Therapists in San Antonio, TX

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Photo of Staci Makela-Kerr, LPC Intern in San Antonio, TX
Staci Makela-Kerr
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78230
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, mood, grief, a challenging relationship, loss of a sense of self , or trauma that affects your day-to-day life? Are you unable to do the things to function and have healthy relationships? Do you feel overwhelmed or lost by just getting through the day, or struggle to get launched into your next phase of life? Do you hope that your relationships could be better? Now more than ever, all people are feeling anxiousness and uncertain about their relationships, their wellbeing, and finding themselves after trauma. You want to get unstuck and take the next step to go from existing to fully living.
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, mood, grief, a challenging relationship, loss of a sense of self , or trauma that affects your day-to-day life? Are you unable to do the things to function and have healthy relationships? Do you feel overwhelmed or lost by just getting through the day, or struggle to get launched into your next phase of life? Do you hope that your relationships could be better? Now more than ever, all people are feeling anxiousness and uncertain about their relationships, their wellbeing, and finding themselves after trauma. You want to get unstuck and take the next step to go from existing to fully living.
(210) 791-6009 View (210) 791-6009
Photo of Jeremyra Cross, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Jeremyra Cross
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78257  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you tired of struggling in your relationships with others? Is stress, anxiety, and/or depression keeping you from building and maintaining meaningful relationships with friends and family? Have you tried couples counseling only to find that your own internal battles are impacting your ability to communicate and connect with your partner? Research shows that the quality of our relationships affects our mental, emotional, and physical well-being. I aim to create a warm, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors with the goal of strengthening your connection others.
Are you tired of struggling in your relationships with others? Is stress, anxiety, and/or depression keeping you from building and maintaining meaningful relationships with friends and family? Have you tried couples counseling only to find that your own internal battles are impacting your ability to communicate and connect with your partner? Research shows that the quality of our relationships affects our mental, emotional, and physical well-being. I aim to create a warm, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors with the goal of strengthening your connection others.
(210) 761-5042 View (210) 761-5042
Photo of Brent Longoria, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Brent Longoria
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78240
Do you feel disappointed about where you are in life? Maybe you want to feel happier, healthier, or more fulfilled? Maybe you feel stuck and want to change, or just need someone to talk to. If that feels true to your experience, I would love to help you. My counseling style is supportive, honest, and aims to help you reach the vision you have for your life. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, OCD, sexual issues, break-ups, identity issues, and stress management. My aim is to help you find solutions, relief, and to feel better quickly. Call or email me if you'd like to take the next steps of your healing journey together.
Do you feel disappointed about where you are in life? Maybe you want to feel happier, healthier, or more fulfilled? Maybe you feel stuck and want to change, or just need someone to talk to. If that feels true to your experience, I would love to help you. My counseling style is supportive, honest, and aims to help you reach the vision you have for your life. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, OCD, sexual issues, break-ups, identity issues, and stress management. My aim is to help you find solutions, relief, and to feel better quickly. Call or email me if you'd like to take the next steps of your healing journey together.
(210) 981-5455 View (210) 981-5455
Photo of Callie M Davis-Carr, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Callie M Davis-Carr
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78210
Are you feeling overwhelmed or heavy hearted due to the loss of a loved one? Are you dealing with heartache, despair, and frustration due to marital conflict and misunderstanding? Do you need help in dealing with relational matters? I'd like to help you if you are. I am more than willing to help lighten your emotional load, and offer help for today and hope for tomorrow. There is hope! I look forward to hearing from you.
Are you feeling overwhelmed or heavy hearted due to the loss of a loved one? Are you dealing with heartache, despair, and frustration due to marital conflict and misunderstanding? Do you need help in dealing with relational matters? I'd like to help you if you are. I am more than willing to help lighten your emotional load, and offer help for today and hope for tomorrow. There is hope! I look forward to hearing from you.
(281) 940-3692 View (281) 940-3692
Photo of Alexander Montero, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Alexander Montero
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78209
Alexander Montero is a bilingual (English, Spanish) Licensed Clinical Counselor (LCC) with more than 5 years of experience in the mental health field. He works with adolescents, adults, couples, and families in addressing their challenging adjustments to life. Alex specializes in depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, relationship issues, couples dilemmas, LGBTQIA+ topics, and major life transitions.
Alexander Montero is a bilingual (English, Spanish) Licensed Clinical Counselor (LCC) with more than 5 years of experience in the mental health field. He works with adolescents, adults, couples, and families in addressing their challenging adjustments to life. Alex specializes in depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, relationship issues, couples dilemmas, LGBTQIA+ topics, and major life transitions.
(210) 899-6515 View (210) 899-6515
Photo of Amanda Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Amanda Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, C-SWHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78249  (Online Only)
Are you a woman juggling life's demands, feeling stuck or underappreciated? Whether you're a mom, caregiver, or professional woman, I'm here to help. I value healing, inner peace, and security. My expertise includes women's issues, trauma, chronic illness, and more. Seeking EMDR, psychedelics, couples therapy, or traditional therapy? I offer individual and group sessions from your own home. I now offer clinical supervision for aspiring therapists too. Let's embark on this healing journey together.
Are you a woman juggling life's demands, feeling stuck or underappreciated? Whether you're a mom, caregiver, or professional woman, I'm here to help. I value healing, inner peace, and security. My expertise includes women's issues, trauma, chronic illness, and more. Seeking EMDR, psychedelics, couples therapy, or traditional therapy? I offer individual and group sessions from your own home. I now offer clinical supervision for aspiring therapists too. Let's embark on this healing journey together.
(210) 633-8756 View (210) 633-8756
Photo of Henrietta Dominguez, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Henrietta Dominguez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, RPT-S
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78216
Thank you for considering me to guide you in your therapeutic process. I am committed to supporting my clients in a therapeutic relationship by implementing professional counseling practices and respectful client service. I work with my clients to establish a healthy mind, body and spirit for needed change, personal growth, and supportive relationships. I empower my clients to focus on their strengths as they explore their potential. In therapy, my clients are mindful of their needs as they reconnect with their true self and explore that which holds them back.
Thank you for considering me to guide you in your therapeutic process. I am committed to supporting my clients in a therapeutic relationship by implementing professional counseling practices and respectful client service. I work with my clients to establish a healthy mind, body and spirit for needed change, personal growth, and supportive relationships. I empower my clients to focus on their strengths as they explore their potential. In therapy, my clients are mindful of their needs as they reconnect with their true self and explore that which holds them back.
(210) 702-3066 View (210) 702-3066
Photo of Kimberly Dyke, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Kimberly Dyke
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78238  (Online Only)
Hi, there! I'm Kim. Do you find yourself in a tunnel where the light at the end has been turned off? Are you struggling most days to even feel "normal"? I know it takes courage to reach out and ask for help. I love working with clients to find strategies and solutions to improve daily functioning.
Hi, there! I'm Kim. Do you find yourself in a tunnel where the light at the end has been turned off? Are you struggling most days to even feel "normal"? I know it takes courage to reach out and ask for help. I love working with clients to find strategies and solutions to improve daily functioning.
(832) 726-1890 View (832) 726-1890
Photo of Faith Roby, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Faith Roby
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78205
I truly believe that while you may come in broken, by faith, you can leave healed! I approach therapy in a collaborative manner with my clients. To effectively collaborate, I have a "no walking on eggshells" policy in our therapeutic space. Hold on, Faith! What does a “no walking on eggshells” policy mean? This policy empowers my clients to present what they may think are the “icky” parts of themselves without fear of being unrighteously judged in therapy. I will work to earn your trust so have faith in me, yourself, and the process as part of your healing journey.
I truly believe that while you may come in broken, by faith, you can leave healed! I approach therapy in a collaborative manner with my clients. To effectively collaborate, I have a "no walking on eggshells" policy in our therapeutic space. Hold on, Faith! What does a “no walking on eggshells” policy mean? This policy empowers my clients to present what they may think are the “icky” parts of themselves without fear of being unrighteously judged in therapy. I will work to earn your trust so have faith in me, yourself, and the process as part of your healing journey.
(346) 205-0126 View (346) 205-0126
Photo of Linda M Mockeridge, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Linda M Mockeridge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78230  (Online Only)
Many times, we have stressors and issues that impact our lives. When sleep or appetite is affected, functioning at work or home is compromised it may help to explore these concerns with a professional to find solutions and relief.
Many times, we have stressors and issues that impact our lives. When sleep or appetite is affected, functioning at work or home is compromised it may help to explore these concerns with a professional to find solutions and relief.
(210) 255-2403 View (210) 255-2403
Photo of Joshua Im, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Antonio, TX
Joshua Im
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78232
Have you ever asked your partner “Why do we fight all the time?” If so then welcome, you’ve come to the right place. Being here means that you and your partner have come to the point where you both realize that change needs to happen. So, let’s take that first step. Schedule a session and together, we can focus on how to work through these conflicts.
Have you ever asked your partner “Why do we fight all the time?” If so then welcome, you’ve come to the right place. Being here means that you and your partner have come to the point where you both realize that change needs to happen. So, let’s take that first step. Schedule a session and together, we can focus on how to work through these conflicts.
(210) 972-9567 View (210) 972-9567
Photo of Gordon Shaw Leith, Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Gordon Shaw Leith
Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78239  (Online Only)
My primary focus in counseling is helping people who have difficulty with their emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. Frankly, there are as many issues as there are people. Everyone is unique. I have acquired specialties in helping individuals with problems over the years that include hypnotherapy, brief counseling and consultations, employee back-to-work evaluations, organizational development projects, and consultations for mgrs seeking services for on-site injury or deaths. But if you are someone who is struggling with stress and worry, or self-esteem problems, I'm sure we can help there, too
My primary focus in counseling is helping people who have difficulty with their emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. Frankly, there are as many issues as there are people. Everyone is unique. I have acquired specialties in helping individuals with problems over the years that include hypnotherapy, brief counseling and consultations, employee back-to-work evaluations, organizational development projects, and consultations for mgrs seeking services for on-site injury or deaths. But if you are someone who is struggling with stress and worry, or self-esteem problems, I'm sure we can help there, too
(726) 600-8608 View (726) 600-8608
Photo of Niyell N Ascencio, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Niyell N Ascencio
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78258  (Online Only)
I enjoy working clients from diverse populations but I particularly enjoy working with individuals from hispanic backgrounds. Being hispanic in America is definitely a different experience and sometimes stressful and I help my clients navigate these things. Whether its interpersonal issues with family, friends, relationships, or work I give my clients the tools to navigate major life transitions. I also work with individuals that struggles with anxiety and depression.
I enjoy working clients from diverse populations but I particularly enjoy working with individuals from hispanic backgrounds. Being hispanic in America is definitely a different experience and sometimes stressful and I help my clients navigate these things. Whether its interpersonal issues with family, friends, relationships, or work I give my clients the tools to navigate major life transitions. I also work with individuals that struggles with anxiety and depression.
(210) 972-3079 View (210) 972-3079
Photo of Vanessa Delgado, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Vanessa Delgado
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78205
We encounter moments when the weight of our experiences, emotions, or circumstances get overwhelming. In those moments, I'd like to make myself available to you to process and explore your thoughts and feelings. Therapy is more than just a place to talk; it's a sanctuary for your well-being. It's a dedicated space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences in a non-judgmental, confidential, and supportive environment. Here, I will serve as your trusted ally to guide you through challenges faced in your life.
We encounter moments when the weight of our experiences, emotions, or circumstances get overwhelming. In those moments, I'd like to make myself available to you to process and explore your thoughts and feelings. Therapy is more than just a place to talk; it's a sanctuary for your well-being. It's a dedicated space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences in a non-judgmental, confidential, and supportive environment. Here, I will serve as your trusted ally to guide you through challenges faced in your life.
(210) 941-3789 View (210) 941-3789
Photo of Victoria McCord Valerga, Licensed Master Social Worker in San Antonio, TX
Victoria McCord Valerga
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW, MDiv, JD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78216
As a psychotherapist, Victoria walks with you as you learn to befriend your inner world. She has a J.D. from St. Mary’s Univ., and dual Master's degrees in Divinity and Social Work from UChicago. She is also a skilled interfaith chaplain who integrates spiritual perspectives to support the emotional well-being and balance of her clients, when helpful. From her hospice experience, Victoria welcomes discussions related to aging, loss, and grief. In her leisure time, she enjoys globetrotting, board game nights, cycling along city Greenways, and nurturing orphaned kittens for local animal rescues.
As a psychotherapist, Victoria walks with you as you learn to befriend your inner world. She has a J.D. from St. Mary’s Univ., and dual Master's degrees in Divinity and Social Work from UChicago. She is also a skilled interfaith chaplain who integrates spiritual perspectives to support the emotional well-being and balance of her clients, when helpful. From her hospice experience, Victoria welcomes discussions related to aging, loss, and grief. In her leisure time, she enjoys globetrotting, board game nights, cycling along city Greenways, and nurturing orphaned kittens for local animal rescues.
(210) 879-8646 View (210) 879-8646
Photo of Cassandra I Limon, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Cassandra I Limon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78229  (Online Only)
Life sometimes takes us in directions that are unknown, unwanted, unexpected and out of our control. When it does, it can appear overwhelming and difficult to face these issues and emotions by ourselves. Sometimes we feel that is the only option in order to succeed. What we tend to forget is life is a journey that we should take as a community and not individually. We can overcome theses issues together. My role would be to ride alongside with you, supportively and with an open mind to help you achieve the life that best fits you.
Life sometimes takes us in directions that are unknown, unwanted, unexpected and out of our control. When it does, it can appear overwhelming and difficult to face these issues and emotions by ourselves. Sometimes we feel that is the only option in order to succeed. What we tend to forget is life is a journey that we should take as a community and not individually. We can overcome theses issues together. My role would be to ride alongside with you, supportively and with an open mind to help you achieve the life that best fits you.
(210) 405-1868 View (210) 405-1868
Photo of Yesenia Vasquez, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Yesenia Vasquez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, C-DBT, CTMH
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78247  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a bilingual/multicultural counselor with experience working with individuals with mood disorders, relationship and interpersonal difficulties, women’s issues, codependency, and family of origin dynamics and issues. I have also worked with individuals struggling with life transitions that bring bouts of anxiety and depression. I have over ten years of experience working with individuals navigating the journey of grief, PTSD/trauma, and those who experience suicidal ideation, self-harm and difficulties with coping.
I am a bilingual/multicultural counselor with experience working with individuals with mood disorders, relationship and interpersonal difficulties, women’s issues, codependency, and family of origin dynamics and issues. I have also worked with individuals struggling with life transitions that bring bouts of anxiety and depression. I have over ten years of experience working with individuals navigating the journey of grief, PTSD/trauma, and those who experience suicidal ideation, self-harm and difficulties with coping.
(956) 253-1460 View (956) 253-1460
Photo of Adam M Avila, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Adam M Avila
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78210
Life is ever changing and nothing is always the same. Regardless of where we are in life (child, adolescent or adult) we will experience change. This change can be smooth or it can be difficult. We sometimes need help to consider our life experiences, skills, strengths and resources when confronted with a complicated transition in life.
Life is ever changing and nothing is always the same. Regardless of where we are in life (child, adolescent or adult) we will experience change. This change can be smooth or it can be difficult. We sometimes need help to consider our life experiences, skills, strengths and resources when confronted with a complicated transition in life.
(210) 871-9146 View (210) 871-9146
Photo of Crystal Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Crystal Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78258
Our team of therapists has extensive experience helping people identify and overcome a broad range of mental health concerns. We specialized in various areas such as anxiety, depression, self-esteem, stress, men's issues, women's issues, LGBTQ issues and child/teen issues. When you meet with one of our providers you will receive the highest quality of professional service combined with a comfortable atmosphere. Our therapists provide a supportive environment to meet you where you are and help you or your loved one feel satisfied with your life and hopeful for the future.
Our team of therapists has extensive experience helping people identify and overcome a broad range of mental health concerns. We specialized in various areas such as anxiety, depression, self-esteem, stress, men's issues, women's issues, LGBTQ issues and child/teen issues. When you meet with one of our providers you will receive the highest quality of professional service combined with a comfortable atmosphere. Our therapists provide a supportive environment to meet you where you are and help you or your loved one feel satisfied with your life and hopeful for the future.
(210) 920-7873 View (210) 920-7873
Photo of Marissa Mata, LPC-Associate in San Antonio, TX
Marissa Mata
LPC-Associate, MS, LPC-A
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78228
Creating a safe space for individuals has always been an important objective for me and my philosophy as a counselor. I’m deeply passionate about mental health and hoping to help normalize the stigma of asking for help. Assisting clients rediscover parts of themselves they may be unfamiliar with due to experiencing trauma, loss or other life experiences is a main focus of mine. I can help by facilitating a space which allows you to be vulnerable and free of judgement. Please reach out if you are experiencing discomforting emotions, thoughts and feelings of anxiety, depression, self-harm, stress or suicidal ideation.
Creating a safe space for individuals has always been an important objective for me and my philosophy as a counselor. I’m deeply passionate about mental health and hoping to help normalize the stigma of asking for help. Assisting clients rediscover parts of themselves they may be unfamiliar with due to experiencing trauma, loss or other life experiences is a main focus of mine. I can help by facilitating a space which allows you to be vulnerable and free of judgement. Please reach out if you are experiencing discomforting emotions, thoughts and feelings of anxiety, depression, self-harm, stress or suicidal ideation.
(210) 972-8776 View (210) 972-8776

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Antonio, TX

2,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in San Antonio, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Coping Skills
70% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
78% BlueCross and BlueShield
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Antonio, TX see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Antonio?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.