Therapists in Massachusetts

View cities and counties in Massachusetts
Photo of Elizabeth Fipphen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Elizabeth Fipphen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
2 Endorsed
Andover, MA 01810
I have experience working with children, adolescents, young adults, and families. I enjoy working with those who experience school stress, perfectionism, social anxiety, life transitions, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, and family conflict. I particularly enjoy working with adolescents in recovery from their ED and supporting parents with FBT, and I also get great enjoyment working with college-age and post grads on transitioning into adulthood. My ideal client wishes to lead a more fulfilling life and to feel confident in utilizing effective coping skills on their own.
I have experience working with children, adolescents, young adults, and families. I enjoy working with those who experience school stress, perfectionism, social anxiety, life transitions, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, and family conflict. I particularly enjoy working with adolescents in recovery from their ED and supporting parents with FBT, and I also get great enjoyment working with college-age and post grads on transitioning into adulthood. My ideal client wishes to lead a more fulfilling life and to feel confident in utilizing effective coping skills on their own.
(508) 687-6320 View (508) 687-6320
Photo of Sara Valente, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Sara Valente
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Dartmouth, MA 02747
Not accepting new clients
Accepting new patients for morning and mid-afternoon appointments only. I treat patients ages 8-39 who are seeking weekly or every-other-week outpatient therapy. I treat a variety of mental health disorders including anxiety, depression, mood disorders, trauma, ADHD, OCD, and children on the autism spectrum who fall under the previous category of Asperger's Syndrome. In addition, I specialize in teaching parent strategies to shape desirable behavior in children, and work to improve communication and functioning within families. I believe that every person's environment and those close to them are part of their journey.
Accepting new patients for morning and mid-afternoon appointments only. I treat patients ages 8-39 who are seeking weekly or every-other-week outpatient therapy. I treat a variety of mental health disorders including anxiety, depression, mood disorders, trauma, ADHD, OCD, and children on the autism spectrum who fall under the previous category of Asperger's Syndrome. In addition, I specialize in teaching parent strategies to shape desirable behavior in children, and work to improve communication and functioning within families. I believe that every person's environment and those close to them are part of their journey.
(508) 456-8296 View (508) 456-8296
Photo of Michelle A Frederick-Newton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Michelle A Frederick-Newton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
**Private Pay and Virtual Only. Will Respond Via Email.** At one point or another you need someone to talk to. We all struggle at times, but we don't have to go through it alone. Sometimes, we lose focus on our journey and need assistance to refocus and get back on track. As a clinician, I value looking at a client as a whole person. I value utilizing your strengths, balancing different systems to discover the pathway to successful treatment. I am committed to dismantling the negative stigma of receiving therapeutic services in the Black and Brown communities.
**Private Pay and Virtual Only. Will Respond Via Email.** At one point or another you need someone to talk to. We all struggle at times, but we don't have to go through it alone. Sometimes, we lose focus on our journey and need assistance to refocus and get back on track. As a clinician, I value looking at a client as a whole person. I value utilizing your strengths, balancing different systems to discover the pathway to successful treatment. I am committed to dismantling the negative stigma of receiving therapeutic services in the Black and Brown communities.
(857) 837-3574 View (857) 837-3574
Photo of Dr. Allison Baier, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Allison Baier
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Lexington, MA 02421
I am a licensed clinical psychologist offering in-person and virtual care in Massachusetts. I have more than 10 years of clinical experience and specialize in trauma-related reactions including posttraumatic stress disorder. My approach is patient-centered and flexible, tailoring evidence-based treatments to patients’ unique needs and goals in a warm, supportive, and collaborative environment. I have extensive training and expertise in Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Prolonged Exposure, Written Exposure Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist offering in-person and virtual care in Massachusetts. I have more than 10 years of clinical experience and specialize in trauma-related reactions including posttraumatic stress disorder. My approach is patient-centered and flexible, tailoring evidence-based treatments to patients’ unique needs and goals in a warm, supportive, and collaborative environment. I have extensive training and expertise in Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Prolonged Exposure, Written Exposure Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
(781) 776-7885 View (781) 776-7885
Photo of Erin Lehmann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Erin Lehmann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Boston, MA 02110
My approach is flexible, collaborative and extremely supportive using a strengths based perspective in an empathic and non-judgmental environment–and I have built my practice on these principles (a little humor doesn’t hurt either). Whether you are battling depression, struggling with anxiety, going through a painful loss or need someone to “just listen,” I provide an environment where you feel valued and heard while offering encouragement, support and some objective–yet caring feedback. You have all the tools you need to achieve your goals; my role is to help you rediscover those tools and your own personal gift of insight.
My approach is flexible, collaborative and extremely supportive using a strengths based perspective in an empathic and non-judgmental environment–and I have built my practice on these principles (a little humor doesn’t hurt either). Whether you are battling depression, struggling with anxiety, going through a painful loss or need someone to “just listen,” I provide an environment where you feel valued and heard while offering encouragement, support and some objective–yet caring feedback. You have all the tools you need to achieve your goals; my role is to help you rediscover those tools and your own personal gift of insight.
(857) 214-2495 View (857) 214-2495
Photo of Amanda Piekstra Jara, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Amanda Piekstra Jara
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
1 Endorsed
Framingham, MA 01701
Welcome! My name is Amanda Piekstra Jara, and I’m a mental health counselor dedicated to supporting individuals as they navigate anxiety, trauma, grief, depression, identity development, and both cultural and life transitions. I’m passionate about working with those seeking connection, clarity, and tools to feel more grounded and empowered. This may include help with expressing big emotions, building emotional resilience, strengthening self-awareness, or improving relationships. Whether you are seeking therapy for your little one, your teen, or yourself, I’m here to walk alongside you on the path toward growth and healing.
Welcome! My name is Amanda Piekstra Jara, and I’m a mental health counselor dedicated to supporting individuals as they navigate anxiety, trauma, grief, depression, identity development, and both cultural and life transitions. I’m passionate about working with those seeking connection, clarity, and tools to feel more grounded and empowered. This may include help with expressing big emotions, building emotional resilience, strengthening self-awareness, or improving relationships. Whether you are seeking therapy for your little one, your teen, or yourself, I’m here to walk alongside you on the path toward growth and healing.
(508) 690-8640 View (508) 690-8640
Photo of Erica DuFresne, Counselor, LMHC
Erica DuFresne
Counselor, LMHC
Cambridge, MA 02138
My ideal client has either experienced a past trauma and/or is dealing with anxiety or depression. This client can be someone diagnosed with ASD, as I enjoy working with neurodiverse populations. This client should want guidance and support to develop emotional-regulation skills, build positive relationships with others, or process their emotional experiences. I can help support those going through various life transitions and help people develop self-awareness and understanding.
My ideal client has either experienced a past trauma and/or is dealing with anxiety or depression. This client can be someone diagnosed with ASD, as I enjoy working with neurodiverse populations. This client should want guidance and support to develop emotional-regulation skills, build positive relationships with others, or process their emotional experiences. I can help support those going through various life transitions and help people develop self-awareness and understanding.
(508) 501-6938 View (508) 501-6938
Photo of Megan Scerra, Counselor, LMHC
Megan Scerra
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
As a therapist I believe that everyone encounters challenges at different points in their life and may need additional support in order to get back on track and function as their best self. My focus is on helping you to identify places where you feel stuck or are struggling and to help you tap into and build upon your internal resources to move past this and attain your goals toward success and wellness.
As a therapist I believe that everyone encounters challenges at different points in their life and may need additional support in order to get back on track and function as their best self. My focus is on helping you to identify places where you feel stuck or are struggling and to help you tap into and build upon your internal resources to move past this and attain your goals toward success and wellness.
(508) 625-7255 View (508) 625-7255
Photo of Jennifer Lee Trott - Jennifer Trott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CADC, LADC
Jennifer Trott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CADC, LADC
Kingston, MA 02364
Not accepting new clients
Are you ready to feel better and improve the quality of your life? My goal as a therapist is to assist individuals with issues ranging from anxiety and depression to substance abuse. I work with clients ranging from young adults through older adults.
Are you ready to feel better and improve the quality of your life? My goal as a therapist is to assist individuals with issues ranging from anxiety and depression to substance abuse. I work with clients ranging from young adults through older adults.
(781) 808-3360 View (781) 808-3360
Photo of Timothy Jangl, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Timothy Jangl
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My ideal client is seeking personalized, compassionate therapy. I, a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker, believe in tailoring my approach to meet you where you are. No one-size-fits-all here; it's about understanding your unique needs and pace. Together, we'll explore Solution Focused Therapy, Client Centered Therapy, CBT, REBT, and Motivational Interviewing, ensuring the best fit for your growth. I am deeply invested in helping you unlock your infinite potential, heal, and transform. Let's design your optimal future together—it's never too late to become who you've always wanted to be.
My ideal client is seeking personalized, compassionate therapy. I, a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker, believe in tailoring my approach to meet you where you are. No one-size-fits-all here; it's about understanding your unique needs and pace. Together, we'll explore Solution Focused Therapy, Client Centered Therapy, CBT, REBT, and Motivational Interviewing, ensuring the best fit for your growth. I am deeply invested in helping you unlock your infinite potential, heal, and transform. Let's design your optimal future together—it's never too late to become who you've always wanted to be.
(413) 798-8684 View (413) 798-8684
Photo of Jae Beal, MSEd, CRC
Jae Beal
Verified Verified
Online Only
I enjoy working with individuals and/or families in places of transition. Whether it be navigating education and transition planning with an IEP/504 Plan, maximizing income with benefits applications and career planning, or simply knowing you need help but not quite sure what that looks like, I’m here to walk alongside you on your journey. Life coaching and career counseling are client-centered and goal oriented. By bringing your whole self to our sessions, we will identify where you are, where you would like to be and how we can get there together.
I enjoy working with individuals and/or families in places of transition. Whether it be navigating education and transition planning with an IEP/504 Plan, maximizing income with benefits applications and career planning, or simply knowing you need help but not quite sure what that looks like, I’m here to walk alongside you on your journey. Life coaching and career counseling are client-centered and goal oriented. By bringing your whole self to our sessions, we will identify where you are, where you would like to be and how we can get there together.
(781) 785-8392 View (781) 785-8392
Photo of Fatima Naidjate, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Fatima Naidjate
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Online Only
As a first-generation American Muslim, I understand the difficulties of finding a therapist who appreciates the complexities of intersectional identities and the challenges we face as minorities. As a therapist, I am committed to providing an empathetic and non-judgmental space that would allow you to feel heard and be seen. Whether you are just beginning or continuing your therapy journey, I hope to work with you to help reach your personal goals. I have clinical experience with a wide range of issues, such as eating disorders, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, stress management, family and parenting issues.
As a first-generation American Muslim, I understand the difficulties of finding a therapist who appreciates the complexities of intersectional identities and the challenges we face as minorities. As a therapist, I am committed to providing an empathetic and non-judgmental space that would allow you to feel heard and be seen. Whether you are just beginning or continuing your therapy journey, I hope to work with you to help reach your personal goals. I have clinical experience with a wide range of issues, such as eating disorders, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, stress management, family and parenting issues.
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Photo of Hannah Gilbert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Hannah Gilbert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
5 Endorsed
Chelmsford, MA 01824
Hannah earned her Master’s Degree in Social Work at Simmons University in Boston, and her Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology from Rivier University, in Nashua New Hampshire. Hannah is passionate about working with those who are starting out in their careers, those in Law Enforcement or healthcare, as well as college aged clients who are in a transition period in their life. Hannah works with those who have a diagnosis of ASD, Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, and other chronic health conditions.
Hannah earned her Master’s Degree in Social Work at Simmons University in Boston, and her Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology from Rivier University, in Nashua New Hampshire. Hannah is passionate about working with those who are starting out in their careers, those in Law Enforcement or healthcare, as well as college aged clients who are in a transition period in their life. Hannah works with those who have a diagnosis of ASD, Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, and other chronic health conditions.
(978) 330-1277 View (978) 330-1277
Photo of Maya Hanelin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Maya Hanelin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Helping people live a life of authenticity and ease is at the heart of my work. We all need a safe and supportive place to feel heard, move through challenges and develop insight. I meet my clients where they are and encourage them toward their goals with compassion, hope, and kindness. On this therapeutic journey we learn to identify and embrace strengths, integrate new skills and self-understanding, and come into a deeper knowing of ourselves.
Helping people live a life of authenticity and ease is at the heart of my work. We all need a safe and supportive place to feel heard, move through challenges and develop insight. I meet my clients where they are and encourage them toward their goals with compassion, hope, and kindness. On this therapeutic journey we learn to identify and embrace strengths, integrate new skills and self-understanding, and come into a deeper knowing of ourselves.
(617) 701-7527 View (617) 701-7527
Photo of Yinia Arce - Breakthrough Addiction Counseling, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LADC I
Breakthrough Addiction Counseling
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LADC I
Online Only
Hello, my name is Yinia Arce', and I am a Licensed Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Massachusetts. Over the years, I've dedicated myself to supporting individuals through their journey of recovery and personal growth. My goal is to provide a safe, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, struggles, and feelings, and work toward developing effective strategies to achieve your recovery goals.
Hello, my name is Yinia Arce', and I am a Licensed Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Massachusetts. Over the years, I've dedicated myself to supporting individuals through their journey of recovery and personal growth. My goal is to provide a safe, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, struggles, and feelings, and work toward developing effective strategies to achieve your recovery goals.
(413) 824-3234 View (413) 824-3234
Photo of Kaitlin Corson, Counselor, LMHC
Kaitlin Corson
Counselor, LMHC
Franklin, MA 02038
Kaitlin is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who utilizes an eclectic approach to therapy with utilization of several modalities while finding it important to have flexibility and adjust to the needs of a particular client. She values the importance of building rapport with clients to ensure trust as client’s approach their treatment. Kaitlin believes that everyone should have a safe and non-judgmental space within the therapeutic relationship.
Kaitlin is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who utilizes an eclectic approach to therapy with utilization of several modalities while finding it important to have flexibility and adjust to the needs of a particular client. She values the importance of building rapport with clients to ensure trust as client’s approach their treatment. Kaitlin believes that everyone should have a safe and non-judgmental space within the therapeutic relationship.
(508) 514-5547 View (508) 514-5547
Photo of David Altabef, Psychologist, PhD
David Altabef
Psychologist, PhD
Amherst, MA 01002
You want to talk about what's on your mind, but it's tough. You don't want someone to try to 'fix' you, give you unwanted advice, or make you feel judged. You want a confidential space where you can talk things out, reflect, and really be heard. I believe that you have a strong desire to grow and succeed within you, no matter how buried or blocked. You don't need people to tell you what to do, but maybe a space to slow down and make sense of things. I specialize in working with grad students, ADHD, men's issues, and relationship and interpersonal concerns. I also frequently provide support to other therapists.
You want to talk about what's on your mind, but it's tough. You don't want someone to try to 'fix' you, give you unwanted advice, or make you feel judged. You want a confidential space where you can talk things out, reflect, and really be heard. I believe that you have a strong desire to grow and succeed within you, no matter how buried or blocked. You don't need people to tell you what to do, but maybe a space to slow down and make sense of things. I specialize in working with grad students, ADHD, men's issues, and relationship and interpersonal concerns. I also frequently provide support to other therapists.
(413) 324-5068 View (413) 324-5068
Photo of Kelsey Gilbert, Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Kelsey Gilbert
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Online Only
Are you struggling with an eating disorder? Does your eating disorder protect you from difficult emotions, memories, or weight stigma? Are you looking to focus on identity development (emerging adulthood, LGBTQIA+, relationship roles), or explore relationship patterns? If so, reach out and connect with me. As a therapist, I believe a collaborative therapeutic relationship is the basis for creating meaningful changes in life. My approach is humanistic, relational, and emotion-focused, while drawing from psychodynamic, acceptance and commitment, and cognitive-behavioral therapies.
Are you struggling with an eating disorder? Does your eating disorder protect you from difficult emotions, memories, or weight stigma? Are you looking to focus on identity development (emerging adulthood, LGBTQIA+, relationship roles), or explore relationship patterns? If so, reach out and connect with me. As a therapist, I believe a collaborative therapeutic relationship is the basis for creating meaningful changes in life. My approach is humanistic, relational, and emotion-focused, while drawing from psychodynamic, acceptance and commitment, and cognitive-behavioral therapies.
(978) 393-2357 View (978) 393-2357
Photo of Michelle A Walsh - Sacred Play Explorations, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, MDiv, MSW, LICSW
Sacred Play Explorations
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, MDiv, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Zoom video coaching only - Are you a busy human service or medical provider, clergy person, and/or activist in need of therapeutic coaching or spiritual renewal in these challenging times? With nearly 30 years of experience, I bring a wealth of grounded life experience to my coaching and accompaniment of you in your own life journey - including as a Unitarian Universalist clergy person, trained spiritual director, and licensed independent clinical social worker, as well a lecturer, author, and urban activist. I work solely via Zoom with the above listed professionals on a self-pay sliding scale basis. I do not take insurance.
Zoom video coaching only - Are you a busy human service or medical provider, clergy person, and/or activist in need of therapeutic coaching or spiritual renewal in these challenging times? With nearly 30 years of experience, I bring a wealth of grounded life experience to my coaching and accompaniment of you in your own life journey - including as a Unitarian Universalist clergy person, trained spiritual director, and licensed independent clinical social worker, as well a lecturer, author, and urban activist. I work solely via Zoom with the above listed professionals on a self-pay sliding scale basis. I do not take insurance.
(617) 981-6485 View (617) 981-6485
Photo of Lauren Drean, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Lauren Drean
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
7 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a dedicated Marriage and Family Therapist with 15+ years' experience. I offer a unique blend of specialties including EFT, sex therapy, and am IFS informed. I specialize in helping individuals, couples, and families move from feeling stuck to healing and growth, covering areas like relationships, communication, anxiety, boundaries, and more. My approach is rooted in compassion, education, and laughter and my goal is to guide clients to discover their paths to healing and progress. I am licensed in MA and MN and am looking forward to working with you!
I am a dedicated Marriage and Family Therapist with 15+ years' experience. I offer a unique blend of specialties including EFT, sex therapy, and am IFS informed. I specialize in helping individuals, couples, and families move from feeling stuck to healing and growth, covering areas like relationships, communication, anxiety, boundaries, and more. My approach is rooted in compassion, education, and laughter and my goal is to guide clients to discover their paths to healing and progress. I am licensed in MA and MN and am looking forward to working with you!
(617) 996-7463 View (617) 996-7463

See more therapy options for Massachusetts

How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Massachusetts who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
72% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
67% Coping Skills
66% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
66% Aetna

How Therapists in Massachusetts see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Massachusetts?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.