Therapists in Del Mar, CA

Photo of Help Therapy, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Help Therapy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Del Mar, CA 92014
Since 1993, Help Therapy has been delivering top-tier mental health services. We offer both in-person and teletherapy options, supported by a team of over 150 licensed Psychologists, LCSW"s, LMFT's and Nurse Practitioner's. We'll match you with a provider who meets your specific needs. Serving adults, seniors, families, couples, and youth (ages 7 and up) across California, and accepting most insurances, we provide a range of services, including psychotherapy and psychological evaluations.
Since 1993, Help Therapy has been delivering top-tier mental health services. We offer both in-person and teletherapy options, supported by a team of over 150 licensed Psychologists, LCSW"s, LMFT's and Nurse Practitioner's. We'll match you with a provider who meets your specific needs. Serving adults, seniors, families, couples, and youth (ages 7 and up) across California, and accepting most insurances, we provide a range of services, including psychotherapy and psychological evaluations.
(858) 326-9672 View (858) 326-9672
Photo of M'lissa Trent, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
M'lissa Trent
Psychologist, M'Lissa Trent, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Del Mar, CA 92014
Therapy is a wonderful collaborative relationship that can help you to identify and clarify internal conflicts and struggles, help access and find solutions to current challenging situations and lead you to a more positive state of mind and sense of well being. My passion is to work with individuals and couples through life transitions, relationship issues and to help you create your best life that is aligned with your truest self. I also work with past and current life traumas and losses and am a certified EMDR therapist.
Therapy is a wonderful collaborative relationship that can help you to identify and clarify internal conflicts and struggles, help access and find solutions to current challenging situations and lead you to a more positive state of mind and sense of well being. My passion is to work with individuals and couples through life transitions, relationship issues and to help you create your best life that is aligned with your truest self. I also work with past and current life traumas and losses and am a certified EMDR therapist.
(858) 252-1578 View (858) 252-1578
Photo of Joleena Abrams in Del Mar, CA
Joleena Abrams
CCTSA, CMEMI, MA, CSAC
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014  (Online Only)
Joleena is Certified in the Treament of Sexual Addiction, is a Certified Betrayal Trauma Coach, a Certified Clinical Trauma and Addiction Specialist with a Masters of Psychology in Grief Counseling, and a Bachelors of Science in Psychology. Joleena specializes in helping couples working through betrayal and addiction of all kinds. She also works with clients that are struggling with anxiety, addictive behaviors, depression, PTSD, emotional abuse, mental abuse and trauma of various kinds. Her passion is to provide a safe space for her clients and to walk hand-in-hand with them, guiding them through the healing process.
Joleena is Certified in the Treament of Sexual Addiction, is a Certified Betrayal Trauma Coach, a Certified Clinical Trauma and Addiction Specialist with a Masters of Psychology in Grief Counseling, and a Bachelors of Science in Psychology. Joleena specializes in helping couples working through betrayal and addiction of all kinds. She also works with clients that are struggling with anxiety, addictive behaviors, depression, PTSD, emotional abuse, mental abuse and trauma of various kinds. Her passion is to provide a safe space for her clients and to walk hand-in-hand with them, guiding them through the healing process.
(619) 639-4614 View (619) 639-4614
Photo of Leah Robbins, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Leah Robbins
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Del Mar, CA 92014
I am here for the sensitive empaths who have survived trauma. I provide a unique mix of professional experience, therapy, refined energy healing and nervous system relaxation. Specifically for sensitive people, my unique approach can provide stability, clarity, and profound swift healing. It's time to release the heavy emotions stored in your body; the energetic imprints that manifest as physical illness, pain or fatigue. Together, we can create the life you deserve and desire.
I am here for the sensitive empaths who have survived trauma. I provide a unique mix of professional experience, therapy, refined energy healing and nervous system relaxation. Specifically for sensitive people, my unique approach can provide stability, clarity, and profound swift healing. It's time to release the heavy emotions stored in your body; the energetic imprints that manifest as physical illness, pain or fatigue. Together, we can create the life you deserve and desire.
(858) 348-5698 View (858) 348-5698
Photo of Ariane Myers, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Ariane Myers
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014
Not accepting new clients
Waitlist open for appointments before 4pm. Waitlist closed for 4pm or after. Updated February 2024. I believe that good therapy involves a combination of a supportive and warm relationship plus science-based therapeutic techniques. Within this framework I consider each person’s unique situation, neurodiversity, and set of problems and then tailor my approach to you or your child’s needs. Therapy should be a collaborative process, and I try to bring a sense of humor and fun to my work with you or your family.
Waitlist open for appointments before 4pm. Waitlist closed for 4pm or after. Updated February 2024. I believe that good therapy involves a combination of a supportive and warm relationship plus science-based therapeutic techniques. Within this framework I consider each person’s unique situation, neurodiversity, and set of problems and then tailor my approach to you or your child’s needs. Therapy should be a collaborative process, and I try to bring a sense of humor and fun to my work with you or your family.
View
Photo of Katie Militello, Marriage & Family Therapist in Del Mar, CA
Katie Militello
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014  (Online Only)
I am a strengths based, trauma focused therapist specializing in grief & loss, PTSD, and feeling stuck and overwhelmed by past negative experiences and beliefs. I work with clients ranging in age from adolescents to seniors utilizing EMDR and family systems therapy.
I am a strengths based, trauma focused therapist specializing in grief & loss, PTSD, and feeling stuck and overwhelmed by past negative experiences and beliefs. I work with clients ranging in age from adolescents to seniors utilizing EMDR and family systems therapy.
(760) 840-2737 View (760) 840-2737
Photo of Kristine Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Del Mar, CA
Kristine Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CETI, CEDS
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014
I remember going to my first therapist, and thinking “I have to go back to places I’ve already survived?” You do not have to go backwards, though sometimes we have to feel to heal. With over 30 years of experience, I compassionately help guide you experientially, so you can access somatic and emotional wisdom.
I remember going to my first therapist, and thinking “I have to go back to places I’ve already survived?” You do not have to go backwards, though sometimes we have to feel to heal. With over 30 years of experience, I compassionately help guide you experientially, so you can access somatic and emotional wisdom.
(858) 683-0857 View (858) 683-0857
Photo of Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Dr. Nathaniel Chapman
Psychologist, PsyD, APIT
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014
My biggest goal is to use my expertise in clinical psychology to help people be all they can be in work, love, and play. Are you experiencing challenges in your relationship due to infidelity, betrayals, or other traumas showing up in your relationship? Are you having difficulties finding or establishing meaningful relationships? Do you need help creating good working relationships with your executive team, employees, or athletes? As a relationships expert, seasoned educator, Gottman Method-trained psychologist, and Gottman Leader, I help individuals and organizations cultivate these skills.
My biggest goal is to use my expertise in clinical psychology to help people be all they can be in work, love, and play. Are you experiencing challenges in your relationship due to infidelity, betrayals, or other traumas showing up in your relationship? Are you having difficulties finding or establishing meaningful relationships? Do you need help creating good working relationships with your executive team, employees, or athletes? As a relationships expert, seasoned educator, Gottman Method-trained psychologist, and Gottman Leader, I help individuals and organizations cultivate these skills.
(858) 732-3133 View (858) 732-3133
Photo of Ruthlyn Fox, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Ruthlyn Fox
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a licensed clinical psychologist, and I work with adults 18 or older with anxiety, trauma, difficult life experiences, and substance abuse. I offer a safe, kind, and emotionally supportive environment in which to explore and understand the impact that specific events or relationships have had on you and help you navigate a path forward towards recovery and strength; a life of your choosing.
Hello! I am a licensed clinical psychologist, and I work with adults 18 or older with anxiety, trauma, difficult life experiences, and substance abuse. I offer a safe, kind, and emotionally supportive environment in which to explore and understand the impact that specific events or relationships have had on you and help you navigate a path forward towards recovery and strength; a life of your choosing.
(858) 330-5821 View (858) 330-5821
Photo of Katie Olson, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Katie Olson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014
Not accepting new clients
I work with adults and teens. Clients come to me when they are looking to improve their overall sense of well-being -- body, mind and spirit. My treatment approach is non-traditional, and I work with people struggling to feel at home in their bodies and their lives. I help with chronic pain, anxiety, depression, infertility, Lyme Disease, pregnancy/postpartum issues, addictive behaviors, issues specific to Highly Sensitive People (HSPs), the effects of trauma, and people who just feel 'lost' and want to revamp their lives. If you've been told over and over that you are 'too sensitive' or 'too much', you are welcome here.
I work with adults and teens. Clients come to me when they are looking to improve their overall sense of well-being -- body, mind and spirit. My treatment approach is non-traditional, and I work with people struggling to feel at home in their bodies and their lives. I help with chronic pain, anxiety, depression, infertility, Lyme Disease, pregnancy/postpartum issues, addictive behaviors, issues specific to Highly Sensitive People (HSPs), the effects of trauma, and people who just feel 'lost' and want to revamp their lives. If you've been told over and over that you are 'too sensitive' or 'too much', you are welcome here.
(858) 264-2717 View (858) 264-2717
Photo of Mary Puntenney Mou, Marriage & Family Therapist in Del Mar, CA
Mary Puntenney Mou
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Del Mar, CA 92014
Does your child or teen seem sad or irritable? Do you feel like he has difficulty following through when given instructions? Does she whine or frequently ask you to do things that she can do herself? Is your child or teen having trouble in school or with a life adjustment? Parents and children alike can feel stuck and overwhelmed with their struggles. I am passionate about helping families heal, find solutions, and live well together. My focus is providing developmentally appropriate services to children (any age!), teens, and their families.
Does your child or teen seem sad or irritable? Do you feel like he has difficulty following through when given instructions? Does she whine or frequently ask you to do things that she can do herself? Is your child or teen having trouble in school or with a life adjustment? Parents and children alike can feel stuck and overwhelmed with their struggles. I am passionate about helping families heal, find solutions, and live well together. My focus is providing developmentally appropriate services to children (any age!), teens, and their families.
(858) 879-3659 View (858) 879-3659
Photo of Accurate Assessments of San Diego, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Accurate Assessments of San Diego
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014
We offer expert Psychological and Substance Abuse Assessments to people aged 17 and older. We know that you are a unique individual and we evaluate your problems in the context of your individuality and life circumstances. When you work with us, you will be treated in a manner that reflects your individuality. You will receive: a high quality evaluation administered by a psychologist, a holistic picture of your problems, comprehensive answers to your questions, recommendations for the next steps, and direct referrals so you can follow up with other treatment providers as needed.
We offer expert Psychological and Substance Abuse Assessments to people aged 17 and older. We know that you are a unique individual and we evaluate your problems in the context of your individuality and life circumstances. When you work with us, you will be treated in a manner that reflects your individuality. You will receive: a high quality evaluation administered by a psychologist, a holistic picture of your problems, comprehensive answers to your questions, recommendations for the next steps, and direct referrals so you can follow up with other treatment providers as needed.
(858) 461-6815 View (858) 461-6815
Photo of Bentley Hess, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Bentley Hess
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014  (Online Only)
I imagine you found yourself here because there is something in your life that is not working for you, creating distress, or bringing you pain. OR maybe you are desiring inner change, to evolve and grow as a human, parent, partner, or spiritually. Maybe you want to dive into exploring who you are at your core, what you are capable of, or what truly makes you happy. What is it that you want out of life? Whether you are seeking emotional, spiritual, or physical balance, this is your journey and I am here to guide you in discovering your personal happiness, what brings you peace and makes you feel centered, complete, and healthy.
I imagine you found yourself here because there is something in your life that is not working for you, creating distress, or bringing you pain. OR maybe you are desiring inner change, to evolve and grow as a human, parent, partner, or spiritually. Maybe you want to dive into exploring who you are at your core, what you are capable of, or what truly makes you happy. What is it that you want out of life? Whether you are seeking emotional, spiritual, or physical balance, this is your journey and I am here to guide you in discovering your personal happiness, what brings you peace and makes you feel centered, complete, and healthy.
(858) 758-8116 View (858) 758-8116
Photo of Shawna Hogan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Del Mar, CA
Shawna Hogan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014
Hello! I have an eclectic array of modalities, including cognitive-behavioral, systems, narrative, and psychodynamic, but my primary goal is to work with you to meet your wants and needs. I have experience with individuals, couples, adolescents, families, and older adults.
Hello! I have an eclectic array of modalities, including cognitive-behavioral, systems, narrative, and psychodynamic, but my primary goal is to work with you to meet your wants and needs. I have experience with individuals, couples, adolescents, families, and older adults.
(858) 295-0138 View (858) 295-0138
Photo of Colette Lord, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Colette Lord
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014
I am a Certified EMDR therapist and Consultant. I am passionate about helping people let go of the pain of the past, live more fully in the present and develop hope for the future. When you've grown up in a abusive, chaotic, or dysfunctional household it can be really hard to move beyond your past without help. This is especially true if you struggle with any kind of dissociation. It's not that you're weak or unwilling, it's that you don't yet have the tools and the help to do so. I can help you with those tools, while holding space for the reality of the culture and systems we find ourselves in that may continue to cause harm.
I am a Certified EMDR therapist and Consultant. I am passionate about helping people let go of the pain of the past, live more fully in the present and develop hope for the future. When you've grown up in a abusive, chaotic, or dysfunctional household it can be really hard to move beyond your past without help. This is especially true if you struggle with any kind of dissociation. It's not that you're weak or unwilling, it's that you don't yet have the tools and the help to do so. I can help you with those tools, while holding space for the reality of the culture and systems we find ourselves in that may continue to cause harm.
(858) 367-5551 View (858) 367-5551
Photo of Heidi Samuelian, Marriage & Family Therapist in Del Mar, CA
Heidi Samuelian
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014
You may feel stuck, anxious, depressed, or hopeless. However, just the courage to take the first step in knowing you want to experience your life differently takes strength. I work with my clients to expand that strength in a safe environment. When struggling with a family or friend relationship, or when experiencing increased stress from some changing circumstances in life, often unhealed issues start to surface. Now we really need support. These times are actually the ones where the most healing can occur.
You may feel stuck, anxious, depressed, or hopeless. However, just the courage to take the first step in knowing you want to experience your life differently takes strength. I work with my clients to expand that strength in a safe environment. When struggling with a family or friend relationship, or when experiencing increased stress from some changing circumstances in life, often unhealed issues start to surface. Now we really need support. These times are actually the ones where the most healing can occur.
(619) 486-3128 View (619) 486-3128
Photo of Carrie Jaffe, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Carrie Jaffe
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014
Do you have the same painful relationship, job, or family problems over and over? Have you been unable to figure out why, or how to do it differently? I can help you learn how and why, and help you change these patterns. If you are unhappy, insecure, stuck in self-defeating patterns, have repeated relationship conflicts, addiction issues, or have stopped progressing in life, I can help you gain insight, change negative patterns, modify personality issues, achieve consistent Recovery from addictions, and live a happier life. I also have expertise in helping people cope with, and recover from relationships with narcissistic people.
Do you have the same painful relationship, job, or family problems over and over? Have you been unable to figure out why, or how to do it differently? I can help you learn how and why, and help you change these patterns. If you are unhappy, insecure, stuck in self-defeating patterns, have repeated relationship conflicts, addiction issues, or have stopped progressing in life, I can help you gain insight, change negative patterns, modify personality issues, achieve consistent Recovery from addictions, and live a happier life. I also have expertise in helping people cope with, and recover from relationships with narcissistic people.
(858) 375-4733 View (858) 375-4733
Photo of Gayle R. Lewis, Psychologist in Del Mar, CA
Gayle R. Lewis
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP, MSCS
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014  (Online Only)
Let me begin my saying I am Accepting new patients! I warmly welcome working with individuals and couples struggling with a variety of emotional and relational conflicts. My areas of specialty are the following: Those currently dealing with present or past sexual harassment issues, Trauma (survivors of domestic/sexual abuse, those in ongoing abusive relationships), Eating Disorders and Chronic disease, with particular experience working with patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Practice accepting new patients in New York and California. If you reside in a state other than those two, please reach out anyway; I likely can work with you.
Let me begin my saying I am Accepting new patients! I warmly welcome working with individuals and couples struggling with a variety of emotional and relational conflicts. My areas of specialty are the following: Those currently dealing with present or past sexual harassment issues, Trauma (survivors of domestic/sexual abuse, those in ongoing abusive relationships), Eating Disorders and Chronic disease, with particular experience working with patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Practice accepting new patients in New York and California. If you reside in a state other than those two, please reach out anyway; I likely can work with you.
(646) 553-4047 View (646) 553-4047
Photo of Hili Mann, Marriage & Family Therapist in Del Mar, CA
Hili Mann
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Del Mar, CA 92014
I specialize in treating anxiety, depression and relationship difficulties with self and others. Our first meeting by phone or video call will provide us the opportunity to discuss issues you seek to address. I practice from a psychoanalytic approach which means we will explore and deepen our understanding of your experience including unconscious influences on thought, feeling, behavior, and their impact on your present-day situation. My intention working with you is to enhance your awareness for the purpose of creating meaningful improvement, ultimately leading toward greater freedom and joy in living.
I specialize in treating anxiety, depression and relationship difficulties with self and others. Our first meeting by phone or video call will provide us the opportunity to discuss issues you seek to address. I practice from a psychoanalytic approach which means we will explore and deepen our understanding of your experience including unconscious influences on thought, feeling, behavior, and their impact on your present-day situation. My intention working with you is to enhance your awareness for the purpose of creating meaningful improvement, ultimately leading toward greater freedom and joy in living.
(858) 295-3763 View (858) 295-3763
Photo of Karen Harten Broida, Marriage & Family Therapist in Del Mar, CA
Karen Harten Broida
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Del Mar, CA 92014  (Online Only)
Selecting a therapist to trust can be daunting. As in any relationship, there must be a good match on many levels. New clients often ask me, "What is your technique?" In my twenty-five plus years of experience, I have learned not to apply a blueprint of "one-size fits all," but to focus upon the particular problems, and stressors that have brought you to seek help. My clients have expressed appreciation for my pro-active style; I am compassionate but not passive during sessions. My training in both hypnosis and mindfulness has given me unique tools to help my clients when appropriate.
Selecting a therapist to trust can be daunting. As in any relationship, there must be a good match on many levels. New clients often ask me, "What is your technique?" In my twenty-five plus years of experience, I have learned not to apply a blueprint of "one-size fits all," but to focus upon the particular problems, and stressors that have brought you to seek help. My clients have expressed appreciation for my pro-active style; I am compassionate but not passive during sessions. My training in both hypnosis and mindfulness has given me unique tools to help my clients when appropriate.
(858) 500-3886 View (858) 500-3886

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Del Mar, CA

300+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Del Mar, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
66% Grief
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

53% Aetna
52% Cigna and Evernorth
45% Other

How Therapists in Del Mar, CA see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Del Mar?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.