, grief, trauma, relationship issues, adjustment disorders, life transitions, self-esteem, family issues, and stress management. I received my Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Stevenson University and my Master of Science in Counseling Psychology from Loyola University.
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in the state of Maryland. I have provided individual, family, and group therapy in a variety of settings. I am bilingual and can provide services in Spanish. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, and young adults and specialize in anxiety, depression, ADHD, grief, trauma, relationship issues, adjustment disorders, life transitions, self-esteem, family issues, and stress management. I received my Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Stevenson University and my Master of Science in Counseling Psychology from Loyola University.
(410) 904-6507 View (410) 904-6507
Photo of Danielle Pientka, LCSW-C , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Danielle Pientka
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Woodbine, MD 21797
I have experience working with children, adolescents, and adults with symptoms of depression, anxiety disorders, ADHD, and behavioral problems. I am a neurodiversity-affirming clinician, and believe that the goal of therapy should be to address unpleasant symptoms (or related consequences)- not to change our diagnoses. We work with animals and do activities that revolve around changing behavior and building skills such as relaxation, communication, .
I have experience working with children, adolescents, and adults with symptoms of depression, anxiety disorders, ADHD, and behavioral problems. I am a neurodiversity-affirming clinician, and believe that the goal of therapy should be to address unpleasant symptoms (or related consequences)- not to change our diagnoses. We work with animals and do activities that revolve around changing behavior and building skills such as relaxation, communication, .
(410) 538-1463 View (410) 538-1463
Photo of Rachel Gill, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Gill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Westminster, MD 21157
Rachel believes that therapy should be a safe place where you can talk about what is meaningful to you. She strikes a balance between encouraging her clients and helping them see areas where they need to change. She is consistently amazed by the beauty and resilience of each person. Her clients and their journey to find a better life is her inspiration to continue this work.
Rachel believes that therapy should be a safe place where you can talk about what is meaningful to you. She strikes a balance between encouraging her clients and helping them see areas where they need to change. She is consistently amazed by the beauty and resilience of each person. Her clients and their journey to find a better life is her inspiration to continue this work.
(667) 220-9599 View (667) 220-9599
Photo of Julia Mason, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julia Mason
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Owings Mills, MD 21117
Sometimes, we need extra support to navigate life’s challenges. Whether you’re adjusting to a new life phase, coping with grief and loss, or facing difficult decisions, whatever matters to you matters to me. I’m here to help you manage stress, anxiety, and life transitions with compassion and understanding. I believe each client deserves the same care, respect, and personalized attention.
Sometimes, we need extra support to navigate life’s challenges. Whether you’re adjusting to a new life phase, coping with grief and loss, or facing difficult decisions, whatever matters to you matters to me. I’m here to help you manage stress, anxiety, and life transitions with compassion and understanding. I believe each client deserves the same care, respect, and personalized attention.
(410) 261-4250 View (410) 261-4250
Photo of Dr. Daniel Byer, PsyD, LMFT, Psychologist
Dr. Daniel Byer
Psychologist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Do you need evening hours? I have 4 Weekly openings: Monday 7pm, Wednesday (4pm & 7pm), Thursday 1pm) and 3 Biweekly openings: Thursday (5pm & 7pm) and Friday 6pm. All are telehealth format. I currently accept only Blue Cross Blue Shield PPO plans. If you are unsure about telehealth, it works well, provided you have a reliable internet connection and a confidential meeting place. Successful therapy has four objectives: to strengthen problem-solving abilities, enhance emotional coping skills, to initiate lasting behavior change. These are used to repair, maintain, and build healthy and meaningful interpersonal relationships.
Do you need evening hours? I have 4 Weekly openings: Monday 7pm, Wednesday (4pm & 7pm), Thursday 1pm) and 3 Biweekly openings: Thursday (5pm & 7pm) and Friday 6pm. All are telehealth format. I currently accept only Blue Cross Blue Shield PPO plans. If you are unsure about telehealth, it works well, provided you have a reliable internet connection and a confidential meeting place. Successful therapy has four objectives: to strengthen problem-solving abilities, enhance emotional coping skills, to initiate lasting behavior change. These are used to repair, maintain, and build healthy and meaningful interpersonal relationships.
(717) 745-5106 View (717) 745-5106
Photo of Tina Baublitz, MA, LCPC, NCC, BCPCC
Tina Baublitz
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC, BCPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Please Email me for Appointment Inquiries. Today is the day that together we discover peace, direction, and solutions to life's challenges. Are you feeling worried, sad, or discouraged? Then you are at the right place for whatever situation you are experiencing. Some of my specialties include: helping individuals discover why they ARE good enough when they have low self-worth; helping hurting and confused couples navigate through their relationship difficulties; helping clients discover freedom from a constant state of dread and helplessness; and guiding those who are struggling with spiritual issues/growth find direction.
Please Email me for Appointment Inquiries. Today is the day that together we discover peace, direction, and solutions to life's challenges. Are you feeling worried, sad, or discouraged? Then you are at the right place for whatever situation you are experiencing. Some of my specialties include: helping individuals discover why they ARE good enough when they have low self-worth; helping hurting and confused couples navigate through their relationship difficulties; helping clients discover freedom from a constant state of dread and helplessness; and guiding those who are struggling with spiritual issues/growth find direction.
(410) 983-6579 View (410) 983-6579
Photo of Marci Drimer - Marci Drimer, Design For Your Soul LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marci Drimer, Design For Your Soul LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Eldersburg, MD 21784
Waitlist for new clients
Waitlist for new clients!I have been a social worker for more than 30 years. I feel honored to do this work. It has been my experience that everyone wants and needs to feel loved. We want love from our parents, love from our partners and love from our friends. When we believe that we don't have love we look to find substitutes.(ie. money, substances, food, material things) Nothing we try to "do" makes us feel fulfilled. They last for a short time and then the feeling of unrest comes again. It is an endless cycle of looking and not finding the love we desire. You have always been loved and worthy.
Waitlist for new clients!I have been a social worker for more than 30 years. I feel honored to do this work. It has been my experience that everyone wants and needs to feel loved. We want love from our parents, love from our partners and love from our friends. When we believe that we don't have love we look to find substitutes.(ie. money, substances, food, material things) Nothing we try to "do" makes us feel fulfilled. They last for a short time and then the feeling of unrest comes again. It is an endless cycle of looking and not finding the love we desire. You have always been loved and worthy.
(410) 753-4722 View (410) 753-4722
Photo of Antoinette Fobbs, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Antoinette Fobbs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21702
My ideal client would be a mom or wife, an individual who does not have any coping skills and blames themselves for things that are out of their control, such as anxiety, depression, unstable mood, low self-esteem, lack of confidence, lack of motivation, & no insight in their situation. Their needs would be support, empathy, understanding, and active listening. They have goals to work on themselves, improve communication skills, increase coping skills, and alleviate anxiety and depressive symptoms. The client would want to change and work on themselves to become better and stronger individuals for themselves & their families.
My ideal client would be a mom or wife, an individual who does not have any coping skills and blames themselves for things that are out of their control, such as anxiety, depression, unstable mood, low self-esteem, lack of confidence, lack of motivation, & no insight in their situation. Their needs would be support, empathy, understanding, and active listening. They have goals to work on themselves, improve communication skills, increase coping skills, and alleviate anxiety and depressive symptoms. The client would want to change and work on themselves to become better and stronger individuals for themselves & their families.
(240) 255-4171 View (240) 255-4171
Photo of Ashley V Lucas - PEM Wellness, CRNP
PEM Wellness
CRNP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Medication Assisted Treatment, including: Suboxone, Zubsolv, and more. Medical Cannabis for individuals who qualify.
Medication Assisted Treatment, including: Suboxone, Zubsolv, and more. Medical Cannabis for individuals who qualify.
(410) 883-5966 View (410) 883-5966
Photo of Alena R. Alsruhe, MA, LCPC, NCC, CPT, Counselor
Alena R. Alsruhe
Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC, CPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello, it is wonderful to connect with you! I want you to know that whatever life challenge is in front of you now, I believe there is hope. My desire is to be able to listen and encourage you during this season of life. I want to foster a relationship of trust in order to promote a life change that you can feel passionate about. I am a graduate of the McDaniel College Masters Program in Counseling. I have 7 years of combined School Counseling and School Therapy experience and 7 years in the clinical counseling field. I currently work with clients 18 and up!
Hello, it is wonderful to connect with you! I want you to know that whatever life challenge is in front of you now, I believe there is hope. My desire is to be able to listen and encourage you during this season of life. I want to foster a relationship of trust in order to promote a life change that you can feel passionate about. I am a graduate of the McDaniel College Masters Program in Counseling. I have 7 years of combined School Counseling and School Therapy experience and 7 years in the clinical counseling field. I currently work with clients 18 and up!
(443) 233-6756 View (443) 233-6756
Photo of Pamela A. Del Nero And Therapy Dog Kenny, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Pamela A. Del Nero And Therapy Dog Kenny
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Online Only
When facing challenging times, therapy can provide a safe place to talk about those challenges. I am happy to announce the addition of the newest staff member, Kenny, a certified therapy dog whose presence helps create a safe space. My goal is to help clients achieve their own "zen" state by learning how to recognize, access, & trust their own intuition. I view therapy as part of one's wellness journey. And one of the most important challenges in this journey is to understand one's personal power & how to manage it. Therapy is a challenging process, but I will be your advocate & help you learn to become your own advocate.
When facing challenging times, therapy can provide a safe place to talk about those challenges. I am happy to announce the addition of the newest staff member, Kenny, a certified therapy dog whose presence helps create a safe space. My goal is to help clients achieve their own "zen" state by learning how to recognize, access, & trust their own intuition. I view therapy as part of one's wellness journey. And one of the most important challenges in this journey is to understand one's personal power & how to manage it. Therapy is a challenging process, but I will be your advocate & help you learn to become your own advocate.
(410) 927-5132 View (410) 927-5132
Photo of Rachel Cochran, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Cochran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sykesville, MD 21784
If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I look forward to working with you to achieve your goals. I work with individuals, couples and families in multiple areas including trauma, anxiety, mood disorders, relationship/family conflict, self-esteem issues, grief, eating disorder and food addiction, learning disorders, anger management, self-harm, LGBT issues, reaction to divorce, mediation, and forensic evaluation. I am more than happy to consult with you to see if we are a good fit to work together!
If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I look forward to working with you to achieve your goals. I work with individuals, couples and families in multiple areas including trauma, anxiety, mood disorders, relationship/family conflict, self-esteem issues, grief, eating disorder and food addiction, learning disorders, anger management, self-harm, LGBT issues, reaction to divorce, mediation, and forensic evaluation. I am more than happy to consult with you to see if we are a good fit to work together!
(410) 457-3281 View (410) 457-3281
Photo of Megan Jacobs, LGPC, NCC, Counselor
Megan Jacobs
Counselor, LGPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Manchester, MD 21102
Hello and welcome! I am a Licensed Graduate Professional Counselor in the state of Maryland with a M.S. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I enjoy working with adults and specialize in working with children/adolescents and the dual diagnosis population. I have experience working in various environments including outpatient centers, inpatient programs, residential treatment centers, and school-based services. I have worked with a plethora of disorders/symptoms including but not limited to mood disorders, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, ADHD, self-esteem issues, and anger management.
Hello and welcome! I am a Licensed Graduate Professional Counselor in the state of Maryland with a M.S. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I enjoy working with adults and specialize in working with children/adolescents and the dual diagnosis population. I have experience working in various environments including outpatient centers, inpatient programs, residential treatment centers, and school-based services. I have worked with a plethora of disorders/symptoms including but not limited to mood disorders, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, ADHD, self-esteem issues, and anger management.
(410) 635-0273 View (410) 635-0273
Photo of Tamara C. Almonte, PsyD, Psychologist
Tamara C. Almonte
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Online Only
The Journey Begins Here... I have found, for my patients and myself, that life is a series of adjustments. Some adjustments are small, smooth and easy, and we may even feel grateful for the new direction on our path. Some of these adjustments are overwhelming. They knock us to our knees, and we feel we may never get up again. Most are somewhere in between.... Whatever challenges bring you to seek counsel, rest assured there is help to adjust and navigate the road ahead.
The Journey Begins Here... I have found, for my patients and myself, that life is a series of adjustments. Some adjustments are small, smooth and easy, and we may even feel grateful for the new direction on our path. Some of these adjustments are overwhelming. They knock us to our knees, and we feel we may never get up again. Most are somewhere in between.... Whatever challenges bring you to seek counsel, rest assured there is help to adjust and navigate the road ahead.
(410) 220-6019 View (410) 220-6019
Photo of Amy Heikkinen, MSW, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy Heikkinen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Westminster, MD 21157
Carroll Creative Therapy is a psychotherapy practice serving clients of all ages, and provides evidence-based play therapy for children. For older children and teens, we combine strategies and wisdom from play therapy along with traditional talk therapy, often using age-appropriate tools like the creative arts, video games, and social media. Our work with adults tends to look more like traditional talk therapy, but incorporates many of these same elements through conversation. We are also proud to support gender-diverse and LGBTQ+ clients of all ages, and have a deep knowledge of the community.
Carroll Creative Therapy is a psychotherapy practice serving clients of all ages, and provides evidence-based play therapy for children. For older children and teens, we combine strategies and wisdom from play therapy along with traditional talk therapy, often using age-appropriate tools like the creative arts, video games, and social media. Our work with adults tends to look more like traditional talk therapy, but incorporates many of these same elements through conversation. We are also proud to support gender-diverse and LGBTQ+ clients of all ages, and have a deep knowledge of the community.
(443) 201-7850 View (443) 201-7850
Photo of Marie Stancovich (She-Her), LCPC, NCC, Counselor
Marie Stancovich (She-Her)
Counselor, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Eldersburg, MD 21784
***ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS*** Are you avoiding spending time with friends and family? Are you feeling misunderstood in your relationships? Do you feel like an imposter at work or school? Are you ready to heal from trauma? Do you feel lost, helpless, hopeless, or “just over it”? These are feelings associated with anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress and/or relationship issues, but there’s help available in order for you to take control of your life. You can heal and be the YOU you’ve dreamed of or know you are.
***ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS*** Are you avoiding spending time with friends and family? Are you feeling misunderstood in your relationships? Do you feel like an imposter at work or school? Are you ready to heal from trauma? Do you feel lost, helpless, hopeless, or “just over it”? These are feelings associated with anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress and/or relationship issues, but there’s help available in order for you to take control of your life. You can heal and be the YOU you’ve dreamed of or know you are.
(410) 648-4083 View (410) 648-4083

See more therapy options for Union Bridge

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Union Bridge, MD

< 10

Therapists in Union Bridge, MD who prioritize treating:

50% Depression
50% Anxiety
50% Grief
50% Parenting
50% Peer Relationships
50% Coping Skills
50% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

35 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% CareFirst
50% Medicare

How Therapists in Union Bridge, MD see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Union Bridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.