Therapists in San Diego, CA

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Photo of Brittany Woo, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Brittany Woo
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is integrative and individualized according to one's cultural background. I utilize a variety of interventions to help you navigate life transitions, grief, and distress. Social and cultural factors play a significant role in how we perceive the world and immerse ourselves in our experiences.
My approach to therapy is integrative and individualized according to one's cultural background. I utilize a variety of interventions to help you navigate life transitions, grief, and distress. Social and cultural factors play a significant role in how we perceive the world and immerse ourselves in our experiences.
(510) 871-8172 View (510) 871-8172
Photo of Zachary Alderson, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in San Diego, CA
Zachary Alderson
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CADC-II
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103
If you’re coming across my profile, then you or somebody you love is likely struggling with substance-abuse or mental health. No matter how the search goes today I encourage you to please keep searching until you find the right help. The search can be confusing and frustrating, and often times seem like everything is stacked against you. I know firsthand how hopeless the search for help can be. You don’t have to do this alone. I encourage you to talk to as many people as you can. Help is out here. Just keep going.
If you’re coming across my profile, then you or somebody you love is likely struggling with substance-abuse or mental health. No matter how the search goes today I encourage you to please keep searching until you find the right help. The search can be confusing and frustrating, and often times seem like everything is stacked against you. I know firsthand how hopeless the search for help can be. You don’t have to do this alone. I encourage you to talk to as many people as you can. Help is out here. Just keep going.
(619) 393-2526 View (619) 393-2526
Photo of Patricia C Kantzavelos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Patricia C Kantzavelos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MLIS, MSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92116
I specialize in chronic health conditions and trauma, which I understand first hand. Chronic medical conditions (i.e. dysautonomia POTS, EDS, Lyme disease, Bartonella, IBS, fibro, fatigue CFS, Hashimoto’s, mast cell MCAS, sickle cell disease, mold illness CIRS, etc.) often come with significant challenges, like fear, anxiety, grief, medical PTSD, and may interfere with relationships and daily function. I utilize various holistic evidence-based treatment modalities and practice-based evidence, contingent on each person’s needs and goals, with an added focus on mindfulness techniques, positive psychology, and strengths-based therapy.
I specialize in chronic health conditions and trauma, which I understand first hand. Chronic medical conditions (i.e. dysautonomia POTS, EDS, Lyme disease, Bartonella, IBS, fibro, fatigue CFS, Hashimoto’s, mast cell MCAS, sickle cell disease, mold illness CIRS, etc.) often come with significant challenges, like fear, anxiety, grief, medical PTSD, and may interfere with relationships and daily function. I utilize various holistic evidence-based treatment modalities and practice-based evidence, contingent on each person’s needs and goals, with an added focus on mindfulness techniques, positive psychology, and strengths-based therapy.
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Photo of Freedom Within Therapy and Wellness Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Freedom Within Therapy and Wellness Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
Are you struggling to feel content or happy in your life? Have you experienced some challenging or traumatic events that are making it hard to move forward? Perhaps you have tried various approaches towards healing and none have stuck. You are not alone! These are common experiences and issues that can be worked through by collaborating with a therapist that you can connect with. Freedom Within Center has highly skilled therapists to help you work through struggles that may be impacting your life, your work and your relationships.
Are you struggling to feel content or happy in your life? Have you experienced some challenging or traumatic events that are making it hard to move forward? Perhaps you have tried various approaches towards healing and none have stuck. You are not alone! These are common experiences and issues that can be worked through by collaborating with a therapist that you can connect with. Freedom Within Center has highly skilled therapists to help you work through struggles that may be impacting your life, your work and your relationships.
(619) 367-6753 View (619) 367-6753
Photo of Hallie E Herbert, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Hallie E Herbert
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103
In hopes of meeting your needs, and providing you and your family an unhurried therapeutic experience, I maintain an intentionally small private practice in a comfortable San Diego neighborhood.
In hopes of meeting your needs, and providing you and your family an unhurried therapeutic experience, I maintain an intentionally small private practice in a comfortable San Diego neighborhood.
(619) 831-6764 View (619) 831-6764
Wendy Vanessa Bojorquez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92123
Welcome! In my eight years of providing services and connecting with individuals as they overcome their mental health and behavioral challenges I have learned that the best support begins with being present, listening, and validating those experiences. Life challenges us in so many overwhelming ways and sometimes we just need to process it out loud. I believe that having a space that is open, judgement free, and authentic can create the solutions that truly honor the individual. Talking through our vulnerabilities is not easy and it is a strength.
Welcome! In my eight years of providing services and connecting with individuals as they overcome their mental health and behavioral challenges I have learned that the best support begins with being present, listening, and validating those experiences. Life challenges us in so many overwhelming ways and sometimes we just need to process it out loud. I believe that having a space that is open, judgement free, and authentic can create the solutions that truly honor the individual. Talking through our vulnerabilities is not easy and it is a strength.
(619) 597-2541 View (619) 597-2541
Photo of Molly Gildersleeve, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor in San Diego, CA
Molly Gildersleeve
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, APCC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92101
Do you perceive yourself or have been told by others you are “too sensitive” or a chronic “overthinker”? Have you felt as though others might be missing something or aren't seeing the world through the same lens? Do you feel like you are trying to make jazz music in a world that insists upon classical? Do you have a hard time being gentle on yourself when overwhelmed by small things like overhead lighting, running late, going to the grocery store? Do you find yourself questioning social rules like why do I have to smile at strangers? Why are pjs not acceptable adult clothing?
Do you perceive yourself or have been told by others you are “too sensitive” or a chronic “overthinker”? Have you felt as though others might be missing something or aren't seeing the world through the same lens? Do you feel like you are trying to make jazz music in a world that insists upon classical? Do you have a hard time being gentle on yourself when overwhelmed by small things like overhead lighting, running late, going to the grocery store? Do you find yourself questioning social rules like why do I have to smile at strangers? Why are pjs not acceptable adult clothing?
(619) 853-4870 View (619) 853-4870
Photo of Cynthia A Cotter, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Cynthia A Cotter
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130
Cynthia A. Cotter, Ph.D. specializes in geriatric psychology and neuropsychology. Her neuropsychological evaluations describe and quantify cognitive deficits typically found in older adults. These assessments benefit medical diagnosis, treatment, and care planning for individuals with degenerative dementias and those with cognitive difficulties associated with medical conditions or trauma. In conjunction with her evaluations, Dr. Cotter provides feedback, education, and support for elders, families, caregivers, and residential staff. Dr. Cotter's assessments also contribute to determinations of mental capacity required for legal purposes. She provides psychological evaluations and pre-surgical psychological screening.
Cynthia A. Cotter, Ph.D. specializes in geriatric psychology and neuropsychology. Her neuropsychological evaluations describe and quantify cognitive deficits typically found in older adults. These assessments benefit medical diagnosis, treatment, and care planning for individuals with degenerative dementias and those with cognitive difficulties associated with medical conditions or trauma. In conjunction with her evaluations, Dr. Cotter provides feedback, education, and support for elders, families, caregivers, and residential staff. Dr. Cotter's assessments also contribute to determinations of mental capacity required for legal purposes. She provides psychological evaluations and pre-surgical psychological screening.
(619) 992-4519 View (619) 992-4519
Photo of Evelyn Serna-Balderas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Evelyn Serna-Balderas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92122
Hi I’m Evelyn Serna-Balderas. I am a licensed clinical social Worker who appreciates and is motivated in working with individuals to navigate through challenges and experience growth in their journey. I have had the opportunity to work with a wide variety of clients ranging from children to older adults. I often engage clients who are dealing with anxiety, depression, difficulty in life transitions, bipolar diagnosis, BPD, and dual diagnosis.
Hi I’m Evelyn Serna-Balderas. I am a licensed clinical social Worker who appreciates and is motivated in working with individuals to navigate through challenges and experience growth in their journey. I have had the opportunity to work with a wide variety of clients ranging from children to older adults. I often engage clients who are dealing with anxiety, depression, difficulty in life transitions, bipolar diagnosis, BPD, and dual diagnosis.
(858) 723-0590 View (858) 723-0590
Photo of Debbra Wagner, LMFT Inc, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Debbra Wagner, LMFT Inc
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, BBS-SME
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92116
Looking into therapy is a positive first step. I believe therapy can offer healing and hope for individuals, couples, and families who desire nurturing and fulfilling relationships as well as the ability to manage and overcome mental health challenges. As a licensed psychotherapist, my passion is to help you navigate through life's difficulties and to empower you to regain health and balance in your life. Seeking professional help takes courage, and people of all life stages will find a safe and supportive environment where such issues can be addressed.
Looking into therapy is a positive first step. I believe therapy can offer healing and hope for individuals, couples, and families who desire nurturing and fulfilling relationships as well as the ability to manage and overcome mental health challenges. As a licensed psychotherapist, my passion is to help you navigate through life's difficulties and to empower you to regain health and balance in your life. Seeking professional help takes courage, and people of all life stages will find a safe and supportive environment where such issues can be addressed.
(619) 762-1673 View (619) 762-1673
Photo of Zhaohui (Sunny) Yang, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Zhaohui (Sunny) Yang
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92127
I'm very much a client-centered therapist and collaborate with my clients in defining the goals and paths of recovery. Being an immigrant myself, I work extensively with immigrants and their families, as well as families of mixed racial/cultural backgrounds. I am a strong advocate for under-served, underrepresented groups, and for victims of social injustice and domestic violence.
I'm very much a client-centered therapist and collaborate with my clients in defining the goals and paths of recovery. Being an immigrant myself, I work extensively with immigrants and their families, as well as families of mixed racial/cultural backgrounds. I am a strong advocate for under-served, underrepresented groups, and for victims of social injustice and domestic violence.
(619) 330-9142 View (619) 330-9142
Photo of Sheena Sweet, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Sheena Sweet
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92114
My name is Sheena Sweet and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist located in Bakersfield, CA. I work with children, adolescents, families, and young adults. I specialize in ADHD, anxiety, depression, behavioral problems, DCFS/CPS, and trauma. My approach is warm, welcoming, and flexible. I believe the client is the expert in their life and I allow the client to dictate how therapy sessions will work for them. I enjoy implementing play therapy techniques with younger children. I will implement Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Client Centered therapy to assist my clients with achieving their goals.
My name is Sheena Sweet and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist located in Bakersfield, CA. I work with children, adolescents, families, and young adults. I specialize in ADHD, anxiety, depression, behavioral problems, DCFS/CPS, and trauma. My approach is warm, welcoming, and flexible. I believe the client is the expert in their life and I allow the client to dictate how therapy sessions will work for them. I enjoy implementing play therapy techniques with younger children. I will implement Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Client Centered therapy to assist my clients with achieving their goals.
(619) 815-3631 View (619) 815-3631
Photo of Aviele Bolado, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in San Diego, CA
Aviele Bolado
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108  (Online Only)
Hello everyone. My name is Aviele and I am a trainee MFT at San Diego Therapy Center working under the license of Camille Kelly LMFT. I am currently a student at Pepperdine University striving to obtain my MA in Clinical Psychology. I have experience working with children ages 6-17 in addition to adults. I am a mother of two young children and the wife of a Marine veteran. These aspects of my person add extra understanding of diverse populations. I identify as pansexual and non-binary. I can provide individual and couples therapy at SDTC. I currently only provide telehealth services.
Hello everyone. My name is Aviele and I am a trainee MFT at San Diego Therapy Center working under the license of Camille Kelly LMFT. I am currently a student at Pepperdine University striving to obtain my MA in Clinical Psychology. I have experience working with children ages 6-17 in addition to adults. I am a mother of two young children and the wife of a Marine veteran. These aspects of my person add extra understanding of diverse populations. I identify as pansexual and non-binary. I can provide individual and couples therapy at SDTC. I currently only provide telehealth services.
(619) 639-8046 View (619) 639-8046
Photo of Kelly Rein - Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Kelly Rein - Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92121
If you're an adult interested in learning how Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) may help break unhealthy patterns and shed negative self beliefs from the past, I'm here to support you. Ketamine induces an altered state of consciousness, which enables you to access and explore deep-seated thoughts, emotions, and memories in an emotionally safe way. We can then reframe traumatic memories or negative thought patterns. I am passionate about helping parents shed their stress and trauma so they can show up for their kids. I also offer talk therapy for teens and enjoy helping them learn new skills to help them flourish into adulthood.
If you're an adult interested in learning how Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) may help break unhealthy patterns and shed negative self beliefs from the past, I'm here to support you. Ketamine induces an altered state of consciousness, which enables you to access and explore deep-seated thoughts, emotions, and memories in an emotionally safe way. We can then reframe traumatic memories or negative thought patterns. I am passionate about helping parents shed their stress and trauma so they can show up for their kids. I also offer talk therapy for teens and enjoy helping them learn new skills to help them flourish into adulthood.
(858) 946-4930 View (858) 946-4930
Photo of Olivia Stagnaro, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Olivia Stagnaro
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92102
Do you seem successful on paper, yet feel unfulfilled inside? Maybe you're exhausted from striving for happiness, or your relationships aren’t as rewarding as you'd like. It's possible your past is affecting your current feelings, leading to moments of hopelessness about ever feeling content. You might struggle to recall a time when life felt different. However, you're definitely ready for a change, seeking relief and eager to rebuild your confidence and connect more deeply in your relationships.
Do you seem successful on paper, yet feel unfulfilled inside? Maybe you're exhausted from striving for happiness, or your relationships aren’t as rewarding as you'd like. It's possible your past is affecting your current feelings, leading to moments of hopelessness about ever feeling content. You might struggle to recall a time when life felt different. However, you're definitely ready for a change, seeking relief and eager to rebuild your confidence and connect more deeply in your relationships.
(619) 658-6471 View (619) 658-6471
Photo of Susan Lambert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Susan Lambert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92154
I am a therapist who is experienced in using CBT, COD, Brief Therapy, PTSD, Trauma, Grief and Loss, DBT, and Biopsychosocial therapeutic modalities. Understanding where you, the client, is now, in your quest for answers and help for your therapy needs, is where we start. I have experience in helping adults and older adults in identifying the real issues and finding answers that will help to allow for a more enlightened and often calmer existence.
I am a therapist who is experienced in using CBT, COD, Brief Therapy, PTSD, Trauma, Grief and Loss, DBT, and Biopsychosocial therapeutic modalities. Understanding where you, the client, is now, in your quest for answers and help for your therapy needs, is where we start. I have experience in helping adults and older adults in identifying the real issues and finding answers that will help to allow for a more enlightened and often calmer existence.
(619) 648-1219 View (619) 648-1219
Photo of Ana Ruth Y Castillo, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Diego, CA
Ana Ruth Y Castillo
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92110
Ana Ruth Yela Castillo is a dedicated Marital and Family Therapist with clinical training as an Art Therapist. Her mission includes empowering families and individuals in overcoming and transmuting intergenerational trauma while remembering their resilience and their magic. Rooted in her passion for justice and her nuanced understanding of the pervasive impacts of colonialism, racialized economies, and systems of oppression, Ana Ruth shows up in support of BIPOC communities and Allies, and those who are in service to uplifting communities.
Ana Ruth Yela Castillo is a dedicated Marital and Family Therapist with clinical training as an Art Therapist. Her mission includes empowering families and individuals in overcoming and transmuting intergenerational trauma while remembering their resilience and their magic. Rooted in her passion for justice and her nuanced understanding of the pervasive impacts of colonialism, racialized economies, and systems of oppression, Ana Ruth shows up in support of BIPOC communities and Allies, and those who are in service to uplifting communities.
(619) 493-3142 View (619) 493-3142
Photo of Serenity Psychotherapy LLC, Pre-Licensed Professional in San Diego, CA
Serenity Psychotherapy LLC
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92129
Getting to the root of your pain, learning to deal with it, building upon your strengths then learning to act versus react to people and events is the goal of my approach. I have a long history of working with diverse populations, who have developed varied problems: Mental Health, Substance Abuse, Marital, Parenting, Occupational, grief and more My approach is to work with your strengths; help you to develop new views and skills and then organize them into a plan that works in obtaining your goals.
Getting to the root of your pain, learning to deal with it, building upon your strengths then learning to act versus react to people and events is the goal of my approach. I have a long history of working with diverse populations, who have developed varied problems: Mental Health, Substance Abuse, Marital, Parenting, Occupational, grief and more My approach is to work with your strengths; help you to develop new views and skills and then organize them into a plan that works in obtaining your goals.
(858) 264-0917 View (858) 264-0917
Photo of Charles E Farrow, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Charles E Farrow
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92129  (Online Only)
I generally help individuals to reach their goals of feeling happier and calmer or to change from unwanted habits to wanted habits. I am a clinical psychologist licensed in the State of California since 1992. I work with individuals through the lifespan, and I use an integration of techniques. I am a bilingual (bicultural: Cuban-American) clinical psychologist.
I generally help individuals to reach their goals of feeling happier and calmer or to change from unwanted habits to wanted habits. I am a clinical psychologist licensed in the State of California since 1992. I work with individuals through the lifespan, and I use an integration of techniques. I am a bilingual (bicultural: Cuban-American) clinical psychologist.
(858) 207-6029 View (858) 207-6029
Photo of Kate Bennett, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Kate Bennett
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92123
Life can present us with many difficult challenges and transitions. I enjoy assisting my clients in improving their relationships, adjusting to life's changes and transitions, and improving stress management abilities. I provide a safe environment in which people can explore options and work towards self-empowerment, growth and resolution of their issues. I use a combination of solution-focused approaches to help people attain their personal goals and resolve trauma.
Life can present us with many difficult challenges and transitions. I enjoy assisting my clients in improving their relationships, adjusting to life's changes and transitions, and improving stress management abilities. I provide a safe environment in which people can explore options and work towards self-empowerment, growth and resolution of their issues. I use a combination of solution-focused approaches to help people attain their personal goals and resolve trauma.
(619) 823-0204 View (619) 823-0204

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Diego, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in San Diego, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
71% Self Esteem
66% Relationship Issues
66% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills
62% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
74% Cigna and Evernorth
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Diego, CA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Diego?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.