Therapists in New York, NY
Rebecca Sarah Rio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
I believe that you are the expert of your life and know what is best for you, but hurts, losses, and disappointments keep you from trusting your good instincts. I can help you overcome the despair, lack of motivation, negativity, fear of failure, excessive worry, lethargy, low self-esteem, inability to trust, and codependency that often results from failed relationships, abuse, illness, and loss. I am trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, EMDR, Exposure and Response Prevention, and Ego State Therapy.
I believe that you are the expert of your life and know what is best for you, but hurts, losses, and disappointments keep you from trusting your good instincts. I can help you overcome the despair, lack of motivation, negativity, fear of failure, excessive worry, lethargy, low self-esteem, inability to trust, and codependency that often results from failed relationships, abuse, illness, and loss. I am trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, EMDR, Exposure and Response Prevention, and Ego State Therapy.
Nanet Peterson-American Online/Phone Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Not Verified Not Verified
New York, NY 10017
I am a caring and compassionate person. I help clients by listening and guiding them through transitions that will bring more balance into their lives. I use my skills to get to the root of the problem. When we get to the root, clients begin to have more clarity and take steps forward toward a positive future. You will save time and money by making session appointments on your time-frame. Use your laptop, PC or Smartphone. Sessions are conducted over a HIPPA Compliant video conferencing platform. I will guide you through the process. I am here throughout your journey on you becoming your BEST!
I am a caring and compassionate person. I help clients by listening and guiding them through transitions that will bring more balance into their lives. I use my skills to get to the root of the problem. When we get to the root, clients begin to have more clarity and take steps forward toward a positive future. You will save time and money by making session appointments on your time-frame. Use your laptop, PC or Smartphone. Sessions are conducted over a HIPPA Compliant video conferencing platform. I will guide you through the process. I am here throughout your journey on you becoming your BEST!
Loren Dobbs
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
Thanks for reaching out. My name is Loren Dobbs. I am a very competent and effective therapist practicing in Manhattan. My clients include adults in all walks of life and at different stages of development. I provide supportive therapy using Cognitive Behavioral techniques. I offer individual treatment and couples therapy. My view of mental health is humanistic and mindfulness based. We can improve at any stage in life. When we develop positively, we experience less distress, make better decisions, and achieve greater satisfaction. We also become better equipped to tackle new problems that come our way.
Thanks for reaching out. My name is Loren Dobbs. I am a very competent and effective therapist practicing in Manhattan. My clients include adults in all walks of life and at different stages of development. I provide supportive therapy using Cognitive Behavioral techniques. I offer individual treatment and couples therapy. My view of mental health is humanistic and mindfulness based. We can improve at any stage in life. When we develop positively, we experience less distress, make better decisions, and achieve greater satisfaction. We also become better equipped to tackle new problems that come our way.
Lillie Brody
MHC-LP, MS Ed
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
As a trauma-informed mental health counselor, I specialize in addressing disordered eating, body image concerns, life transitions, anxiety and depression. I bring my experience as a primary therapist at The Renfrew Center to help my clients with eating disorders develop new coping strategies and discover their inner strength. In therapy, I guide you through self-exploration to understand how your past influences your identity, behavior, and self-perception. My approach is supportive, empathetic, and free of judgment, creating a safe environment where you can confront challenging emotions and discover your own resilience.
As a trauma-informed mental health counselor, I specialize in addressing disordered eating, body image concerns, life transitions, anxiety and depression. I bring my experience as a primary therapist at The Renfrew Center to help my clients with eating disorders develop new coping strategies and discover their inner strength. In therapy, I guide you through self-exploration to understand how your past influences your identity, behavior, and self-perception. My approach is supportive, empathetic, and free of judgment, creating a safe environment where you can confront challenging emotions and discover your own resilience.
Elizabeth A Rogers
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011 (Online Only)
Therapy provides a confidential and non-judgmental space to explore one’s current life situations and ongoing patterns such as how we relate to ourselves and others. Therapy is a source of support when life events overwhelm us or conditions such as anxiety or depression affect our well being. We may discover in therapy that beliefs or ways of behaving no longer serve us and new ideas and ways of being can be discovered and learned that bring greater ease and enjoyment to our lives
Therapy provides a confidential and non-judgmental space to explore one’s current life situations and ongoing patterns such as how we relate to ourselves and others. Therapy is a source of support when life events overwhelm us or conditions such as anxiety or depression affect our well being. We may discover in therapy that beliefs or ways of behaving no longer serve us and new ideas and ways of being can be discovered and learned that bring greater ease and enjoyment to our lives
Nadira Jackson
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10018 (Online Only)
My therapeutic space is approached with curiosity, warmth, and genuine compassion. Working collaboratively with my clients, we explore the client’s experience in relation to their environment, and ask, “What’s impacting the client’s experience?” I support my clients in discovering their strengths and potential to help them navigate their environments to become their authentic selves.
My therapeutic space is approached with curiosity, warmth, and genuine compassion. Working collaboratively with my clients, we explore the client’s experience in relation to their environment, and ask, “What’s impacting the client’s experience?” I support my clients in discovering their strengths and potential to help them navigate their environments to become their authentic selves.
Jason Duncan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
I am a psychologist providing therapy and assessment services for children through adults. I have extensive clinical experience and am an expert Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I’ve been trained by top therapy institutes, am a board member for well accomplished CBT organizations, and run the official podcast for the national CBT organization. I strive to regularly advance my knowledge and provide leading scientific treatments. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, OCD, trauma, stress, insomnia, ADHD, defiance, and work/school issues. Many of my clients lead busy lives; therefore, I offer evening appointments.
I am a psychologist providing therapy and assessment services for children through adults. I have extensive clinical experience and am an expert Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I’ve been trained by top therapy institutes, am a board member for well accomplished CBT organizations, and run the official podcast for the national CBT organization. I strive to regularly advance my knowledge and provide leading scientific treatments. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, OCD, trauma, stress, insomnia, ADHD, defiance, and work/school issues. Many of my clients lead busy lives; therefore, I offer evening appointments.
Patrice La Mariana
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MS, LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
Not accepting new clients
My approach to treatment is to create an empathic, supportive space in which you can examine your life, explore your goals, and either move in directions that you may not have imagined or develop ways which bring comfort, humor, creativity and authenticity to your current experiences. Each person is different and has lived, without necessarily choosing, their own history. I believe it’s crucial to understand and respect the behaviors that have helped anyone to survive and I use techniques which create a treatment partnership based on a mutual understanding of what creates for you safety, wholeness, and growth.
My approach to treatment is to create an empathic, supportive space in which you can examine your life, explore your goals, and either move in directions that you may not have imagined or develop ways which bring comfort, humor, creativity and authenticity to your current experiences. Each person is different and has lived, without necessarily choosing, their own history. I believe it’s crucial to understand and respect the behaviors that have helped anyone to survive and I use techniques which create a treatment partnership based on a mutual understanding of what creates for you safety, wholeness, and growth.
Madeline Weinfeld
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10038
My approach to therapy is humanistic, interpersonal and evidence-based, with an emphasis on the importance of a safe and open therapeutic relationship. I will work with you to define and work towards your goals all while offering unconditional support. I specialize in working with adults struggling with a myriad of life's challenges and mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, self-esteem, body image, grief and life transitions.
My approach to therapy is humanistic, interpersonal and evidence-based, with an emphasis on the importance of a safe and open therapeutic relationship. I will work with you to define and work towards your goals all while offering unconditional support. I specialize in working with adults struggling with a myriad of life's challenges and mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, self-esteem, body image, grief and life transitions.
Stephanie Condra
Art Therapist, MPS, ATR-BC, LCAT, LPAT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10013 (Online Only)
I offer talk therapy and art psychotherapy for adults seeking insight, personal growth and change after major life transition, loss or trauma. These experiences may pertain to medical illness, injury, disability, relationships, loss of loved ones, job loss, relocation, or more. In our sessions together we can explore issues that come up around the extreme shifts in how you know how to be in the world, your self expectations and sense of identity, feelings of confusion, and distress. We will gently address your stressors and feelings of misunderstanding, to foster integration, advocacy and renewed inspiration for a path forward.
I offer talk therapy and art psychotherapy for adults seeking insight, personal growth and change after major life transition, loss or trauma. These experiences may pertain to medical illness, injury, disability, relationships, loss of loved ones, job loss, relocation, or more. In our sessions together we can explore issues that come up around the extreme shifts in how you know how to be in the world, your self expectations and sense of identity, feelings of confusion, and distress. We will gently address your stressors and feelings of misunderstanding, to foster integration, advocacy and renewed inspiration for a path forward.
Robin Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025
I am a licensed Psychoanalyst and Clinical Social Worker with more than 30 years of professional experience and training. My therapeutic approach aims at helping people learn to overcome negative feelings and patterns. Using specific therapeutic methods I help people from feeling driven and oppressed by feelings of anxiety or depression. My practice is grounded in the belief that individuals will live life fully and with a high degree of satisfaction once they have been able to work through and integrate the negative feelings that hold them back. Then they are able to get what they want from the world.
I am a licensed Psychoanalyst and Clinical Social Worker with more than 30 years of professional experience and training. My therapeutic approach aims at helping people learn to overcome negative feelings and patterns. Using specific therapeutic methods I help people from feeling driven and oppressed by feelings of anxiety or depression. My practice is grounded in the belief that individuals will live life fully and with a high degree of satisfaction once they have been able to work through and integrate the negative feelings that hold them back. Then they are able to get what they want from the world.
15 Second Videos
Olivia Barbezat
Faige Flakser
Brent Piper
Darrell Martin
Jamie Downie
Zaira Zaidi
Loren C Soeiro
Ray Zhang
Jamie LePow Coaching
Sarah Saffian
Jake Goldstein
Sara Stein
Noah Clyman
Ira Bindman
Frances Field
Andrew Triska, MSW, LCSW
Cesca Bottazzi
Renata Fayzullina
Yankau Josephine Wong
Christina Jeffrey
Jason Maas
Kelsey Ruiz
Carrie LaBarge
Jen Hastings
Wayne C. Bennett
Sharon Sommers
Mark Mineo - Anxiety, Trauma, LGBTQ+ Affirming
Therapy For Growth
Jeffrey Nevid
Sebrina Henderson
Maggie Bennett
Joseph Barbera
Masha Shapiro
Ava Parnass
Julia Laplaza
Fatemah Dhirani
James Clementi
Karl Smith
Hilary Hancock
Eleonora Odes
Gillian Aiston
Christina Minervini-Bertin
Alexis Conason
Jonathan Tuller
Svetlana Levak
Hanna Verhoeven
Rachel Maki
Amanda Pelcher
Justin Edward Vahala
Emily Aranda
Anna Ebrani
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
As a multilingual licensed Psychotherapist as well as a certified business coach. I have a holistic approach where I address my Client's emotional and physical being ( nutritional habits, sleep hygiene, mindfulness techniques) as well as social factors and will get you started on an insightful and self-reflective journey which will ultimately change your life. I will provide you with a warm and non-judgmental environment where we would be able to explore the issues which may be preventing you from living the ideal life you want to lead. I will teach you more better coping skills and more effective communication skills.
As a multilingual licensed Psychotherapist as well as a certified business coach. I have a holistic approach where I address my Client's emotional and physical being ( nutritional habits, sleep hygiene, mindfulness techniques) as well as social factors and will get you started on an insightful and self-reflective journey which will ultimately change your life. I will provide you with a warm and non-judgmental environment where we would be able to explore the issues which may be preventing you from living the ideal life you want to lead. I will teach you more better coping skills and more effective communication skills.
Vera Shao
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016 (Online Only)
Hello and welcome! In my practice, therapy serves two critical functions. Firstly, it is a scientific approach to mental health, addressing challenges through insights and targeted goals for enhanced functioning and well-being. Secondly, it embodies a humanitarian mission, much like education, by nurturing your curiosity and deepening your connection with self and others. I believe in a balanced approach that combines these aspects to not only improve your mental health but also to enrich your life with emotional literacy.
Hello and welcome! In my practice, therapy serves two critical functions. Firstly, it is a scientific approach to mental health, addressing challenges through insights and targeted goals for enhanced functioning and well-being. Secondly, it embodies a humanitarian mission, much like education, by nurturing your curiosity and deepening your connection with self and others. I believe in a balanced approach that combines these aspects to not only improve your mental health but also to enrich your life with emotional literacy.
Affordable Psychotherapy Center of NYC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
WE ARE HERE FOR YOU, VIA TELETHERAPY, DURING THE CRISIS. These are challenging times. The loneliness of social isolation, the disruption to normal routines, widespread illness, job and financial insecurity, and the strain on intimate relationships all take an emotional toll. It can be hard to bear, and even harder to sort out. Now more than ever, people find that talking to a trained professional helps. The Consultation and Referral Service of the Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Studies is offering affordable teletherapy during the crisis.
WE ARE HERE FOR YOU, VIA TELETHERAPY, DURING THE CRISIS. These are challenging times. The loneliness of social isolation, the disruption to normal routines, widespread illness, job and financial insecurity, and the strain on intimate relationships all take an emotional toll. It can be hard to bear, and even harder to sort out. Now more than ever, people find that talking to a trained professional helps. The Consultation and Referral Service of the Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Studies is offering affordable teletherapy during the crisis.
Sarah Ali
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003 (Online Only)
The Individuals I work best with are seeking therapy for various challenges including anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, self-esteem issues, and navigating life transitions. These individuals are looking to find support, develop coping strategies, gain insight into their emotions and behaviors, improve their relationships, and discover a sense of purpose and fulfillment in life. Their primary desires and motivations revolve around achieving healing and well-being, personal growth, and an overall improved quality of life.
The Individuals I work best with are seeking therapy for various challenges including anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, self-esteem issues, and navigating life transitions. These individuals are looking to find support, develop coping strategies, gain insight into their emotions and behaviors, improve their relationships, and discover a sense of purpose and fulfillment in life. Their primary desires and motivations revolve around achieving healing and well-being, personal growth, and an overall improved quality of life.
Franchester Edwards
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010 (Online Only)
I work with people struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, and trauma after unexpected life events. Through my eclectic approach, clients gain a new perspective and free themselves from self-defeating thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Reframing is powerful. It empowers clients to choose a different way to look at their situation so they can find self compassion, acceptance, and peace. As an African American woman, I also understand how race and ethnicity play a factor in mental health. My practice offers strategies addressing racial stress and microaggressions. Let’s find ways to respond, heal, and move forward.
I work with people struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, and trauma after unexpected life events. Through my eclectic approach, clients gain a new perspective and free themselves from self-defeating thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Reframing is powerful. It empowers clients to choose a different way to look at their situation so they can find self compassion, acceptance, and peace. As an African American woman, I also understand how race and ethnicity play a factor in mental health. My practice offers strategies addressing racial stress and microaggressions. Let’s find ways to respond, heal, and move forward.
Jeanne Safer
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003
The psychotherapeutic relationship is the most powerful tool we have for lasting change. A practically-oriented, emotionally alive connection with someone who speaks your intimate language makes all the difference. It repairs old wounds, resolves unfinished business, and provides tools to confront whatever life presents and helps you become your truest, deepest self. In my books--two address problem siblings and another explains obsessive love--I bring the same passionate commitment I do to the people I work with in therapy. On my website, JeanneSaferPhD.com, you can see me on TV, hear me on radio, and read articles by me and about my work.
The psychotherapeutic relationship is the most powerful tool we have for lasting change. A practically-oriented, emotionally alive connection with someone who speaks your intimate language makes all the difference. It repairs old wounds, resolves unfinished business, and provides tools to confront whatever life presents and helps you become your truest, deepest self. In my books--two address problem siblings and another explains obsessive love--I bring the same passionate commitment I do to the people I work with in therapy. On my website, JeanneSaferPhD.com, you can see me on TV, hear me on radio, and read articles by me and about my work.
Sanjana Nidugondi
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10032 (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Master Social Worker with an MSW from Columbia University. My training has focused on supporting survivors of violence who hold marginalized identities, particularly queer and trans survivors of color. My work is rooted in values of restorative and transformative justice.
I am a Licensed Master Social Worker with an MSW from Columbia University. My training has focused on supporting survivors of violence who hold marginalized identities, particularly queer and trans survivors of color. My work is rooted in values of restorative and transformative justice.
Tiffany Rodriguez
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10035 (Online Only)
Clients that I serve come with a variety of complex issues and are in search of a therapeutic relationship that will foster empathy, trust and communication. Those who seek out my services generally need support in a multitude of ways including but not limited to chronic stress, trauma, familial issues and transitional periods. I have experience supporting mental health professionals, medical professionals and other essential workers in addressing unique stressors that may arise from their careers.
Clients that I serve come with a variety of complex issues and are in search of a therapeutic relationship that will foster empathy, trust and communication. Those who seek out my services generally need support in a multitude of ways including but not limited to chronic stress, trauma, familial issues and transitional periods. I have experience supporting mental health professionals, medical professionals and other essential workers in addressing unique stressors that may arise from their careers.
Jeffrey L Chilton
Counselor, EdD, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
All of us struggle with barriers that inhibit our ability to expand in the world of work or relationships, experience vitality and creativity. These barriers are experienced as symptoms, for example: anxiety, depression, anger, dissociation, low self-esteem and motivation, negative thinking, interpersonal difficulties and self-defeating patterns. I have over 20 years of clinical experience and a kind, patient and professional demeanor. With incisive, cogent exploration, support and some humor, I can help you come to better terms with and move beyond barriers.
All of us struggle with barriers that inhibit our ability to expand in the world of work or relationships, experience vitality and creativity. These barriers are experienced as symptoms, for example: anxiety, depression, anger, dissociation, low self-esteem and motivation, negative thinking, interpersonal difficulties and self-defeating patterns. I have over 20 years of clinical experience and a kind, patient and professional demeanor. With incisive, cogent exploration, support and some humor, I can help you come to better terms with and move beyond barriers.
See more therapy options for New York
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in New York, NY
3,000+
Average cost per session
$200
Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:
94% | Anxiety |
89% | Depression |
85% | Relationship Issues |
78% | Self Esteem |
67% | Trauma and PTSD |
66% | Stress |
63% | Coping Skills |
Average years in practice
12 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
78% | Aetna |
62% | UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH |
60% | Cigna and Evernorth |
How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients
59% | In Person and Online | |
41% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
78% | Female | |
21% | Male | |
1% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in New York?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.