Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Gargi Patel, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Gargi Patel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
Therapy is a unique opportunity to explore your truest self. It is a space with no right or wrong. I am available for you to discover and be with various parts of yourself. Together, we will explore these pieces and the experiences that cause pain and discomfort; through this, there will be space for healing, understanding, and acceptance. My goal as a therapist is to accompany you on your journey: To guide you in understanding your authentic self as you foster self-love and acceptance for all the parts of yourself.
Therapy is a unique opportunity to explore your truest self. It is a space with no right or wrong. I am available for you to discover and be with various parts of yourself. Together, we will explore these pieces and the experiences that cause pain and discomfort; through this, there will be space for healing, understanding, and acceptance. My goal as a therapist is to accompany you on your journey: To guide you in understanding your authentic self as you foster self-love and acceptance for all the parts of yourself.
(415) 390-0055 View (415) 390-0055
Photo of Caroline Lewis, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Caroline Lewis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MIM
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
You may be feeling anxious, struggling with sleep, and are desiring healthier and more connected relationships. Deep down there is another part of you that desires more fulfillment, less anxiety, and inner confidence. I can help you. I successfully support my clients in developing new inner resources to have greater relationship success and a holistic health toolbox to not just survive but instead to thrive. My expertise includes working with highly sensitive adults, couples, and families.
You may be feeling anxious, struggling with sleep, and are desiring healthier and more connected relationships. Deep down there is another part of you that desires more fulfillment, less anxiety, and inner confidence. I can help you. I successfully support my clients in developing new inner resources to have greater relationship success and a holistic health toolbox to not just survive but instead to thrive. My expertise includes working with highly sensitive adults, couples, and families.
(970) 478-9160 View (970) 478-9160
Photo of Sonia Sztejnklaper Bell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sonia Sztejnklaper Bell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
As a therapist with over 30 years of experience, including as a director of clinical services at a non-profit agency, I've worked with individuals of all ages, couples and families. I offer a wide range of therapy services, specializing in helping my clients deal with emotional and behavioral issues, including anxiety and depression. I also have extensive experience working with those undergoing personal transitions, family, marital and relationship issues, coping with medical challenges including loss and grief.
As a therapist with over 30 years of experience, including as a director of clinical services at a non-profit agency, I've worked with individuals of all ages, couples and families. I offer a wide range of therapy services, specializing in helping my clients deal with emotional and behavioral issues, including anxiety and depression. I also have extensive experience working with those undergoing personal transitions, family, marital and relationship issues, coping with medical challenges including loss and grief.
(415) 578-9229 View (415) 578-9229
Photo of Arturo Trujillo, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Arturo Trujillo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94121
I’ve had training in various modalities but ultimately use an eclectic approach emphasizing cognitive behavior therapy. I operate from the position that our thoughts strongly influence our moods and actions. My clients will gain a more intuitive understanding of themselves, better process their situation, and consider which course of action makes the most sense. With some flexibility, a healthier perspective, and the right support, clients find that they are much more resilient and that situations don’t have to be as detrimental. My goal as your therapist is to support you on your path called life.
I’ve had training in various modalities but ultimately use an eclectic approach emphasizing cognitive behavior therapy. I operate from the position that our thoughts strongly influence our moods and actions. My clients will gain a more intuitive understanding of themselves, better process their situation, and consider which course of action makes the most sense. With some flexibility, a healthier perspective, and the right support, clients find that they are much more resilient and that situations don’t have to be as detrimental. My goal as your therapist is to support you on your path called life.
(628) 336-1363 View (628) 336-1363
Photo of Laurel Anderson Khurana, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Laurel Anderson Khurana
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104
Are you feeling stuck as if you'd like to make changes but just can't seem to do so? Or maybe you're not sure which direction to head? Together, let's locate where you are today so you can make intentional movement. Over the past decade, I've come to learn again and again that there are legitimate reasons why we feel what we do, why we do what we do, and also why it's difficult to make changes we want make. When we really understand and acknowledge what is causing the discomfort (e.g. feeling stuck, sad, anxious, fearful), lasting change can occur. This process is unique for each person and I'd love to join you on your journey.
Are you feeling stuck as if you'd like to make changes but just can't seem to do so? Or maybe you're not sure which direction to head? Together, let's locate where you are today so you can make intentional movement. Over the past decade, I've come to learn again and again that there are legitimate reasons why we feel what we do, why we do what we do, and also why it's difficult to make changes we want make. When we really understand and acknowledge what is causing the discomfort (e.g. feeling stuck, sad, anxious, fearful), lasting change can occur. This process is unique for each person and I'd love to join you on your journey.
(415) 799-1657 View (415) 799-1657
Photo of Ziqiu Yan, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ziqiu Yan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
I am a bilingual (English/Mandarin) therapist based in SF Bay area. Client comes to see me for more fulfillment in life including depression, anxiety, insomnia, trauma, relationship issues etc,. I have holistic trainings on Gestalt Therapy, Hakomi (somatic) therapy and Psychobiological Approach to Couple Therapy (PACT). I want to hold a safe space for my clients that they feel supported, cared for, resourced but also challenged, so that they can unfold their own way toward healing. As a person with the eastern and western bicultural experience, I also identity myself as a cultural sensitive therapist.
I am a bilingual (English/Mandarin) therapist based in SF Bay area. Client comes to see me for more fulfillment in life including depression, anxiety, insomnia, trauma, relationship issues etc,. I have holistic trainings on Gestalt Therapy, Hakomi (somatic) therapy and Psychobiological Approach to Couple Therapy (PACT). I want to hold a safe space for my clients that they feel supported, cared for, resourced but also challenged, so that they can unfold their own way toward healing. As a person with the eastern and western bicultural experience, I also identity myself as a cultural sensitive therapist.
(415) 843-7850 View (415) 843-7850
Photo of Gabriella Yates, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Gabriella Yates
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, intern, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110
I meet you where you are to support you in finding new ways of connecting and belonging to yourself and feeling more ease with others. My presence is straightforward, warm, and I invite the time you need to show up in therapy in your own way. My approach is relational, attachment-oriented, and psychodynamic with a somatic focus on trauma resolution.
I meet you where you are to support you in finding new ways of connecting and belonging to yourself and feeling more ease with others. My presence is straightforward, warm, and I invite the time you need to show up in therapy in your own way. My approach is relational, attachment-oriented, and psychodynamic with a somatic focus on trauma resolution.
(415) 949-6781 View (415) 949-6781
Photo of Nicole Therese Muller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Nicole Therese Muller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
Talking with a therapist provides a safe place to talk about painful thoughts, feelings and stressors. You may be feeling sad, angry, anxious or stuck. You may be unable to control negative thoughts, unhealthy behaviors, engaging in unhealthy relationships or repeating destructive patterns. You may be distressed from memories related to traumatic events. It takes courage to talk to another person about these undesirable and distressing parts of your life. I offer a safe space to talk and be listened to. When you are ready, I’d like to help you feel better about yourself, your relationships and your life.
Talking with a therapist provides a safe place to talk about painful thoughts, feelings and stressors. You may be feeling sad, angry, anxious or stuck. You may be unable to control negative thoughts, unhealthy behaviors, engaging in unhealthy relationships or repeating destructive patterns. You may be distressed from memories related to traumatic events. It takes courage to talk to another person about these undesirable and distressing parts of your life. I offer a safe space to talk and be listened to. When you are ready, I’d like to help you feel better about yourself, your relationships and your life.
(415) 592-6500 View (415) 592-6500
Photo of Arabella Hester, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Arabella Hester
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Welcome, I am glad you are here.  ​ My name is Arabella (she/hers). I am a mother, partner, daughter, sister and friend. I provide psychodynamic psychotherapy services to individuals and intimate partners in person and online in San Francisco and virtually all over California. I specialize in guiding clients through the intricacies of their relationships. I welcome those from the LGBTG+ and non-monogamous or polyamorous communities.  ​
Welcome, I am glad you are here.  ​ My name is Arabella (she/hers). I am a mother, partner, daughter, sister and friend. I provide psychodynamic psychotherapy services to individuals and intimate partners in person and online in San Francisco and virtually all over California. I specialize in guiding clients through the intricacies of their relationships. I welcome those from the LGBTG+ and non-monogamous or polyamorous communities.  ​
(415) 360-8507 View (415) 360-8507
Photo of Max Kopeikin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Max Kopeikin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, PgDip, BA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110
I help adults and teens looking to become more aware, learn and better themselves. Maybe there is something that needs to shift/change or maybe it is just a growth-oriented process. I have done a lot of my work with people who identify as Trans/Gender Non-Conforming/Nonbinary. Other queer populations who I have a lot of experience helping include couples, polyamorous relationships, the Latinx community, long-term HIV survivors, and gay/Queer men. My work celebrates diverse genders, sexualities and kink identities. My ideal client is open to work in a way that combines talk therapy, yoga/somatic approaches and art-based therapies.
I help adults and teens looking to become more aware, learn and better themselves. Maybe there is something that needs to shift/change or maybe it is just a growth-oriented process. I have done a lot of my work with people who identify as Trans/Gender Non-Conforming/Nonbinary. Other queer populations who I have a lot of experience helping include couples, polyamorous relationships, the Latinx community, long-term HIV survivors, and gay/Queer men. My work celebrates diverse genders, sexualities and kink identities. My ideal client is open to work in a way that combines talk therapy, yoga/somatic approaches and art-based therapies.
(628) 244-3943 View (628) 244-3943
Photo of Tony Konstantinidis, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Tony Konstantinidis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) who has worked extensively with adolescents and adults who have struggled with depression, anxiety, trauma, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), self-esteem issues, and life transitions, to name a few. Additionally, the clients that I have helped have come from various diverse backgrounds, from being in the foster system, former juvenile hall clients, various SES backgrounds, different cultural/ethnic backgrounds, K-12 aged clients, adult clients, and court mandated clients. I have 12 years of experience in the mental health field.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) who has worked extensively with adolescents and adults who have struggled with depression, anxiety, trauma, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), self-esteem issues, and life transitions, to name a few. Additionally, the clients that I have helped have come from various diverse backgrounds, from being in the foster system, former juvenile hall clients, various SES backgrounds, different cultural/ethnic backgrounds, K-12 aged clients, adult clients, and court mandated clients. I have 12 years of experience in the mental health field.
(415) 949-7643 x1 View (415) 949-7643 x1
Photo of Jessica Hodge, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jessica Hodge
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
I believe in walking with individuals through their life experiences in a non-judgmental manner. I believe people are not a product of life circumstances; therefore, they do not need to live in a self-punishing manner. I believe individuals can process past traumas and issues resulting in a more fulfilling life. Gaining personal insight and personal growth is a strength that will manifest and multiply in relationships. Working with people is my passion, and I believe your past does not define your future.
I believe in walking with individuals through their life experiences in a non-judgmental manner. I believe people are not a product of life circumstances; therefore, they do not need to live in a self-punishing manner. I believe individuals can process past traumas and issues resulting in a more fulfilling life. Gaining personal insight and personal growth is a strength that will manifest and multiply in relationships. Working with people is my passion, and I believe your past does not define your future.
(415) 890-2567 View (415) 890-2567
Photo of Kadence Mitchell, Pre-Licensed Professional in San Francisco, CA
Kadence Mitchell
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
As a Black, queer femme with mixed ancestry, I carry with me both a personal and professional understanding of the systems of oppression and domination that entangle with identity and wreak havoc in our lives. I have specific interest and experience working with those struggling with racial identity, sexual identity and gender identity; those healing from and finding their independence from/within dysfunctional family dynamics; folks who have been affected by intimate partner violence and dating violence; and those seeking to uncover patterns of intergenerational trauma within themselves and their family systems.
As a Black, queer femme with mixed ancestry, I carry with me both a personal and professional understanding of the systems of oppression and domination that entangle with identity and wreak havoc in our lives. I have specific interest and experience working with those struggling with racial identity, sexual identity and gender identity; those healing from and finding their independence from/within dysfunctional family dynamics; folks who have been affected by intimate partner violence and dating violence; and those seeking to uncover patterns of intergenerational trauma within themselves and their family systems.
(415) 360-3764 View (415) 360-3764
Photo of Honeycomb Wellness Group, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Honeycomb Wellness Group
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
We believe that the value of your health goes beyond just your physical health. Emotional, psychological and social health are important in creating overall health and well being. It is our goal at Honeycomb Group to help you become the person, couple or family you want to be, and uncover your full potential.
We believe that the value of your health goes beyond just your physical health. Emotional, psychological and social health are important in creating overall health and well being. It is our goal at Honeycomb Group to help you become the person, couple or family you want to be, and uncover your full potential.
(415) 338-9366 View (415) 338-9366
Photo of Dr. Tiffany Fong, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Tiffany Fong
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
I was born and raised in San Francisco and have extensive experience working with diverse children, teens, and adults throughout the Bay Area. I believe that therapy should be collaborative, and I will work with you to uncover what led you to reach out, and what works best for you in therapy. Stylistically, I believe in direct and transparent communication, and in making as much space for laughter as for other challenging emotions that can come up in therapy. I aim to create a supportive environment in which you feel understood and experience symptom relief and meaningful, long-lasting change.
I was born and raised in San Francisco and have extensive experience working with diverse children, teens, and adults throughout the Bay Area. I believe that therapy should be collaborative, and I will work with you to uncover what led you to reach out, and what works best for you in therapy. Stylistically, I believe in direct and transparent communication, and in making as much space for laughter as for other challenging emotions that can come up in therapy. I aim to create a supportive environment in which you feel understood and experience symptom relief and meaningful, long-lasting change.
(415) 996-1787 View (415) 996-1787
Photo of Jose Luna, Associate Clinical Social Worker in San Francisco, CA
Jose Luna
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW, EMDR
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach mainly focuses on helping my clients identify their strengths to help alleviate anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am a firm believer that our childhood experiences contribute to our beliefs, behavioral patterns, and selecting a romantic partner. Therapy is a process! To allow ourselves to be intimate and vulnerable with someone about our experiences and trauma can be daunting. As a therapist, it is my goal to help validate, create a safe environment and help understand aspects of lived experiences.
My therapeutic approach mainly focuses on helping my clients identify their strengths to help alleviate anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am a firm believer that our childhood experiences contribute to our beliefs, behavioral patterns, and selecting a romantic partner. Therapy is a process! To allow ourselves to be intimate and vulnerable with someone about our experiences and trauma can be daunting. As a therapist, it is my goal to help validate, create a safe environment and help understand aspects of lived experiences.
(415) 980-7064 View (415) 980-7064
Photo of Carly Earnshaw, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Carly Earnshaw
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94122
Did you once consider yourself to be a creative or compassionate person who had the potential to do wonderful things? Are you the kind of person who needs to make a difference just as much as you need to make a living? Through your art, your activism or your service to others, you had always intended to live a life filled with meaning and purpose. But you've somehow lost your way. Perhaps you're working a job that doesn't suit you. Or an important relationship just ended and you're not feeling capable or worthy of the life you once meant to pursue.
Did you once consider yourself to be a creative or compassionate person who had the potential to do wonderful things? Are you the kind of person who needs to make a difference just as much as you need to make a living? Through your art, your activism or your service to others, you had always intended to live a life filled with meaning and purpose. But you've somehow lost your way. Perhaps you're working a job that doesn't suit you. Or an important relationship just ended and you're not feeling capable or worthy of the life you once meant to pursue.
(415) 494-8329 View (415) 494-8329
Louise Evette Robinson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94108
I work with individuals, couples, and families, on facilitating communication, conflict resolution, and often healing old wounds from childhood that cause difficulties in present relationships. I also work with children and their families on parenting issues. I work with couples having infertility issues and adoption.
I work with individuals, couples, and families, on facilitating communication, conflict resolution, and often healing old wounds from childhood that cause difficulties in present relationships. I also work with children and their families on parenting issues. I work with couples having infertility issues and adoption.
(415) 787-2991 View (415) 787-2991
Photo of Ariella Tanzer, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ariella Tanzer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome to my profile page. Are you feeling stuck and are unsure how to get back in motion? Are you noticing a pattern in your life that you want to understand or change? Have you recently gone through a difficult life event, are feeling overwhelmed and in need of some emotional support? You have found your way to the right place. I know that change is possible and I believe you are strong, resilient and capable of positive growth. I will help guide you to finding a way to show up in your life that feels most authentic for you.
Hello and welcome to my profile page. Are you feeling stuck and are unsure how to get back in motion? Are you noticing a pattern in your life that you want to understand or change? Have you recently gone through a difficult life event, are feeling overwhelmed and in need of some emotional support? You have found your way to the right place. I know that change is possible and I believe you are strong, resilient and capable of positive growth. I will help guide you to finding a way to show up in your life that feels most authentic for you.
(415) 322-7836 View (415) 322-7836
Photo of Karen Dias, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Karen Dias
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
Not accepting new clients
I am an experienced clinical psychologist providing short and long-term psychotherapy to adults. My specialties include relationship and interpersonal difficulties, identity issues, trauma, anxiety, depression, mood and emotion dysregulation, sexuality, and struggles with marginalization and social injustice. I use a sociocultural and trauma-focused lens in my work.
I am an experienced clinical psychologist providing short and long-term psychotherapy to adults. My specialties include relationship and interpersonal difficulties, identity issues, trauma, anxiety, depression, mood and emotion dysregulation, sexuality, and struggles with marginalization and social injustice. I use a sociocultural and trauma-focused lens in my work.
(415) 322-5670 View (415) 322-5670

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.