Marriage Counseling Therapists in Missouri

Photo of Jill Hamilton, Marriage & Family Therapist in Missouri
Jill Hamilton
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS , LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kansas City, MO 64111
Maybe you're feeling stuck. Maybe you are seeking answers but not able to see through the darkness. Maybe peace feels impossible. Maybe you're questioning who you are or going through a life transition. Maybe it's your relationship or parenting or past hurts. This life experience is filled with highs, lows, and in-between moments. At times, we all want someone to join in our journey and walk alongside us so we can feel supported. I am here to meet you where you are in your life right now. As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I believe that all of life is relational, whether that is within or outside with family, friends, society.
Maybe you're feeling stuck. Maybe you are seeking answers but not able to see through the darkness. Maybe peace feels impossible. Maybe you're questioning who you are or going through a life transition. Maybe it's your relationship or parenting or past hurts. This life experience is filled with highs, lows, and in-between moments. At times, we all want someone to join in our journey and walk alongside us so we can feel supported. I am here to meet you where you are in your life right now. As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I believe that all of life is relational, whether that is within or outside with family, friends, society.
(816) 839-9683 View (816) 839-9683
Photo of Jeff Tadokoro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Missouri
Jeff Tadokoro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Blue Springs, MO 64015
My goal in counseling is for you to be empowered to make positive changes so that your life can flourish. I work with Children, Adolescents, Adults and Families using brief and long term therapy. I work with a variety of issues including: Depression Stress/Anxiety, Marriage/Family issues, School issues with Children and Adolescents, Substance Abuse, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Grief and Loss, Anger Control. If you have been thinking about making a change, this is an exciting time in your life, take the next step and contact me. I will be here to assist, empower, and advocate for you.
My goal in counseling is for you to be empowered to make positive changes so that your life can flourish. I work with Children, Adolescents, Adults and Families using brief and long term therapy. I work with a variety of issues including: Depression Stress/Anxiety, Marriage/Family issues, School issues with Children and Adolescents, Substance Abuse, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Grief and Loss, Anger Control. If you have been thinking about making a change, this is an exciting time in your life, take the next step and contact me. I will be here to assist, empower, and advocate for you.
(816) 326-2088 View (816) 326-2088
Photo of Heartland Counseling Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri
Heartland Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
SPECIALIZING IN COUPLES/MARRIAGE COUNSELING... WE ARE THE RELATIONSHIP EXPERTS! Is your marriage or relationship failing? Maybe issues like cheating and infidelity have put a major strain on your relationship? Or maybe you're seeking individual help for Anxiety or Depression symptoms that are now controlling your life? Our trained experts offer Evidence-Based individual counseling for anxiety, depression, and many of life's emotional challenges.
SPECIALIZING IN COUPLES/MARRIAGE COUNSELING... WE ARE THE RELATIONSHIP EXPERTS! Is your marriage or relationship failing? Maybe issues like cheating and infidelity have put a major strain on your relationship? Or maybe you're seeking individual help for Anxiety or Depression symptoms that are now controlling your life? Our trained experts offer Evidence-Based individual counseling for anxiety, depression, and many of life's emotional challenges.
(573) 250-4691 View (573) 250-4691
Photo of Holly Pfisterer Strelow, Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri
Holly Pfisterer Strelow
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MEd
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105
Some of these include: mental health, faith journey, marital issues, special needs children, caring for parents, terminal illness, grief, career transitions, sexuality, identity crisis.
About a decade ago I attended a conference at the Omega Institute and was reawakened to the immense suffering in the world and I realized there was no more time to waste. I needed to change careers in order to be of service. All of my life I wanted to be a healer and pursued a Masters degree in Clinical Mental Health. My approach is mindful, practical, respectful and always hopeful. I believe each of us holds the key to our own healing within our highest sense of Self. My role is to help support that discovery process through thoughtful exploration, creativity and a little humor.
Some of these include: mental health, faith journey, marital issues, special needs children, caring for parents, terminal illness, grief, career transitions, sexuality, identity crisis.
About a decade ago I attended a conference at the Omega Institute and was reawakened to the immense suffering in the world and I realized there was no more time to waste. I needed to change careers in order to be of service. All of my life I wanted to be a healer and pursued a Masters degree in Clinical Mental Health. My approach is mindful, practical, respectful and always hopeful. I believe each of us holds the key to our own healing within our highest sense of Self. My role is to help support that discovery process through thoughtful exploration, creativity and a little humor.
(314) 309-3605 View (314) 309-3605
Photo of Meredith Roberts, Marriage & Family Therapist in Missouri
Meredith Roberts
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ellisville, MO 63011
Specialties include: *Pregnancy & postpartum adjustment, transition to motherhood *Work/life/self Balance *Women's Issues *Marital & family issues including parenting strategies, blended family & divorce adjustment, improved family cohesiveness & communcation *Anxiety & depression, obsessive compusive disorders, perfectionism *Relationship improvement skills, including boundaries and codependency issues *Life transitions *Eating disorders, other compulsive behaviors, Body image issues.
I have 20+ years of experience helping clients create more abundant and fulfilling lives. As a practitioner, life coach and educator, I have expertise in individual, couples & family therapy, group therapy and college-level teaching. My passion is to help clients create an authentic life by finding a sense of life balance and personal empowerment. Sometimes we need a little guidance, encouragement and support to identify and eliminate unhealthy patterns, and uncover the steps needed to make positive life changes. My mission is to help you create a better life!
Specialties include: *Pregnancy & postpartum adjustment, transition to motherhood *Work/life/self Balance *Women's Issues *Marital & family issues including parenting strategies, blended family & divorce adjustment, improved family cohesiveness & communcation *Anxiety & depression, obsessive compusive disorders, perfectionism *Relationship improvement skills, including boundaries and codependency issues *Life transitions *Eating disorders, other compulsive behaviors, Body image issues.
I have 20+ years of experience helping clients create more abundant and fulfilling lives. As a practitioner, life coach and educator, I have expertise in individual, couples & family therapy, group therapy and college-level teaching. My passion is to help clients create an authentic life by finding a sense of life balance and personal empowerment. Sometimes we need a little guidance, encouragement and support to identify and eliminate unhealthy patterns, and uncover the steps needed to make positive life changes. My mission is to help you create a better life!
(314) 556-0773 View (314) 556-0773
Photo of Eric Lindhorst M.S.W., L.C.S.W., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Missouri
Eric Lindhorst M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141
I have specialized training in Marriage and Family Therapy from the Family Therapy Institute, a two year intensive training program which included training in drug and alcohol treatment for families.
I offer appointments from 4:30 pm to 9:30 pm to work with your schedule. I work to find the strengths people have within themselves. Individuals, couples, and families who are struggling with a variety of issues, including Anger, Depression, and Anxiety. Clients who benefit from my services appreciate my delicate sense of humor while confronting complex issues. The use of humor can be an uplifting experience in treatment.
I have specialized training in Marriage and Family Therapy from the Family Therapy Institute, a two year intensive training program which included training in drug and alcohol treatment for families.
I offer appointments from 4:30 pm to 9:30 pm to work with your schedule. I work to find the strengths people have within themselves. Individuals, couples, and families who are struggling with a variety of issues, including Anger, Depression, and Anxiety. Clients who benefit from my services appreciate my delicate sense of humor while confronting complex issues. The use of humor can be an uplifting experience in treatment.
(314) 394-8630 View (314) 394-8630
Photo of Greg Pfeffer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri
Greg Pfeffer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Fenton, MO 63026
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that marriage is a lifelong commitment and I also believe that it is a difficult task to maintain a healthy relationship over the course of the marriage. I seek to work with both partners in the relationship to help each discover ways they can support one another. I believe when both partners feel safe and secure in the relationship that most problems that arise are able to be dealt with in a healthy manner.
I believe that marriage is a lifelong commitment and I also believe that it is a difficult task to maintain a healthy relationship over the course of the marriage. I seek to work with both partners in the relationship to help each discover ways they can support one another. I believe when both partners feel safe and secure in the relationship that most problems that arise are able to be dealt with in a healthy manner.
(636) 264-8860 View (636) 264-8860
Photo of Guerlene Fleurantus, Marriage & Family Therapist in Missouri
Guerlene Fleurantus
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Robert, MO 65584  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have 10 plus years of experience working in the mental health field and 7plus years as a therapist. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, ADHD, relationship issues, parenting problems and career challenges. My approach is nonjudgmental, compassionate, and understanding while incorporating various modalities tailored to meet your specific needs.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have 10 plus years of experience working in the mental health field and 7plus years as a therapist. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, ADHD, relationship issues, parenting problems and career challenges. My approach is nonjudgmental, compassionate, and understanding while incorporating various modalities tailored to meet your specific needs.
(573) 648-3516 View (573) 648-3516
Photo of Michael Vaughn, Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri
Michael Vaughn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Clinton, MO 64735
Working with individuals, couples, families, adolescents, young adults, adults and the elderly. Who are struggling with addictions, depression, anxiety, PTSD, trauma, marital conflicts, employment challenges, familial concerns, or re-entering society. Helping individuals and families to achieve meaning and purpose in their lives by providing a holistic counseling approach of instruction, guidance, and insight for personal development and emotional growth. In order to live a fully functional, healthy life contributing to their needs and to the needs of those who depend on them for support. "A meaningful life is never too late."
Working with individuals, couples, families, adolescents, young adults, adults and the elderly. Who are struggling with addictions, depression, anxiety, PTSD, trauma, marital conflicts, employment challenges, familial concerns, or re-entering society. Helping individuals and families to achieve meaning and purpose in their lives by providing a holistic counseling approach of instruction, guidance, and insight for personal development and emotional growth. In order to live a fully functional, healthy life contributing to their needs and to the needs of those who depend on them for support. "A meaningful life is never too late."
(816) 239-3056 View (816) 239-3056
Photo of William H. Kuntz, Psychologist in Missouri
William H. Kuntz
Psychologist, MS LCSW, Lic Psy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Creve Coeur, MO 63141
Are you experiencing distress in your marriage or relationship? Are you dealing with depression or anxiety? Is your work or family life stressful? Do you need to find greater balance or deal with a major life transition? I am a licensed psychologist and licensed clinical social worker with over 35 years of counseling experience. My specialties include: couples counseling, adolescent issues, depression, anxiety, and life coaching. I am an empathetic and compassionate counselor who understands emotional difficulties and the challenge of balancing personal needs, family, and career.
Are you experiencing distress in your marriage or relationship? Are you dealing with depression or anxiety? Is your work or family life stressful? Do you need to find greater balance or deal with a major life transition? I am a licensed psychologist and licensed clinical social worker with over 35 years of counseling experience. My specialties include: couples counseling, adolescent issues, depression, anxiety, and life coaching. I am an empathetic and compassionate counselor who understands emotional difficulties and the challenge of balancing personal needs, family, and career.
(314) 666-6126 View (314) 666-6126
Photo of Dr. Fatima La'Juan Muse, Marriage & Family Therapist in Missouri
Dr. Fatima La'Juan Muse
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, MedFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63108  (Online Only)
Have you found yourself struggling with life stressors such as fertility problems, chronic illness, marital discord, relationship infidelity, or even difficulty making major decisions? If so, therapy is right for you. Are you blissfully happy and seeking pre-marital counseling with a future spouse? If so, therapy is right for you too! These incentives for counseling have one common thread, a desire to pinpoint areas where you are "stuck", guard against potential threats to your relationship harmony, improve your life, improve your relationship, and become the best version of yourself.
Have you found yourself struggling with life stressors such as fertility problems, chronic illness, marital discord, relationship infidelity, or even difficulty making major decisions? If so, therapy is right for you. Are you blissfully happy and seeking pre-marital counseling with a future spouse? If so, therapy is right for you too! These incentives for counseling have one common thread, a desire to pinpoint areas where you are "stuck", guard against potential threats to your relationship harmony, improve your life, improve your relationship, and become the best version of yourself.
(314) 916-3448 View (314) 916-3448
Photo of Miranda L Backes, Counselor in Missouri
Miranda L Backes
Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Does the stress of everyday life feel like "too much?" Do you find yourself struggling with anxiety, excessive worrying, panic attacks, or shame? Do these issues pour over into other areas in your life such as your marriage or work? If any of these things sound like something you experience, then you've likely found the right therapist! Its time you found the strength to surrender these feelings and begin to feel empowered to make brave changes.
Does the stress of everyday life feel like "too much?" Do you find yourself struggling with anxiety, excessive worrying, panic attacks, or shame? Do these issues pour over into other areas in your life such as your marriage or work? If any of these things sound like something you experience, then you've likely found the right therapist! Its time you found the strength to surrender these feelings and begin to feel empowered to make brave changes.
(636) 330-4297 View (636) 330-4297
Photo of William Arrington, Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri
William Arrington
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63101
Waking up in the morning having a sense of purpose and fulfillment, walking in healthy marriage principles to the abundant life that you deserve.
Perhaps you're in a relationship, family, or job where everything is always your fault. You're made to feel not good enough, that you have to try harder despite the other never taking accountability. You have difficulty expressing yourself in fear of the other person throwing it back in your face. Perhaps this mounting pressure from those relationships have made you give up, anxious, or just feel stuck. You don't know who you are anymore—you’ve been told how to think and feel. You may feel like you’re in a fog or just don’t know how to get back on track to the way things used to be.
Waking up in the morning having a sense of purpose and fulfillment, walking in healthy marriage principles to the abundant life that you deserve.
Perhaps you're in a relationship, family, or job where everything is always your fault. You're made to feel not good enough, that you have to try harder despite the other never taking accountability. You have difficulty expressing yourself in fear of the other person throwing it back in your face. Perhaps this mounting pressure from those relationships have made you give up, anxious, or just feel stuck. You don't know who you are anymore—you’ve been told how to think and feel. You may feel like you’re in a fog or just don’t know how to get back on track to the way things used to be.
(314) 907-0747 View (314) 907-0747
Photo of Fisher Counseling Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri
Fisher Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Joseph, MO 64501
I specialize in couples counseling (Marriage Counseling) - I have completed Level 3 Gottman Training and pursuing the process of becoming a Certified Gottman Therapist.
The decision to pursue counseling can be very difficult, and so is finding the right counselor. To help with this process, I encourage people to first talk to me via phone to make sure we have a strong personal connection during the counseling process. I offer a safe environment during counseling sessions where I invite you to discuss the issues you are struggling with and expand upon them in the depth you feel necessary to convey your thoughts and emotions.
I specialize in couples counseling (Marriage Counseling) - I have completed Level 3 Gottman Training and pursuing the process of becoming a Certified Gottman Therapist.
The decision to pursue counseling can be very difficult, and so is finding the right counselor. To help with this process, I encourage people to first talk to me via phone to make sure we have a strong personal connection during the counseling process. I offer a safe environment during counseling sessions where I invite you to discuss the issues you are struggling with and expand upon them in the depth you feel necessary to convey your thoughts and emotions.
(816) 396-6002 View (816) 396-6002
Photo of Rachel Glik, Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri
Rachel Glik
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63105
After 28 years of counseling individuals, couples and families, and growing the love in a 30+ year marriage myself, I feel privileged to say I specialize in "Relationships." I love inspiring people to look more within themselves for happiness, security, and value; and to understand that friction in relationships can help us grow, and grow closer. Those open to change benefit most; a healthy couple takes healthy people. I also see adults individually, many with relationship challenges, but also seeking help with concerns like low self worth, anxiety, sadness, depression, negative thoughts, addictions, feeling stuck/unfulfilled.
After 28 years of counseling individuals, couples and families, and growing the love in a 30+ year marriage myself, I feel privileged to say I specialize in "Relationships." I love inspiring people to look more within themselves for happiness, security, and value; and to understand that friction in relationships can help us grow, and grow closer. Those open to change benefit most; a healthy couple takes healthy people. I also see adults individually, many with relationship challenges, but also seeking help with concerns like low self worth, anxiety, sadness, depression, negative thoughts, addictions, feeling stuck/unfulfilled.
(314) 925-9098 View (314) 925-9098
Photo of Deborah Hansel, Pre-Licensed Professional in Missouri
Deborah Hansel
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, PLPC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
Has your relationship become a struggle? Are you confused about what is happening between you and your partner, wondering what to do about it? You want closeness and understanding, to feel happy in your marriage again. In these uncertain times, more couples than ever want to experience their relationship as a secure base, a safe haven from the storms of life. I use an emotion-focused, attachment-based couples therapy approach to restore hope by rebuilding a secure bond. Call or e-mail now for a free consultation.
Has your relationship become a struggle? Are you confused about what is happening between you and your partner, wondering what to do about it? You want closeness and understanding, to feel happy in your marriage again. In these uncertain times, more couples than ever want to experience their relationship as a secure base, a safe haven from the storms of life. I use an emotion-focused, attachment-based couples therapy approach to restore hope by rebuilding a secure bond. Call or e-mail now for a free consultation.
(417) 660-2685 View (417) 660-2685
Photo of Britt Lindon, Psychologist in Missouri
Britt Lindon
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
Modern relationships are HARD. Maybe you have found it hard to find the right person or have started to question whether the person you are with now could possibly be the wrong person. It’s tough when you feel burned by or totally confused about your current marriage or dating situation. You’ve probably made choices or overlooked things that you now regret, yet, here you are. Or, maybe you have a relationship at work with a boss and coworkers who undervalue you or play favorites with others. Your work ethic and good ideas have long taken a backseat to putting out fires. Or, maybe you are even so far gone that you are more checked-
Modern relationships are HARD. Maybe you have found it hard to find the right person or have started to question whether the person you are with now could possibly be the wrong person. It’s tough when you feel burned by or totally confused about your current marriage or dating situation. You’ve probably made choices or overlooked things that you now regret, yet, here you are. Or, maybe you have a relationship at work with a boss and coworkers who undervalue you or play favorites with others. Your work ethic and good ideas have long taken a backseat to putting out fires. Or, maybe you are even so far gone that you are more checked-
(404) 383-6624 View (404) 383-6624
Photo of Annie Carrera, Pre-Licensed Professional in Missouri
Annie Carrera
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PLPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63131
This is a common pattern in many couples’ relationships and maybe this describes you: prior to getting married, you had a dream. A dream that your relationship would be like the ones portrayed in romantic movies, a life of bliss because you found your perfect person. Then, at some point in your marriage, you asked this question: “How did we get here?” Instead of a foundation of joy and security, you and your spouse find yourselves stuck in conflict cycles that leave you feeling bitter, distant, and hopeless.
This is a common pattern in many couples’ relationships and maybe this describes you: prior to getting married, you had a dream. A dream that your relationship would be like the ones portrayed in romantic movies, a life of bliss because you found your perfect person. Then, at some point in your marriage, you asked this question: “How did we get here?” Instead of a foundation of joy and security, you and your spouse find yourselves stuck in conflict cycles that leave you feeling bitter, distant, and hopeless.
(314) 474-7228 View (314) 474-7228
Photo of Holly Hemphill, Marriage & Family Therapist in Missouri
Holly Hemphill
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, DAACS
Verified Verified
Liberty, MO 64068
As a specialist in marriage counseling and family therapy, I can assist with reorganizing your relationship with a focus on an outcome that is best for your couples style and your family.
Everybody has periods in their lives where they find themselves struggling with the circumstances of life. I offer an environment that can address these issues and answers can be found in a positive and supportive atmosphere. Working on improving communication, intimacy and connection can help breathe life into your relationship, and I look forward to contributing to that journey. That journey may include the use of talk therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, EMDR, and emotionally focused therapy.
As a specialist in marriage counseling and family therapy, I can assist with reorganizing your relationship with a focus on an outcome that is best for your couples style and your family.
Everybody has periods in their lives where they find themselves struggling with the circumstances of life. I offer an environment that can address these issues and answers can be found in a positive and supportive atmosphere. Working on improving communication, intimacy and connection can help breathe life into your relationship, and I look forward to contributing to that journey. That journey may include the use of talk therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, EMDR, and emotionally focused therapy.
(816) 607-4221 View (816) 607-4221
Photo of Leslie Bashioum, Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri
Leslie Bashioum
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC , CFRC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65810
I have extensive training in Christian counseling, marriage counseling, and Christian sex therapy.
Do you find yourself running on empty, constantly overthinking and worrying? Do you struggle with past wounds or find yourself trying to navigate through a traumatic experience? Maybe you are feeling alone or disconnected, struggling to communicate, and wondering if there is any hope. Whether you are wrestling with the weight of anxiety and depression, navigating a challenging experience, or experiencing difficulty in your marriage, you are not alone. My passion is to help my clients move towards freedom from past hurt and pain so they can feel equipped to experience safe, connected, healthy relationships with themselves and others.
I have extensive training in Christian counseling, marriage counseling, and Christian sex therapy.
Do you find yourself running on empty, constantly overthinking and worrying? Do you struggle with past wounds or find yourself trying to navigate through a traumatic experience? Maybe you are feeling alone or disconnected, struggling to communicate, and wondering if there is any hope. Whether you are wrestling with the weight of anxiety and depression, navigating a challenging experience, or experiencing difficulty in your marriage, you are not alone. My passion is to help my clients move towards freedom from past hurt and pain so they can feel equipped to experience safe, connected, healthy relationships with themselves and others.
(417) 815-4641 View (417) 815-4641

Marriage Counseling Therapists

How does marriage counseling work?

Marriage counseling works by teaching couples concrete skills to communicate with one another and solve disagreements in healthy ways. A trained mental health professional works with both members of a couple to explore difficulties the couple may be having and helps them develop skills to address these matters. Couples who don’t have any difficulties but want to prepare for marriage may develop skills for the future.

How long does marriage counseling typically last?

Marriage counseling is a short-term form of therapy; the process may last between four and eight sessions. Other forms of relationship guidance from mental health professionals, such as couples therapy, are longer lasting, may focus on the past rather than just the present, and are tailored to the individual couple and their emotions, history, and patterns in the relationship. Couples therapy often lasts for 12 weeks or longer.

Is marriage counseling effective?

Marriage counseling helps many couples develop relationship skills that may not have been acquired or tested in a relationship; partners may be better able to communicate and address conflict following counseling. However, there are many different forms of marriage counseling, and this form of counseling does not have as strong an evidence base as other modalities such as couples therapy.

Is marriage counseling effective if only one partner wants to go?

Yes, marriage counseling can still be effective if one partner convinces the other to engage in the process. Of course, whether counseling is effective depends on the couple’s commitment to work on their relationship; however, the short-term, skills-based nature of marriage counseling makes it a relatively easy “ask” of a partner, and the hesitant individual may see its value once counseling begins.