Therapists in Frederick, MD

Photo of Levicia K Henry, LGPC, Counselor
Levicia K Henry
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Frederick, MD 21703  (Online Only)
Are you looking someone to talk to, someone who can help you understand what’s going on in your head and someone to help you understand other perspectives other than your? You’ve come to the right place, working with me I can help you set boundaries, realistic expectations, have an understanding of the world we live in and what your place is in the world. Working with me can help you get to the clarity that you need to be fulfilled.
Are you looking someone to talk to, someone who can help you understand what’s going on in your head and someone to help you understand other perspectives other than your? You’ve come to the right place, working with me I can help you set boundaries, realistic expectations, have an understanding of the world we live in and what your place is in the world. Working with me can help you get to the clarity that you need to be fulfilled.
(240) 332-4762 View (240) 332-4762
Photo of Buffy Kamnikar - Olive & Oak Wellness , LCPC, Counselor
Olive & Oak Wellness
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21704
Life can feel really overwhelming sometimes. Maybe you haven’t felt like yourself lately, or you’re more stressed and anxious than usual. The pressures of work, school, relationships, & life changes can weigh on us. If you’re feeling stuck and unsure how to move forward, therapy can provide a safe space to explore options and gain knowledge. My approach is warm, collaborative, and non-judgmental, with the aim to help clients feel seen and heard.
Life can feel really overwhelming sometimes. Maybe you haven’t felt like yourself lately, or you’re more stressed and anxious than usual. The pressures of work, school, relationships, & life changes can weigh on us. If you’re feeling stuck and unsure how to move forward, therapy can provide a safe space to explore options and gain knowledge. My approach is warm, collaborative, and non-judgmental, with the aim to help clients feel seen and heard.
(301) 288-1276 View (301) 288-1276
Rozana Ki
PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Frederick, MD 21704
I am a board-certified Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner licensed to evaluate and treat psychiatric/mental health conditions, prescribe medications, and provide therapeutic interventions. I believe in a holistic approach to mental health care that integrates the biological, psychological, and social aspects of an individual’s well-being. I am committed to providing patient-centered care that fosters empathy, respect, and collaboration. My goal is to empower individuals to achieve mental wellness and lead fulfilling lives.
I am a board-certified Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner licensed to evaluate and treat psychiatric/mental health conditions, prescribe medications, and provide therapeutic interventions. I believe in a holistic approach to mental health care that integrates the biological, psychological, and social aspects of an individual’s well-being. I am committed to providing patient-centered care that fosters empathy, respect, and collaboration. My goal is to empower individuals to achieve mental wellness and lead fulfilling lives.
(240) 594-9350 View (240) 594-9350
Photo of Michelle Ramirez, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Ramirez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21701
As a therapist for over 15 years, I have worked with individuals, families and couples in creating a safe place to talk about life challenges. During our time together we work to identify what is causing your symptoms and stress, and we create healthy solutions to improve your quality of life.
As a therapist for over 15 years, I have worked with individuals, families and couples in creating a safe place to talk about life challenges. During our time together we work to identify what is causing your symptoms and stress, and we create healthy solutions to improve your quality of life.
(240) 213-9093 View (240) 213-9093
Photo of Emery Jefferies, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emery Jefferies
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21702
Are you struggling with an overwhelming sense of stress and anxiety about a current or bad situation? Are you depressed, feeling stuck with no way out and no direction?
Are you struggling with an overwhelming sense of stress and anxiety about a current or bad situation? Are you depressed, feeling stuck with no way out and no direction?
(240) 326-2322 View (240) 326-2322
Photo of James Robert Rose, LCPC, MS, NCC, Counselor
James Robert Rose
Counselor, LCPC, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21701  (Online Only)
Most of my clients have had addiction issues. I have learned that many people become addicted because they have had very painful experiences in their lives. Often those painful experiences are related to their substance use. Using drugs or alcohol helps ease the pain of their most painful memories. Unfortunately, using creates a whole host of other problems as well. Therapy can help identify, address, and potentially resolve those issues without drugs. EMDR therapy in particular has been shown to help greatly in reducing the pain of our most painful memories. I offer a friendly, nonjudgmental attitude to users, friends, and family.
Most of my clients have had addiction issues. I have learned that many people become addicted because they have had very painful experiences in their lives. Often those painful experiences are related to their substance use. Using drugs or alcohol helps ease the pain of their most painful memories. Unfortunately, using creates a whole host of other problems as well. Therapy can help identify, address, and potentially resolve those issues without drugs. EMDR therapy in particular has been shown to help greatly in reducing the pain of our most painful memories. I offer a friendly, nonjudgmental attitude to users, friends, and family.
(240) 201-9558 View (240) 201-9558
Photo of Jessica Metzner, LCSW-C, MEd, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Metzner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, MEd, MSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Frederick, MD 21703
Whether this is your first time in therapy or you are looking for a new clinician or different approach, I welcome you to explore my practice. As a Clinical Social Worker, I believe people’s lives are influenced by a multitude of factors, including their environment, childhood, culture, identities, values, and more. I am passionate about helping people live authentic, intentional, and fulfilling lives. My approach to treatment is collaborative. I strive to provide a space for my patients that is warm, open, genuine, and playful when appropriate. My specialities include gender, sexuality, intimacy, anxiety, and sense of self.
Whether this is your first time in therapy or you are looking for a new clinician or different approach, I welcome you to explore my practice. As a Clinical Social Worker, I believe people’s lives are influenced by a multitude of factors, including their environment, childhood, culture, identities, values, and more. I am passionate about helping people live authentic, intentional, and fulfilling lives. My approach to treatment is collaborative. I strive to provide a space for my patients that is warm, open, genuine, and playful when appropriate. My specialities include gender, sexuality, intimacy, anxiety, and sense of self.
(240) 650-3463 View (240) 650-3463
Photo of Antoinette Fobbs, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Antoinette Fobbs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21702
My ideal client would be a mom or wife, an individual who does not have any coping skills and blames themselves for things that are out of their control, such as anxiety, depression, unstable mood, low self-esteem, lack of confidence, lack of motivation, & no insight in their situation. Their needs would be support, empathy, understanding, and active listening. They have goals to work on themselves, improve communication skills, increase coping skills, and alleviate anxiety and depressive symptoms. The client would want to change and work on themselves to become better and stronger individuals for themselves & their families.
My ideal client would be a mom or wife, an individual who does not have any coping skills and blames themselves for things that are out of their control, such as anxiety, depression, unstable mood, low self-esteem, lack of confidence, lack of motivation, & no insight in their situation. Their needs would be support, empathy, understanding, and active listening. They have goals to work on themselves, improve communication skills, increase coping skills, and alleviate anxiety and depressive symptoms. The client would want to change and work on themselves to become better and stronger individuals for themselves & their families.
(240) 255-4171 View (240) 255-4171
Photo of Samantha Ross, LCPC, Counselor
Samantha Ross
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Frederick, MD 21704  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you a teacher, counselor, therapist, medical professional, college student, entrepreneur, new hire, ready to retire, changing careers? We all know the last few years have been a challenge. Are you struggling with anxiety, stress, overwhelm, life transitions, issues with focus, etc.? If daily life is a challenge or you are feeling stuck, I’m here to listen to you, support you, and help you reach your goals. You are not alone, and you can make meaningful changes. Counseling is designed to help you live happier and healthier. Sessions explore issues in different ways so that you can process and grow from challenges.
Are you a teacher, counselor, therapist, medical professional, college student, entrepreneur, new hire, ready to retire, changing careers? We all know the last few years have been a challenge. Are you struggling with anxiety, stress, overwhelm, life transitions, issues with focus, etc.? If daily life is a challenge or you are feeling stuck, I’m here to listen to you, support you, and help you reach your goals. You are not alone, and you can make meaningful changes. Counseling is designed to help you live happier and healthier. Sessions explore issues in different ways so that you can process and grow from challenges.
(240) 415-9188 View (240) 415-9188
Photo of Kathy Imirie, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kathy Imirie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21702
I offer a chance for you to look at your struggles in a different way by peeling back the layers and having an honest discussion. By leaning on your strengths and developing new ones, we can work together to help you create a plan to address the concerns that have brought you to therapy. My style is compassion with a blend of humor, trust, honesty, cheerleading, concern, and grace. I will meet you where you are in order to help you take your next steps. Today is a great day to start this journey, and I am honored to walk alongside you. Do you think we are a match? Give me a call. Together, we got this!
I offer a chance for you to look at your struggles in a different way by peeling back the layers and having an honest discussion. By leaning on your strengths and developing new ones, we can work together to help you create a plan to address the concerns that have brought you to therapy. My style is compassion with a blend of humor, trust, honesty, cheerleading, concern, and grace. I will meet you where you are in order to help you take your next steps. Today is a great day to start this journey, and I am honored to walk alongside you. Do you think we are a match? Give me a call. Together, we got this!
(240) 376-5913 View (240) 376-5913
Photo of Jess Albright, NCC, LCPC
Jess Albright
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, NCC, LCPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Frederick, MD 21701
Being human can be so freaking heavy and hard! I’m Jess, and I’m what I like to call mama-thentic. I’m a mama, and I’m authentic! I invite you to come as you are and allow me to walk alongside you on your journey of self-discovery. I will listen, guide, and support as you work towards peace, change, and growth. The greatest gift you can give yourself (and your children) is the most healed version of yourself. Allow me to help so that your past no longer controls your present.
Being human can be so freaking heavy and hard! I’m Jess, and I’m what I like to call mama-thentic. I’m a mama, and I’m authentic! I invite you to come as you are and allow me to walk alongside you on your journey of self-discovery. I will listen, guide, and support as you work towards peace, change, and growth. The greatest gift you can give yourself (and your children) is the most healed version of yourself. Allow me to help so that your past no longer controls your present.
(240) 896-2090 View (240) 896-2090
Photo of Chase Butala, MS, LPC, LCPC, CRC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Chase Butala
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LCPC, CRC
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21701  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stuck, struggling with repetitive patterns in your life that leave you unsatisfied, or seeking more fulfilling relationships? Perhaps you're eager to establish new, healthier habits but find it challenging to take action. Finding a safe, trustworthy space to address these issues can be difficult, but it's essential to have a space where you are genuinely heard, understood, and supported in identifying and addressing your blind spots. Enhancing your emotional well-being and improving your overall quality of life is within reach.
Are you feeling stuck, struggling with repetitive patterns in your life that leave you unsatisfied, or seeking more fulfilling relationships? Perhaps you're eager to establish new, healthier habits but find it challenging to take action. Finding a safe, trustworthy space to address these issues can be difficult, but it's essential to have a space where you are genuinely heard, understood, and supported in identifying and addressing your blind spots. Enhancing your emotional well-being and improving your overall quality of life is within reach.
(240) 657-2547 View (240) 657-2547
Photo of Phil Snyder, MS, LCPC
Phil Snyder
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Frederick, MD 21701
Navigating life's ups and downs can be a challenging journey. I am here to offer you support and guidance as you navigate your way through difficult times. Together, we can explore techniques and tools that will help you find meaning, balance, and joy in your life. Drawing on my lifelong interest in psychology, philosophy, and spirituality, I bring a unique perspective to counseling. I am deeply curious about what motivates us, what brings us happiness, and what helps us thrive. Through our work together, I aim to help you discover your own answers to these questions, so that you can live a more fulfilling life
Navigating life's ups and downs can be a challenging journey. I am here to offer you support and guidance as you navigate your way through difficult times. Together, we can explore techniques and tools that will help you find meaning, balance, and joy in your life. Drawing on my lifelong interest in psychology, philosophy, and spirituality, I bring a unique perspective to counseling. I am deeply curious about what motivates us, what brings us happiness, and what helps us thrive. Through our work together, I aim to help you discover your own answers to these questions, so that you can live a more fulfilling life
(301) 298-2592 View (301) 298-2592
Photo of Chris Vara, LICSW, LCSW-C, MDiv, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chris Vara
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C, MDiv
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Frederick, MD 21701
Are you caught in cycles that leave you exhausted? Do you want to have better relationships but find them splintering? Are you self-critical in your efforts to obtain perfection? Do you find yourself shutting down or shutting off? You don't have to suffer in silence. Nor do you have to leave any part of yourself behind - I work with the whole person. Our identities often intersect with our struggles and our strengths. I'll meet you where you're at, and help you get where you're going. Whether you are just starting or looking to maintain your recovery from eating disorders, trauma and/or OCD, together recovery is possible.
Are you caught in cycles that leave you exhausted? Do you want to have better relationships but find them splintering? Are you self-critical in your efforts to obtain perfection? Do you find yourself shutting down or shutting off? You don't have to suffer in silence. Nor do you have to leave any part of yourself behind - I work with the whole person. Our identities often intersect with our struggles and our strengths. I'll meet you where you're at, and help you get where you're going. Whether you are just starting or looking to maintain your recovery from eating disorders, trauma and/or OCD, together recovery is possible.
(240) 201-2713 View (240) 201-2713
Photo of Josline Dibonge, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Josline Dibonge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21703  (Online Only)
The Living Well Center aims to provide culturally informed holistic behavioral healthcare through a compassionate and person-centered approach. We provide therapeutic services to adults, adolescents and couples through the convenience of a telehealth platform. Additionally, we also provide clinical supervision for mental health professionals seeking advanced licensure.
The Living Well Center aims to provide culturally informed holistic behavioral healthcare through a compassionate and person-centered approach. We provide therapeutic services to adults, adolescents and couples through the convenience of a telehealth platform. Additionally, we also provide clinical supervision for mental health professionals seeking advanced licensure.
(240) 866-2989 View (240) 866-2989
Photo of Delyza Howard, LGPC, Counselor
Delyza Howard
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21704
You should never feel alone. You're valued and you're worthy of happiness. My experience as a professional school counselor enables me to see the challenges students face on a daily basis with regards to academic needs, ADHD, anxiety, social skills, and other school related challenges they encounter. Helping children navigate changing families, social complexities, grief, and social media influences while finding their own identity and personal happiness is a rewarding journey. I provide support for children, adolescents, and adults in navigating life's challenges in an effort to find their happiness and their sense of belonging.
You should never feel alone. You're valued and you're worthy of happiness. My experience as a professional school counselor enables me to see the challenges students face on a daily basis with regards to academic needs, ADHD, anxiety, social skills, and other school related challenges they encounter. Helping children navigate changing families, social complexities, grief, and social media influences while finding their own identity and personal happiness is a rewarding journey. I provide support for children, adolescents, and adults in navigating life's challenges in an effort to find their happiness and their sense of belonging.
(240) 792-7709 View (240) 792-7709
Photo of Charlanne Wolff, MA, LCPC, Counselor
Charlanne Wolff
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Frederick, MD 21703
Do you feel out of sorts? Do you have thoughts or emotions you're not sure how to navigate? If you feel alone and distressed, yet want to move closer to your true self, therapy is a safe place to do this. I'd love to come alongside you, normalize your experiences, reduce distress, and help you discover, make space for, and embrace your true self. My main experience is treating anxiety, life transitions, grief/loss, ministry/other burnout, spiritual abuse, and past trauma/abuse. I also love integrating Christian faith into therapy when desired. I provide supervision for LGPC's in Maryland as well!
Do you feel out of sorts? Do you have thoughts or emotions you're not sure how to navigate? If you feel alone and distressed, yet want to move closer to your true self, therapy is a safe place to do this. I'd love to come alongside you, normalize your experiences, reduce distress, and help you discover, make space for, and embrace your true self. My main experience is treating anxiety, life transitions, grief/loss, ministry/other burnout, spiritual abuse, and past trauma/abuse. I also love integrating Christian faith into therapy when desired. I provide supervision for LGPC's in Maryland as well!
(240) 679-5767 View (240) 679-5767
Photo of Leeann Randow, LCSW-C, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leeann Randow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, PMH-C
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Frederick, MD 21702  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with feeling disconnected from yourself and others? Do you put your needs at the bottom of the to-do list? Do you often wonder if life can feel better in some way? That you could be more content? We know life can throw complex challenges our way that can change the way we view the world, our relationships and, at times, ourselves. Not taking time for yourself, and pushing away your own needs, can lead to long-term issues for your mind and body. I believe these experiences can be transformed to serve as sources of empowerment and growth.
Do you struggle with feeling disconnected from yourself and others? Do you put your needs at the bottom of the to-do list? Do you often wonder if life can feel better in some way? That you could be more content? We know life can throw complex challenges our way that can change the way we view the world, our relationships and, at times, ourselves. Not taking time for yourself, and pushing away your own needs, can lead to long-term issues for your mind and body. I believe these experiences can be transformed to serve as sources of empowerment and growth.
(240) 448-4814 View (240) 448-4814
Photo of Leonard J. Anthony Jr., MA, LCPC, Counselor
Leonard J. Anthony Jr.
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Frederick, MD 21701
Anxiety can be a controlling force that keeps us from living the lives we want. I work with adults struggling with anxiety; which can look like excessive worry, self-critical thoughts, or struggling with life change. I help people acknowledge and process anxiety in a safe space at their own pace. My passion is to help people become unglued from anxiety so that they can live meaningful lives; lives that are inspired by their values and the people they care about.
Anxiety can be a controlling force that keeps us from living the lives we want. I work with adults struggling with anxiety; which can look like excessive worry, self-critical thoughts, or struggling with life change. I help people acknowledge and process anxiety in a safe space at their own pace. My passion is to help people become unglued from anxiety so that they can live meaningful lives; lives that are inspired by their values and the people they care about.
(301) 276-5196 View (301) 276-5196
Photo of Betty Silon, PhD, Psychologist
Betty Silon
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Frederick, MD 21701  (Online Only)
I seek to empower each client's unique movement towards emotional and physical well-being, mindfulness, wholeness and spiritual awareness. Through encouragement, compassion and mutual respect this co-creative therapeutic process enhances each person's self-esteem, potential and growth. Together we will explore possibilities and new directions, thereby releasing stress, inner conflicts, dis-ease, self-defeating cognitions and dysfunctional relationships. Embracing change leads to feelings of joy, aliveness and at the same time peacefulness and calm.
I seek to empower each client's unique movement towards emotional and physical well-being, mindfulness, wholeness and spiritual awareness. Through encouragement, compassion and mutual respect this co-creative therapeutic process enhances each person's self-esteem, potential and growth. Together we will explore possibilities and new directions, thereby releasing stress, inner conflicts, dis-ease, self-defeating cognitions and dysfunctional relationships. Embracing change leads to feelings of joy, aliveness and at the same time peacefulness and calm.
(301) 531-5950 View (301) 531-5950
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Frederick, MD

600+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Frederick, MD who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
76% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
72% Stress
70% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% BlueCross and BlueShield
75% CareFirst
72% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Frederick, MD see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Frederick?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.