Therapists in Gaithersburg, MD

Photo of Kelly Walsh, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC, NCC
Kelly Walsh
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling stuck, navigating a big change, or unsure about your next steps? Maybe you're exploring your identity, coping with grief or facing challenges in your relationships. You want to feel more grounded and connected to your true self. You’re looking for clarity, tools to handle life’s challenges, and a way to move forward with confidence and purpose. Most of all, you’re ready to create a life that feels authentic and fulfilling.
Are you feeling stuck, navigating a big change, or unsure about your next steps? Maybe you're exploring your identity, coping with grief or facing challenges in your relationships. You want to feel more grounded and connected to your true self. You’re looking for clarity, tools to handle life’s challenges, and a way to move forward with confidence and purpose. Most of all, you’re ready to create a life that feels authentic and fulfilling.
(619) 292-8467 View (619) 292-8467
Photo of Amy Weaver - Modyfi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Modyfi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
Welcome to Modyfi! We're an all virtual practice that offers appointments exclusively via Telehealth. Our providers accept most major insurances, and are welcoming new patients with appointments often available in days, not weeks or months. Our highest priority is to cultivate a space for you to feel safe, supported, and unconditionally accepted so that we can better understand the interplay between our thought life, emotional experiences, and behavioral reactions.
Welcome to Modyfi! We're an all virtual practice that offers appointments exclusively via Telehealth. Our providers accept most major insurances, and are welcoming new patients with appointments often available in days, not weeks or months. Our highest priority is to cultivate a space for you to feel safe, supported, and unconditionally accepted so that we can better understand the interplay between our thought life, emotional experiences, and behavioral reactions.
(240) 213-9075 View (240) 213-9075
Photo of Micah Brady, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, CTC, CCATP, CATP
Micah Brady
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, CTC, CCATP, CATP
2 Endorsed
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
*Currently have limited in person and virtual openings* I am easy to talk to and believe in collaborative and evidence-based treatment.
*Currently have limited in person and virtual openings* I am easy to talk to and believe in collaborative and evidence-based treatment.
(240) 816-3637 View (240) 816-3637
Photo of Dr. Dean Leav - Psychological Testing & Evaluations - Dr. Dean, Psychologist, PsyD, QME, Author
Psychological Testing & Evaluations - Dr. Dean
Psychologist, PsyD, QME, Author
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
I’m Dr. Dean Leav. I've been featured on ABC, NBC, KCAL, and other programs as an expert psychologist. I conduct ADHD / autism / learning disability evaluations, legal / forensic evaluations for court, risk assessment (violence / sexual), cognitive / neuropsychological evaluations, diagnostic psychological evaluations, immigration evaluations, adoption evaluations, parenting / bonding assessments, drug & alcohol evaluations, fitness for duty evaluations, workers' compensation (QME/AME) evaluations, and other types of psychological evaluations / assessments.
I’m Dr. Dean Leav. I've been featured on ABC, NBC, KCAL, and other programs as an expert psychologist. I conduct ADHD / autism / learning disability evaluations, legal / forensic evaluations for court, risk assessment (violence / sexual), cognitive / neuropsychological evaluations, diagnostic psychological evaluations, immigration evaluations, adoption evaluations, parenting / bonding assessments, drug & alcohol evaluations, fitness for duty evaluations, workers' compensation (QME/AME) evaluations, and other types of psychological evaluations / assessments.
(240) 901-9489 View (240) 901-9489
Photo of Khameelah L Tomlin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, TF-CBT
Khameelah L Tomlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, TF-CBT
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I specialize in helping clients who struggle with childhood trauma and family issues, which often manifest as anxiety, depression, or relationship challenges. My ideal client seeks to understand their past, develop effective coping mechanisms, and embark on a path to healing. Through an empathetic and practical approach, I aim to empower them with resilience and self-awareness, guiding them toward a life of clarity, growth, and fulfillment.
I specialize in helping clients who struggle with childhood trauma and family issues, which often manifest as anxiety, depression, or relationship challenges. My ideal client seeks to understand their past, develop effective coping mechanisms, and embark on a path to healing. Through an empathetic and practical approach, I aim to empower them with resilience and self-awareness, guiding them toward a life of clarity, growth, and fulfillment.
(301) 307-5594 View (301) 307-5594
Photo of Eric W Bravo - Bravo Psychological Group
Bravo Psychological Group
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
Welcome to Bravo Psychological Group, where we offer a comprehensive range of psychotherapeutic services and life coaching. At the heart of our mission is a commitment to providing exceptional, personalized care for each of our valued clients. Our guiding principles center around fostering a collaborative environment built on trust, understanding, comfort, and respect. Visit our website at www.bravopsychologicalgroup.com to explore the diverse array of services we provide.
Welcome to Bravo Psychological Group, where we offer a comprehensive range of psychotherapeutic services and life coaching. At the heart of our mission is a commitment to providing exceptional, personalized care for each of our valued clients. Our guiding principles center around fostering a collaborative environment built on trust, understanding, comfort, and respect. Visit our website at www.bravopsychologicalgroup.com to explore the diverse array of services we provide.
(240) 201-2443 View (240) 201-2443
Photo of Gisele R Thompson, Counselor, CAC-AD, LCPC, NCC
Gisele R Thompson
Counselor, CAC-AD, LCPC, NCC
Online Only
Welcome! Let me tell you a bit about how I work as a professional who has been working with people for over twenty years! It is my goal to help each client achieve their goals, not my way but in a way that is comfortable for the client so that success can be achieved. Are you someone who is concerned with anxiety and depression? Addictions? Grief? Issues of acceptance with gender preferences? Infidelity? Abuse and trauma? Parents? Kids? Spouse? We can work through this together. You are not alone in facing any of these issues. It is how you move forward that will be the key to your healing and wellness. Let's do this!
Welcome! Let me tell you a bit about how I work as a professional who has been working with people for over twenty years! It is my goal to help each client achieve their goals, not my way but in a way that is comfortable for the client so that success can be achieved. Are you someone who is concerned with anxiety and depression? Addictions? Grief? Issues of acceptance with gender preferences? Infidelity? Abuse and trauma? Parents? Kids? Spouse? We can work through this together. You are not alone in facing any of these issues. It is how you move forward that will be the key to your healing and wellness. Let's do this!
(410) 505-7304 View (410) 505-7304
Photo of Avrah Mendelsohn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Avrah Mendelsohn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
We started our company, ABC Therapeutic Solutions, with the goal of providing the best quality and empirically proven therapy possible. Dealing with stress, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, family or relationship conflict and other mental health symptoms, can have a serious impact on your health. Our mission is to help you find a balance that meets your emotional, psychological and physical needs. At your pace, with your success being our only goal.
We started our company, ABC Therapeutic Solutions, with the goal of providing the best quality and empirically proven therapy possible. Dealing with stress, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, family or relationship conflict and other mental health symptoms, can have a serious impact on your health. Our mission is to help you find a balance that meets your emotional, psychological and physical needs. At your pace, with your success being our only goal.
(301) 701-5084 View (301) 701-5084
Photo of Sydnie Butin - Strengthening Minds, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Strengthening Minds
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Online Only
Taking the first step toward therapy can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. I work with individuals who are navigating challenges such as ADHD, anxiety, and depression, as well as those experiencing mood disorders, OCD, or personality-related struggles. My approach is supportive, collaborative, and tailored to your unique needs, helping you build practical skills while exploring deeper patterns that may be holding you back.
Taking the first step toward therapy can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. I work with individuals who are navigating challenges such as ADHD, anxiety, and depression, as well as those experiencing mood disorders, OCD, or personality-related struggles. My approach is supportive, collaborative, and tailored to your unique needs, helping you build practical skills while exploring deeper patterns that may be holding you back.
(240) 290-5486 View (240) 290-5486
Photo of Atar Stav, Counselor, LCPC-S, LPC, NCC
Atar Stav
Counselor, LCPC-S, LPC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
Do you want to feel empowered and connected, having more joy and pleasure in your life, after a challenging life experience? Are finding yourself or your relationship unable to break challenging patterns? Are you struggling with how to reconnect sexually and regain the intimacy you once shared? Working from a strengths based & holistic perspective, I am skilled at creating a warm, open space to help individuals and couples increase intimacy, enhance understanding, navigate changing roles, set boundaries, resolve conflicts, heal trauma, and create satisfying relationships. Now offering clinical supervision for LGPCs in Maryland!
Do you want to feel empowered and connected, having more joy and pleasure in your life, after a challenging life experience? Are finding yourself or your relationship unable to break challenging patterns? Are you struggling with how to reconnect sexually and regain the intimacy you once shared? Working from a strengths based & holistic perspective, I am skilled at creating a warm, open space to help individuals and couples increase intimacy, enhance understanding, navigate changing roles, set boundaries, resolve conflicts, heal trauma, and create satisfying relationships. Now offering clinical supervision for LGPCs in Maryland!
(240) 202-2410 View (240) 202-2410
Photo of Emily Crocker, Counselor, LGPC
Emily Crocker
Counselor, LGPC
Gaithersburg, MD 20877
Hi there! I'm Emily and I'm honored to be part of your journey towards personal growth. To me, healing is a holistic experience where we focus on humanizing ourselves as opposed to problematizing our thoughts and patterns. In session, I attempt to hold space for clients through creating a safe and inviting environment where you feel heard, valued, and understood. I strive to assist clients in building unconditional love for oneself, regardless of how they show up at any moment, on any day. Whether you are experiencing life transitions, relationship challenges, or just need to be heard, I'm here to listen and support you.
Hi there! I'm Emily and I'm honored to be part of your journey towards personal growth. To me, healing is a holistic experience where we focus on humanizing ourselves as opposed to problematizing our thoughts and patterns. In session, I attempt to hold space for clients through creating a safe and inviting environment where you feel heard, valued, and understood. I strive to assist clients in building unconditional love for oneself, regardless of how they show up at any moment, on any day. Whether you are experiencing life transitions, relationship challenges, or just need to be heard, I'm here to listen and support you.
(202) 779-3916 View (202) 779-3916
Photo of Allera Akpan, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Allera Akpan
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Online Only
Allera is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with extensive experience working with adolescents and adults. Allera holds a Master’s degree in Counseling with a Clinical Concentration from Johns Hopkins University. She is dedicated to creating a warm and empowering space for her clients to heal and grow. Allera understands that every client is unique, and therefore, she uses an integrative therapy approach to tailor her treatment to meet each individual's specific needs.
Allera is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with extensive experience working with adolescents and adults. Allera holds a Master’s degree in Counseling with a Clinical Concentration from Johns Hopkins University. She is dedicated to creating a warm and empowering space for her clients to heal and grow. Allera understands that every client is unique, and therefore, she uses an integrative therapy approach to tailor her treatment to meet each individual's specific needs.
(301) 328-1128 View (301) 328-1128
Photo of Mario Lagman, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
Mario Lagman
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
3 Endorsed
Gaithersburg, MD 20877
I work with adolescents,adults, and couples using the Family Systems approach by considering individual relationships between family members in the context of the whole. This means that I take into account my clients' emotional and relational history, in addition to observing present interactions. This collaboration of information from both the past and present is important in helping each person realize that he/she contributes to the way his/her life functions. It is my goal to help individuals recognize the impact of their unique roles in the family so that they may improve the quality of their interpersonal relationships.
I work with adolescents,adults, and couples using the Family Systems approach by considering individual relationships between family members in the context of the whole. This means that I take into account my clients' emotional and relational history, in addition to observing present interactions. This collaboration of information from both the past and present is important in helping each person realize that he/she contributes to the way his/her life functions. It is my goal to help individuals recognize the impact of their unique roles in the family so that they may improve the quality of their interpersonal relationships.
(301) 278-8190 View (301) 278-8190
Photo of Eboni Clipper, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPCC
Eboni Clipper
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPCC
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
As a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) with more than 10 years of experience, I am dedicated to helping children, teens, and adults navigate depression, anxiety, life transitions, stress, and more with compassion and evidence-based care. My approach blends proven therapeutic models to support healing and lasting change—empowering you to gain clarity, confidence, and emotional balance in your daily life. If you are seeking personal growth and relief from mental health struggles, I invite you to reach out today. I look forward to guiding you toward clarity, growth, and lasting positive change in our work together.
As a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) with more than 10 years of experience, I am dedicated to helping children, teens, and adults navigate depression, anxiety, life transitions, stress, and more with compassion and evidence-based care. My approach blends proven therapeutic models to support healing and lasting change—empowering you to gain clarity, confidence, and emotional balance in your daily life. If you are seeking personal growth and relief from mental health struggles, I invite you to reach out today. I look forward to guiding you toward clarity, growth, and lasting positive change in our work together.
(240) 641-7617 View (240) 641-7617
Photo of Yan Ni, Psychologist, PsyD
Yan Ni
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! If you are struggling with stress, relationship concerns, perfectionism, self-esteem issues, anxiety, depression, or PTSD, I would like to help you on your journey. I enjoy working with high-functioning individuals from a wide range of backgrounds and different presenting concerns. I am passionate about helping survivors of trauma, which is why I pursued post-doctoral training in the treatment of trauma-related disorders. I am also dedicated to addressing the unique needs and concerns of those who identify as BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and people of color) and APIDA (Asian Pacific Islander Desi American).
Welcome! If you are struggling with stress, relationship concerns, perfectionism, self-esteem issues, anxiety, depression, or PTSD, I would like to help you on your journey. I enjoy working with high-functioning individuals from a wide range of backgrounds and different presenting concerns. I am passionate about helping survivors of trauma, which is why I pursued post-doctoral training in the treatment of trauma-related disorders. I am also dedicated to addressing the unique needs and concerns of those who identify as BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and people of color) and APIDA (Asian Pacific Islander Desi American).
(240) 774-2059 View (240) 774-2059
Photo of Meagé Clements, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW, LCSW
Meagé Clements
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Gaithersburg, MD 20879
You’ve gotten good at hiding how much it costs to get through a day. Especially when you’re carrying trauma, navigating estranged family dynamics, or constantly managing everyone else’s emotions. You spend the morning replaying a boundary you set, wondering if it was “too much.” By mid-afternoon, your heart’s racing during a meeting that feels fine on the surface, and by night, you’re too tired to rest—mind buzzing, body tense, phone in hand but no texts you want to answer. You’ve built a life that looks stable from the outside, but inside, you’re carrying tension no one sees and questions you’re afraid to say out loud.
You’ve gotten good at hiding how much it costs to get through a day. Especially when you’re carrying trauma, navigating estranged family dynamics, or constantly managing everyone else’s emotions. You spend the morning replaying a boundary you set, wondering if it was “too much.” By mid-afternoon, your heart’s racing during a meeting that feels fine on the surface, and by night, you’re too tired to rest—mind buzzing, body tense, phone in hand but no texts you want to answer. You’ve built a life that looks stable from the outside, but inside, you’re carrying tension no one sees and questions you’re afraid to say out loud.
(301) 591-6208 View (301) 591-6208
Photo of Jessica Mercier, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC
Jessica Mercier
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC
Online Only
Are you seeking therapy for the first time or looking for a fresh start with counseling? You may be dealing with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, addiction, trauma, or other mental health challenges. You want to feel empowered, discover your purpose, and find a sense of belonging and love. Your goal is to find a therapist who listens, understands, and guides you through your journey towards healing and personal growth.
Are you seeking therapy for the first time or looking for a fresh start with counseling? You may be dealing with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, addiction, trauma, or other mental health challenges. You want to feel empowered, discover your purpose, and find a sense of belonging and love. Your goal is to find a therapist who listens, understands, and guides you through your journey towards healing and personal growth.
(410) 639-3401 View (410) 639-3401
Photo of Alethea C Rudolph, Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, ICST, RPT™
Alethea C Rudolph
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, ICST, RPT™
3 Endorsed
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
I am here to meet you where you are and help you achieve your goals from a person-centered approach. Here, you will find a compassionate and collaborative space where we can work together towards meaningful growth and well-being centered on your goals.
I am here to meet you where you are and help you achieve your goals from a person-centered approach. Here, you will find a compassionate and collaborative space where we can work together towards meaningful growth and well-being centered on your goals.
(240) 979-4234 View (240) 979-4234
Photo of Jasmine Holland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW
Jasmine Holland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I specialize in working with individuals who want to break generational cycles, navigate relationship patterns, and explore sexuality and identity in an affirming and grounded way. Clients often come to me feeling overwhelmed by intimacy, conflict, or emotional closeness, or noticing how family-of-origin patterns continue to show up in their current relationships. Others are navigating questions around desire, identity, or sexuality, including LGBTQ+ experiences, and want a therapist who can meet them with warmth, honesty and sometimes even humor!
I specialize in working with individuals who want to break generational cycles, navigate relationship patterns, and explore sexuality and identity in an affirming and grounded way. Clients often come to me feeling overwhelmed by intimacy, conflict, or emotional closeness, or noticing how family-of-origin patterns continue to show up in their current relationships. Others are navigating questions around desire, identity, or sexuality, including LGBTQ+ experiences, and want a therapist who can meet them with warmth, honesty and sometimes even humor!
(301) 321-8203 View (301) 321-8203
Photo of Katie A. Giganti, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Katie A. Giganti
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Online Only
Hi, I'm Katie. Are you feeling overwhelmed, unfocused, emotionally drained, or unsure how to feel better? Maybe you’ve been more reactive, irritable, or triggered — not just at work, but in the relationships that matter most. Life’s daily challenges, emotional burdens, and past experiences can leave you stuck in a rut, unsure how to move forward. I specialize in helping women break out of this cycle and reconnect with themselves. Together, we’ll identify unhealthy patterns, triggers, and routines — and work toward meaningful, sustainable change.
Hi, I'm Katie. Are you feeling overwhelmed, unfocused, emotionally drained, or unsure how to feel better? Maybe you’ve been more reactive, irritable, or triggered — not just at work, but in the relationships that matter most. Life’s daily challenges, emotional burdens, and past experiences can leave you stuck in a rut, unsure how to move forward. I specialize in helping women break out of this cycle and reconnect with themselves. Together, we’ll identify unhealthy patterns, triggers, and routines — and work toward meaningful, sustainable change.
(301) 761-8633 View (301) 761-8633

See more therapy options for Gaithersburg

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Gaithersburg, MD

500+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Gaithersburg, MD who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
80% Self Esteem
78% Relationship Issues
72% Stress
71% Trauma and PTSD
62% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
74% CareFirst
72% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Gaithersburg, MD see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Gaithersburg?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.