Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Alan J Barnett, Psychologist in New York, NY
Alan J Barnett
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10028
As a clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst for more than 40 years, I have had the privilege to work with different populations on a great variety of issues. I've helped individuals, couples and families cope with their problems (depression, anxiety, grief, relationships, career, life transitions, etc.) to attain significant and durable transformations in their lives; they gained valuable insights into past experiences, became resilient in achieving their goals, and developed successful relationships.
As a clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst for more than 40 years, I have had the privilege to work with different populations on a great variety of issues. I've helped individuals, couples and families cope with their problems (depression, anxiety, grief, relationships, career, life transitions, etc.) to attain significant and durable transformations in their lives; they gained valuable insights into past experiences, became resilient in achieving their goals, and developed successful relationships.
(646) 663-5224 View (646) 663-5224
Photo of Martin Weinberg, Psychologist in New York, NY
Martin Weinberg
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Clients often come in crisis and their wish is to be heard and understood so they can deal with what they are facing. Whether they are struggling with an upsurge of symptoms or smoldering long term issues, they usually hope and desire an atmosphere where their concerns are being listened to . My own hope is to calm the waters allowing the time for things to get better.
Clients often come in crisis and their wish is to be heard and understood so they can deal with what they are facing. Whether they are struggling with an upsurge of symptoms or smoldering long term issues, they usually hope and desire an atmosphere where their concerns are being listened to . My own hope is to calm the waters allowing the time for things to get better.
(646) 906-8120 View (646) 906-8120
Photo of Angela Babin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Angela Babin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
Do you need a little support in these challenging times? I believe that psychotherapy is a dynamic and life-shifting process that can enhance your self-awareness as well as improve your social experience. Diving into a therapeutic relationship can start your journey into personal insight, and begin your path to a more meaningful and fulfilling life. As a therapist I will support and hold you in a safe, non-judgmental, and supportive collaborative alliance. You have taken the first step just by reading this! I offer a holistic focus that includes mind, body and spirit. Presently, only TeleHealth appointments are being scheduled.
Do you need a little support in these challenging times? I believe that psychotherapy is a dynamic and life-shifting process that can enhance your self-awareness as well as improve your social experience. Diving into a therapeutic relationship can start your journey into personal insight, and begin your path to a more meaningful and fulfilling life. As a therapist I will support and hold you in a safe, non-judgmental, and supportive collaborative alliance. You have taken the first step just by reading this! I offer a holistic focus that includes mind, body and spirit. Presently, only TeleHealth appointments are being scheduled.
(646) 798-2624 View (646) 798-2624
Photo of Kona Momoh, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Kona Momoh
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012  (Online Only)
I believe that every individual has a purpose that has a unique definition based on their personal values and beliefs. Over time, however, many of us lose touch with our personal values and others of us never have the opportunity to truly understand what our purpose and values could be. Many of us also find ourselves holding onto beliefs that no longer serve the person we are today.
I believe that every individual has a purpose that has a unique definition based on their personal values and beliefs. Over time, however, many of us lose touch with our personal values and others of us never have the opportunity to truly understand what our purpose and values could be. Many of us also find ourselves holding onto beliefs that no longer serve the person we are today.
(646) 632-1403 View (646) 632-1403
Photo of Lynda D Schreibman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Lynda D Schreibman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
My commitment to reach out and share with others in what I believe with such passion is a key element for clients to feel comfortable. I have an analytical background and practice an eclectic style of therapy combining several tools for you to approach life in a meaningful manner. Many years of psychiatric experience enables me to provide solutions, where clients achieve peace of mind and focus on growth and change. I specialize in treating people who are experiencing depression, anxiety, phobias, fears, relationship issues and the challenges of family life.
My commitment to reach out and share with others in what I believe with such passion is a key element for clients to feel comfortable. I have an analytical background and practice an eclectic style of therapy combining several tools for you to approach life in a meaningful manner. Many years of psychiatric experience enables me to provide solutions, where clients achieve peace of mind and focus on growth and change. I specialize in treating people who are experiencing depression, anxiety, phobias, fears, relationship issues and the challenges of family life.
(646) 862-4830 View (646) 862-4830
Photo of Suyi Duan, Counselor in New York, NY
Suyi Duan
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
We all deserve a safe and supportive environment to explore ourselves. Whether you are feeling trapped, anxious, or vulnerable, I am here to provide a space with nonjudgemental listening and professional support. I will help you identify and remove the barriers that are preventing you from achieving your ideal life. Using a strength-based trauma-informed therapeutic alignment, we are going to work together to find ways of empowering your inner strengths to keep moving forward. I employ client-centered, personalized treatment plans based on client-specific needs and targets.
We all deserve a safe and supportive environment to explore ourselves. Whether you are feeling trapped, anxious, or vulnerable, I am here to provide a space with nonjudgemental listening and professional support. I will help you identify and remove the barriers that are preventing you from achieving your ideal life. Using a strength-based trauma-informed therapeutic alignment, we are going to work together to find ways of empowering your inner strengths to keep moving forward. I employ client-centered, personalized treatment plans based on client-specific needs and targets.
View
Photo of Mary Pender Greene, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Mary Pender Greene
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CGP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
For more than 20 years I have been an expert in working with adults and couples in a compassionate, respectful, non-judgmental way. I specialize in improving love and work relationships. I am a focused listener who provides a safe environment for discussing troubling feelings. I can help you learn more about yourself, identify your strengths, gain a new perspective, as well as recognize and change destructive behavior patterns. Together we will work on the issues that are interfering with your relationship satisfaction or career success and explore solutions. I can help you be your best self!
For more than 20 years I have been an expert in working with adults and couples in a compassionate, respectful, non-judgmental way. I specialize in improving love and work relationships. I am a focused listener who provides a safe environment for discussing troubling feelings. I can help you learn more about yourself, identify your strengths, gain a new perspective, as well as recognize and change destructive behavior patterns. Together we will work on the issues that are interfering with your relationship satisfaction or career success and explore solutions. I can help you be your best self!
(917) 267-0523 View (917) 267-0523
Photo of Veronica Cruz, Counselor in New York, NY
Veronica Cruz
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024  (Online Only)
Life can be so overwhelming between work, family, friends and daily responsibilities. Between the whirlwind of emotions experienced throughout the day and balancing the needs of all the people in our lives, it can be so hard to breathe and prioritize ourselves. We can find ourselves saying "yes" to tasks and events when we really should say "no." We can find ourselves overthinking our to-do lists and feeling overwhelmed, sad or anxious at the end of the day. But learning to set boundaries, communicate your needs and cope with a multitude of emotions is possible with a safe, non-judgmental space that prioritizes comfort and trust.
Life can be so overwhelming between work, family, friends and daily responsibilities. Between the whirlwind of emotions experienced throughout the day and balancing the needs of all the people in our lives, it can be so hard to breathe and prioritize ourselves. We can find ourselves saying "yes" to tasks and events when we really should say "no." We can find ourselves overthinking our to-do lists and feeling overwhelmed, sad or anxious at the end of the day. But learning to set boundaries, communicate your needs and cope with a multitude of emotions is possible with a safe, non-judgmental space that prioritizes comfort and trust.
(646) 916-5660 View (646) 916-5660
Photo of Barbara Willinger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Barbara Willinger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Highly experienced and knowledgeable therapist working with an interactive approach to clearly identify the obstacles holding you back and support the breakthroughs to your goals. Using a collaborative, psycho-dynamic framework that is focused on your specific needs, discovery of greater emotional stability and well-being is within reach. I provide empathy and deep understanding around circumstances relating to a broad spectrum of personal challenges including relationship issues, work-related challenges, loss of a loved one or dealing with the natural process of aging.
Highly experienced and knowledgeable therapist working with an interactive approach to clearly identify the obstacles holding you back and support the breakthroughs to your goals. Using a collaborative, psycho-dynamic framework that is focused on your specific needs, discovery of greater emotional stability and well-being is within reach. I provide empathy and deep understanding around circumstances relating to a broad spectrum of personal challenges including relationship issues, work-related challenges, loss of a loved one or dealing with the natural process of aging.
(646) 259-3623 View (646) 259-3623
Photo of Nestor Borrero-Bracero, Psychologist in New York, NY
Nestor Borrero-Bracero
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
Feeling weighed down by sadness and anxiety from challenging experiences and relationships? I aim to guide individuals to thrive in their lives and relationships. In a safe, supportive environment, explore your feelings and understand yourself better. Whether improving relationships, managing stress, anxiety, or depression, or navigating life's transitions, I'll be your empathetic ear. I value cultural differences and will address your unique needs. Through self-reflection, you will develop healthier relationships with yourself and others. I invite you to take the first steps towards your transformation and send me a message.
Feeling weighed down by sadness and anxiety from challenging experiences and relationships? I aim to guide individuals to thrive in their lives and relationships. In a safe, supportive environment, explore your feelings and understand yourself better. Whether improving relationships, managing stress, anxiety, or depression, or navigating life's transitions, I'll be your empathetic ear. I value cultural differences and will address your unique needs. Through self-reflection, you will develop healthier relationships with yourself and others. I invite you to take the first steps towards your transformation and send me a message.
(929) 238-9295 View (929) 238-9295
Kelbe Beck
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10013  (Online Only)
I work with adults of all ages struggling with depression, anxiety and life transitions. As a queer woman, I understand the existing barriers around access to mental health support in queer and trans communities; I have worked with many queer and trans clients surrounding issues of trauma, identity development, self-exploration and more. Having had training in couples therapy, I also specialize in work with couples and relationships focusing on intimacy, communication and conflict management.
I work with adults of all ages struggling with depression, anxiety and life transitions. As a queer woman, I understand the existing barriers around access to mental health support in queer and trans communities; I have worked with many queer and trans clients surrounding issues of trauma, identity development, self-exploration and more. Having had training in couples therapy, I also specialize in work with couples and relationships focusing on intimacy, communication and conflict management.
(929) 556-2595 View (929) 556-2595
Photo of Behavioral Psych Studio, Psychologist in New York, NY
Behavioral Psych Studio
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10023
Dr. Sugar is the founder of Behavioral Psych Studio, a group practice dedicated to providing effective, evidence-based treatment to teens, adults, couples and families struggling with psychological or social issues. Specifically, we use Cognitive Behavioral and Dialectical Behavioral Therapies to help clients learn more about themselves and create the lives they want to be living. At BPS we treat people struggling with Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Emotion Dysregulation issues, and Substance Abuse. Likewise, we offer services to parents and teens experiencing high-conflict relationships. We are committed to helping parents gain the knowledge and tools necessary to improve their relationship with their teens.
Dr. Sugar is the founder of Behavioral Psych Studio, a group practice dedicated to providing effective, evidence-based treatment to teens, adults, couples and families struggling with psychological or social issues. Specifically, we use Cognitive Behavioral and Dialectical Behavioral Therapies to help clients learn more about themselves and create the lives they want to be living. At BPS we treat people struggling with Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Emotion Dysregulation issues, and Substance Abuse. Likewise, we offer services to parents and teens experiencing high-conflict relationships. We are committed to helping parents gain the knowledge and tools necessary to improve their relationship with their teens.
(646) 832-4766 View (646) 832-4766
Photo of Walter Matweychuk, Psychologist in New York, NY
Walter Matweychuk
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
If you are skeptical about psychotherapy because so many therapists endlessly talk about feelings, dwell on the past, or have abstract theories that only they understand, then my sensible approach is for you. I teach you ideas to help you cope with difficult situations, challenging people, unfair burdens, acts of disrespect, disapproval, rejection, and states of deprivation. I teach you ideas and strive to get you in and out of therapy. In my view therapy should be problem-focused, efficient, sensible, and teach you how to help yourself. I do not want you to grow dependent on a psychotherapist but rather learn how to depend on you.
If you are skeptical about psychotherapy because so many therapists endlessly talk about feelings, dwell on the past, or have abstract theories that only they understand, then my sensible approach is for you. I teach you ideas to help you cope with difficult situations, challenging people, unfair burdens, acts of disrespect, disapproval, rejection, and states of deprivation. I teach you ideas and strive to get you in and out of therapy. In my view therapy should be problem-focused, efficient, sensible, and teach you how to help yourself. I do not want you to grow dependent on a psychotherapist but rather learn how to depend on you.
(212) 750-2826 View (212) 750-2826
Photo of Hadassah Ramin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Hadassah Ramin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Have you been experiencing anxiety, depression, creative block, or have struggled to establish satisfying work and love relationships?  If you are curios about the workings of the mind and wish to gain insight into long-standing maladaptive patterns that have interfered with achieving your goals, then perhaps it is time to seek professional help. I have over 30 years of experience working with individuals from diverse backgrounds. I focus on adapting the treatment modality to fit your needs, paying close attention to cultural differences. Whether psychoanalysis or psychotherapy, it is a joint endeavor between therapist and client.
Have you been experiencing anxiety, depression, creative block, or have struggled to establish satisfying work and love relationships?  If you are curios about the workings of the mind and wish to gain insight into long-standing maladaptive patterns that have interfered with achieving your goals, then perhaps it is time to seek professional help. I have over 30 years of experience working with individuals from diverse backgrounds. I focus on adapting the treatment modality to fit your needs, paying close attention to cultural differences. Whether psychoanalysis or psychotherapy, it is a joint endeavor between therapist and client.
(646) 679-7892 View (646) 679-7892
Photo of Maria Pietruszka, Counselor in New York, NY
Maria Pietruszka
Counselor, LMHC, CASAC-T
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Not accepting new clients
It can be difficult to start the journey for healing. I believe that any person who is willing to look inward, develop self awareness and ask themselves the tough questions, is on the right path to a healthier, rewarding life. I look for honesty, transparency and open mindedness in a client and with that I believe I can guide them to help them meet whatever goals they are ready to address.
It can be difficult to start the journey for healing. I believe that any person who is willing to look inward, develop self awareness and ask themselves the tough questions, is on the right path to a healthier, rewarding life. I look for honesty, transparency and open mindedness in a client and with that I believe I can guide them to help them meet whatever goals they are ready to address.
(347) 970-5378 View (347) 970-5378
Photo of Elizabeth J Buckley, Psychologist in New York, NY
Elizabeth J Buckley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025  (Online Only)
Do you or a family member need help working through a difficult life transition? Maybe you sense this will require some changes in how you handle things. My patients are people seeking self-knowledge and wanting to make the most of life. They have begun to see patterns and obstacles they want to address in a depth-oriented psychotherapy relationship with someone who is highly qualified and very experienced.
Do you or a family member need help working through a difficult life transition? Maybe you sense this will require some changes in how you handle things. My patients are people seeking self-knowledge and wanting to make the most of life. They have begun to see patterns and obstacles they want to address in a depth-oriented psychotherapy relationship with someone who is highly qualified and very experienced.
(929) 238-9412 View (929) 238-9412
Photo of Tirrell De Gannes, Psychologist in New York, NY
Tirrell De Gannes
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Hello, my name is Dr. Tirrell De Gannes and I help to empower you as an individual to enhance your life through evidence-based therapeutic models as well as relational support. I'm greatly driven, especially when working with diverse clients from various backgrounds, and I value not only cultural awareness but meeting my client where they're at in their personal stage of change. In order to assist clients in developing into their optimal self, I employ a variety of treatment styles, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic Therapy, Hypnotherapy, Mindfulness, and Humanistic-Existential techniques.
Hello, my name is Dr. Tirrell De Gannes and I help to empower you as an individual to enhance your life through evidence-based therapeutic models as well as relational support. I'm greatly driven, especially when working with diverse clients from various backgrounds, and I value not only cultural awareness but meeting my client where they're at in their personal stage of change. In order to assist clients in developing into their optimal self, I employ a variety of treatment styles, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic Therapy, Hypnotherapy, Mindfulness, and Humanistic-Existential techniques.
(347) 252-9521 View (347) 252-9521
Photo of O Zotique in New York, NY
O Zotique
EdM, IAYT, RYT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023  (Online Only)
I believe in the inherent well being of all of my patients and clients. I am looking forward to connecting with clients on this platform who are ready to explore possibilities, transversing across gender, sexual orientation, and all other identity markers (Sanskrit term: samskaras) which encompass our internal mapping of experience. I am passionate about witnessing my clients step forward into deeper and more expansive embodiment and joy on a daily basis. My clients are dedicated to their own curiosity and unfoldment. My clients will be able to access deep healing on multiple levels as well as vital life coaching through this portal
I believe in the inherent well being of all of my patients and clients. I am looking forward to connecting with clients on this platform who are ready to explore possibilities, transversing across gender, sexual orientation, and all other identity markers (Sanskrit term: samskaras) which encompass our internal mapping of experience. I am passionate about witnessing my clients step forward into deeper and more expansive embodiment and joy on a daily basis. My clients are dedicated to their own curiosity and unfoldment. My clients will be able to access deep healing on multiple levels as well as vital life coaching through this portal
(646) 504-4093 View (646) 504-4093
Photo of Mallory Craig, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Mallory Craig
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-I
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017
As a dedicated mental health professional, I am committed to guiding individuals on a transformative journey towards healing and self-discovery. Employing an integrative approach, I weave together modalities such as CBT, DBT, Person-Centered, and Mindfulness-Based therapy into my practice. Throughout our time together, I place a strong emphasis on your individuality, creating a warm and nonjudgmental space where your unique experiences are valued.
As a dedicated mental health professional, I am committed to guiding individuals on a transformative journey towards healing and self-discovery. Employing an integrative approach, I weave together modalities such as CBT, DBT, Person-Centered, and Mindfulness-Based therapy into my practice. Throughout our time together, I place a strong emphasis on your individuality, creating a warm and nonjudgmental space where your unique experiences are valued.
(646) 693-3981 View (646) 693-3981
Photo of Jennifer A. Schneider, Psychologist in New York, NY
Jennifer A. Schneider
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
I am a clinical psychologist specializing in the treatment of trauma, anxiety, depression, sleep problems, relationship issues, and professional difficulties. I am a sensitive listener and can help people to better understand themselves and others. My approach to treatment is integrative and flexible. My clinical expertise has developed over the course of many years of providing treatment to a very diverse group of people. I have been involved in clinical research and am familiar with the newest developments in the mental health field.
I am a clinical psychologist specializing in the treatment of trauma, anxiety, depression, sleep problems, relationship issues, and professional difficulties. I am a sensitive listener and can help people to better understand themselves and others. My approach to treatment is integrative and flexible. My clinical expertise has developed over the course of many years of providing treatment to a very diverse group of people. I have been involved in clinical research and am familiar with the newest developments in the mental health field.
(917) 932-2489 View (917) 932-2489

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.