Therapists in Ruther Glen, VA

Photo of Life Way Services, LLC in Ruther Glen, VA
Life Way Services, LLC
MDiv
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Ruther Glen, VA 22546
Life Way Services are the "go-the-extra-mile" team that will walk with you and encourage you the entire way to wholeness. Our mission is to provide youth and adults with compassionate mental and emotional health services that will aid clients in their transition towards wholeness through preventative, interventions, and educational practices.
Life Way Services are the "go-the-extra-mile" team that will walk with you and encourage you the entire way to wholeness. Our mission is to provide youth and adults with compassionate mental and emotional health services that will aid clients in their transition towards wholeness through preventative, interventions, and educational practices.
(804) 373-2705 View (804) 373-2705
Photo of Cardinal Family Counseling, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
Cardinal Family Counseling, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CCHMC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Ruther Glen, VA 22546
Cardinal Family Counseling is a team of experienced Licensed Counselors and Residents in Counseling providing therapy to children, teens, adults, couples, and families. We help clients address anxiety, depression, relationship/marital difficulties, grief & loss difficulties, parental separation/divorce, trauma/PTSD, social phobias, peer relationship and social skills difficulties, and behavioral Issues. We use a variety of techniques to include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution Focused Therapy techniques to guide clients through their difficulties.
Cardinal Family Counseling is a team of experienced Licensed Counselors and Residents in Counseling providing therapy to children, teens, adults, couples, and families. We help clients address anxiety, depression, relationship/marital difficulties, grief & loss difficulties, parental separation/divorce, trauma/PTSD, social phobias, peer relationship and social skills difficulties, and behavioral Issues. We use a variety of techniques to include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution Focused Therapy techniques to guide clients through their difficulties.
(804) 294-4310 View (804) 294-4310
Photo of Sharlene Hamilton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
Sharlene Hamilton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CCMHC
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Ruther Glen, VA 22546
I provide therapy, insight, and support to children and their parents, teens, adults, couples, and families. I use a variety of techniques based in sound theory to include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution Focused Therapy to guide clients through their challenges. In sessions clients address anxiety, depression, relationship/marital difficulties, grief & loss difficulties, parental separation/divorce, trauma/PTSD, suicidal ideation/self-harm, social phobias, peer relationship and social skills difficulties, ADHD, and other behavioral Issues.
I provide therapy, insight, and support to children and their parents, teens, adults, couples, and families. I use a variety of techniques based in sound theory to include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution Focused Therapy to guide clients through their challenges. In sessions clients address anxiety, depression, relationship/marital difficulties, grief & loss difficulties, parental separation/divorce, trauma/PTSD, suicidal ideation/self-harm, social phobias, peer relationship and social skills difficulties, ADHD, and other behavioral Issues.
(703) 291-3681 View (703) 291-3681
Photo of Brian S Vaughan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
Brian S Vaughan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAT, CSOTP
Verified Verified
Ruther Glen, VA 22546
Waitlist for new clients
Are you struggling with sexually problematic behavior? Do you think you may be addicted to pornography? Has your spouse betrayed trust by crossing emotional boundaries with someone else? There is hope. It is possible to recover from compulsive or addictive behaviors and to have marriage and family relationships restored. Many who have been negatively impacted by sexual compulsivity share feelings of anger, hurt, shame, and helplessness. I've successfully helped individuals, couples, and families heal from sex and porn addiction by providing a safe, non-judgmental, confidential setting to help learn tools to grow beyond the grip of destructive choices.
Are you struggling with sexually problematic behavior? Do you think you may be addicted to pornography? Has your spouse betrayed trust by crossing emotional boundaries with someone else? There is hope. It is possible to recover from compulsive or addictive behaviors and to have marriage and family relationships restored. Many who have been negatively impacted by sexual compulsivity share feelings of anger, hurt, shame, and helplessness. I've successfully helped individuals, couples, and families heal from sex and porn addiction by providing a safe, non-judgmental, confidential setting to help learn tools to grow beyond the grip of destructive choices.
(540) 390-1632 View (540) 390-1632
Photo of Michelle Patton Swisher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ruther Glen, VA
Michelle Patton Swisher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ruther Glen, VA 22546  (Online Only)
Life can take many turns along the way. I am here to help navigate the way and assist with techniques for personal and professional growth. Depression, anxiety, work and family relationships and dynamics of everyday life are areas that can hinder our authentic self. I will help you explore ways for positive growth in all areas of your life. Do not let roadblocks of self doubt, mental health drain, and relationship woes keep that from you. Call me today for a consultation to discuss ways to get you to the other side.
Life can take many turns along the way. I am here to help navigate the way and assist with techniques for personal and professional growth. Depression, anxiety, work and family relationships and dynamics of everyday life are areas that can hinder our authentic self. I will help you explore ways for positive growth in all areas of your life. Do not let roadblocks of self doubt, mental health drain, and relationship woes keep that from you. Call me today for a consultation to discuss ways to get you to the other side.
(540) 802-4235 View (540) 802-4235
Photo of Alexandra Chamberlain, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ruther Glen, VA
Alexandra Chamberlain
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ruther Glen, VA 22546
Hi, I’m Alexandra (she/her/hers) and I go by Alex. I am a supervisee in social work and I completed my masters of social work at Virginia Commonwealth University. I work with individuals ages 18 and up and my areas of practice include women’s health (including maternal mental health), anxiety disorders, depression, chronic health-related stress, grief, trauma, substance use disorders and life transitions. I enjoy helping clients explore connections between their family of origin (the family you grew up in) and their current relationships.
Hi, I’m Alexandra (she/her/hers) and I go by Alex. I am a supervisee in social work and I completed my masters of social work at Virginia Commonwealth University. I work with individuals ages 18 and up and my areas of practice include women’s health (including maternal mental health), anxiety disorders, depression, chronic health-related stress, grief, trauma, substance use disorders and life transitions. I enjoy helping clients explore connections between their family of origin (the family you grew up in) and their current relationships.
(804) 538-4634 View (804) 538-4634
Photo of Elena M. Morales, Pre-Licensed Professional in Ruther Glen, VA
Elena M. Morales
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ruther Glen, VA 22546
Not accepting new clients
My name is Elena and I'm currently working toward licensure as an LPC under the supervision of Dr. Catherine Smith EdD, LPC-S at Intuitive Counseling & Hypnotherapy Services, LLC. I'm here to support you on your personal journey whether you are coping with anxiety, depression, life transitions, stress, or are in need of support.
My name is Elena and I'm currently working toward licensure as an LPC under the supervision of Dr. Catherine Smith EdD, LPC-S at Intuitive Counseling & Hypnotherapy Services, LLC. I'm here to support you on your personal journey whether you are coping with anxiety, depression, life transitions, stress, or are in need of support.
(540) 253-1476 View (540) 253-1476
Photo of Rivers Bend Clinicals, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
Rivers Bend Clinicals, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Ruther Glen, VA 22546
Our clients require training and education on ways to improving coping mechanisms when living with a mental health illness/diagnosis. We train, monitor, and educate clients on skills development for living independently. We teach clients about their psychotropic medication and ensure medication management. We connect and educate clients to and about community resources. We also demonstrate, train, and model self-advocacy skills to our clients. Our clients may have treatment history that includes substance abuse or doctor's recommendation.
Our clients require training and education on ways to improving coping mechanisms when living with a mental health illness/diagnosis. We train, monitor, and educate clients on skills development for living independently. We teach clients about their psychotropic medication and ensure medication management. We connect and educate clients to and about community resources. We also demonstrate, train, and model self-advocacy skills to our clients. Our clients may have treatment history that includes substance abuse or doctor's recommendation.
(804) 294-3695 View (804) 294-3695
Photo of The Safe Space Therapeutic Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
The Safe Space Therapeutic Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Ruther Glen, VA 22546  (Online Only)
The Safe Space Therapeutic Services is a private practice that specialize in providing individual therapy, teen counseling, and family support services. She’la White is the founder and is a Licensed Professional Counselor with years of experience working with children and families through assessment and intervention programs.  Shela’s goal is to help you achieve a full, vital, and meaningful life. As challenges occur, life becomes stressful and it can be difficult to feel balanced and in control. She believes in empowering individuals and families by using evidence-based treatments.
The Safe Space Therapeutic Services is a private practice that specialize in providing individual therapy, teen counseling, and family support services. She’la White is the founder and is a Licensed Professional Counselor with years of experience working with children and families through assessment and intervention programs.  Shela’s goal is to help you achieve a full, vital, and meaningful life. As challenges occur, life becomes stressful and it can be difficult to feel balanced and in control. She believes in empowering individuals and families by using evidence-based treatments.
(540) 210-1590 View (540) 210-1590
Photo of Larry J Colby, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
Larry J Colby
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Ruther Glen, VA 22546  (Online Only)
Stress can come into our lives at the most unexpected and inconvenient times. We may try to deny the effects of stress in our lives until it becomes overbearing. When this happens, we tend to have developed behaviors that become more damaging than they are helpful – these are maladaptive behaviors. It can be hard to pick up the pieces and begin rebuilding our lives. Our thoughts and actions can get in our way. We can get stuck with our unhelpful actions and need help learning how to replace these behaviors.
Stress can come into our lives at the most unexpected and inconvenient times. We may try to deny the effects of stress in our lives until it becomes overbearing. When this happens, we tend to have developed behaviors that become more damaging than they are helpful – these are maladaptive behaviors. It can be hard to pick up the pieces and begin rebuilding our lives. Our thoughts and actions can get in our way. We can get stuck with our unhelpful actions and need help learning how to replace these behaviors.
(540) 329-3476 View (540) 329-3476
Photo of Your Path Counseling Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
Your Path Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ruther Glen, VA 22546
We work with children, adolescents, adults and families struggling with various challenges including depression, anxiety, grief, self-confidence, trauma and addictions in a variety of settings.
We work with children, adolescents, adults and families struggling with various challenges including depression, anxiety, grief, self-confidence, trauma and addictions in a variety of settings.
(804) 299-4643 View (804) 299-4643
Photo of Melissa Roberts, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
Melissa Roberts
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, MT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ruther Glen, VA 22546  (Online Only)
Have you wished you could talk to someone who is nonjudgmental and empathetic? I look forward to being 'that someone" for you. Have you wished you could seek therapy but were unable to do so due to the commute, lack of time, feeling uncomfortable, needing a babysitter or other ailments? I am pleased to have the opportunity to provide telehealth therapy ensuring accessibility and comfort and safety from your home. Request an appointment today. Together, we can persevere.
Have you wished you could talk to someone who is nonjudgmental and empathetic? I look forward to being 'that someone" for you. Have you wished you could seek therapy but were unable to do so due to the commute, lack of time, feeling uncomfortable, needing a babysitter or other ailments? I am pleased to have the opportunity to provide telehealth therapy ensuring accessibility and comfort and safety from your home. Request an appointment today. Together, we can persevere.
(804) 408-4572 View (804) 408-4572
Photo of Grace Johnson, Resident in Counseling in Ruther Glen, VA
Grace Johnson
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ruther Glen, VA 22546
Having been on the other side of the chair, I want to you know that the healing process is in your capable hands. This is a challenge but you have everything you need to thrive already with you. Let me be there to reflect, hold space, encourage, and guide you to higher levels of awareness. Together we can create a treatment plan to support the navigation of your emotions, symptoms, communications, and the systems you are a part of. I am formerly a PreK-5 educator and I bring direct, creative, effervescent, nurturing, and bright energy to sessions.
Having been on the other side of the chair, I want to you know that the healing process is in your capable hands. This is a challenge but you have everything you need to thrive already with you. Let me be there to reflect, hold space, encourage, and guide you to higher levels of awareness. Together we can create a treatment plan to support the navigation of your emotions, symptoms, communications, and the systems you are a part of. I am formerly a PreK-5 educator and I bring direct, creative, effervescent, nurturing, and bright energy to sessions.
(804) 676-6473 View (804) 676-6473

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Hozho Behavioral Health & Life Coaching Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ruther Glen, VA
Hozho Behavioral Health & Life Coaching Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSS, MLSP
Verified Verified
Bowling Green, VA 22427
Not accepting new clients
My target market are Men and Women, ages 14-99, Military and Civilian. I enjoy working with African-American and Latino American women. As an LCSW with over 20 years experience, I have a plethora of experience counseling clients on issues such as anxiety, depression, childhood trauma, self-esteem, relational conflict, etc. I use words life "Different" not "Disorder" when speaking to my clients. Different is not disorder. Emotional pain is not disorder. These are aspects of being human. I describe human experience in all its variety by trying to help those who are suffering and helping them work through their pain without stigma.
My target market are Men and Women, ages 14-99, Military and Civilian. I enjoy working with African-American and Latino American women. As an LCSW with over 20 years experience, I have a plethora of experience counseling clients on issues such as anxiety, depression, childhood trauma, self-esteem, relational conflict, etc. I use words life "Different" not "Disorder" when speaking to my clients. Different is not disorder. Emotional pain is not disorder. These are aspects of being human. I describe human experience in all its variety by trying to help those who are suffering and helping them work through their pain without stigma.
(540) 405-6525 View (540) 405-6525
Photo of Crystal Driggs, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
Crystal Driggs
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Ladysmith, VA 22501
I help children, adolescents, and teens who are having difficulty managing emotions, struggling with behavior, and/or going through changes in the home. I believe that children can not only communicate issues through play but also learn new skills the best when play therapy techniques are intertwined within their therapy experience. Many adolescents and teens benefit from a neutral sounding board that can provide support and new perspectives.
I help children, adolescents, and teens who are having difficulty managing emotions, struggling with behavior, and/or going through changes in the home. I believe that children can not only communicate issues through play but also learn new skills the best when play therapy techniques are intertwined within their therapy experience. Many adolescents and teens benefit from a neutral sounding board that can provide support and new perspectives.
(804) 485-2630 View (804) 485-2630
Photo of Online Counseling Services of Virginia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ruther Glen, VA
Online Counseling Services of Virginia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LPC, OT, CALT
Verified Verified
Bowling Green, VA 22427  (Online Only)
Have your negative thoughts taken over? Have you been feeling sad or stressed while trying to keep it all together? Struggling with motivation? Are your relationships distant or full of conflict? Have you been feeling disconnected from those around you? Wanting to talk with someone but not knowing with whom, or how? Asking for help can be hard! Seeking therapy requires a great deal of strength and commitment and you have taken a great first step. We are going to guide you the rest of the way.
Have your negative thoughts taken over? Have you been feeling sad or stressed while trying to keep it all together? Struggling with motivation? Are your relationships distant or full of conflict? Have you been feeling disconnected from those around you? Wanting to talk with someone but not knowing with whom, or how? Asking for help can be hard! Seeking therapy requires a great deal of strength and commitment and you have taken a great first step. We are going to guide you the rest of the way.
(540) 699-1767 View (540) 699-1767

Online Therapists

Photo of Stacey King, Pre-Licensed Professional in Ruther Glen, VA
Stacey King
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sterling, VA 20165
With over 20 years of experience, I specialize in working with people, suffering from depression, anxiety, self-esteem concerns and working through life transitions, such as relationship challenges, career changes and other major life transitions. I work with people who have been diagnosed with serious medical conditions. I love working with people who are ready for change.
With over 20 years of experience, I specialize in working with people, suffering from depression, anxiety, self-esteem concerns and working through life transitions, such as relationship challenges, career changes and other major life transitions. I work with people who have been diagnosed with serious medical conditions. I love working with people who are ready for change.
(703) 782-9195 View (703) 782-9195
Photo of Chana Lantz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ruther Glen, VA
Chana Lantz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
Norfolk, VA 23510
I love therapy with older women! As an older woman, one has had so many life experiences: in going through life’s journey, one has had a myriad of challenges: home and family, work outside and inside the home. Struggling with health issues: including pain, frustration, and adjustments. There are births, deaths, and anniversary dates that one may be reckoning with. Sometimes, it can be overwhelming. I would love to hear your personal story! And to give you an opportunity to share your life’s challenges and find hope in your therapy with myself. You can reach a higher point in self care, self esteem and hold your head up high!
I love therapy with older women! As an older woman, one has had so many life experiences: in going through life’s journey, one has had a myriad of challenges: home and family, work outside and inside the home. Struggling with health issues: including pain, frustration, and adjustments. There are births, deaths, and anniversary dates that one may be reckoning with. Sometimes, it can be overwhelming. I would love to hear your personal story! And to give you an opportunity to share your life’s challenges and find hope in your therapy with myself. You can reach a higher point in self care, self esteem and hold your head up high!
(757) 394-8510 View (757) 394-8510
Photo of Traketa Dillard, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
Traketa Dillard
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Harrisonburg, VA 22801
For the last 10 years, I have been working to help people like you experience positive change and navigate difficult times in their lives with support, guidance, and encouragement. My experience in community mental health is diverse, working with children, youth, and adults. I value personal connection, compassion, and honesty in therapeutic work and appreciate the opportunity to offer direction which brings awareness and clarity during therapy. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I earned my Bachelor's Degree from Ferrum College and hold a Master's Degree in Mental Health Counseling from Capella University.
For the last 10 years, I have been working to help people like you experience positive change and navigate difficult times in their lives with support, guidance, and encouragement. My experience in community mental health is diverse, working with children, youth, and adults. I value personal connection, compassion, and honesty in therapeutic work and appreciate the opportunity to offer direction which brings awareness and clarity during therapy. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I earned my Bachelor's Degree from Ferrum College and hold a Master's Degree in Mental Health Counseling from Capella University.
(540) 405-6770 View (540) 405-6770
Photo of Brittany N Young, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ruther Glen, VA
Brittany N Young
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
Over her 11 years of field experience, Brittany Young, LPC, CSAC, CCTP has worked with adults facing various challenges to include: depression, anxiety, work related stressors, relationship issues, low self-confidence, substance abuse and post-traumatic stress.
Over her 11 years of field experience, Brittany Young, LPC, CSAC, CCTP has worked with adults facing various challenges to include: depression, anxiety, work related stressors, relationship issues, low self-confidence, substance abuse and post-traumatic stress.
(804) 294-4810 View (804) 294-4810

See more therapy options for Ruther Glen

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Ruther Glen, VA

10+

Average cost per session

$137

Therapists in Ruther Glen, VA who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
92% Anxiety
85% Relationship Issues
85% Coping Skills
77% Grief
77% Parenting
77% Anger Management

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% Anthem | Elevance
64% HealthKeepers

How Therapists in Ruther Glen, VA see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
16% Male
8% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Ruther Glen?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.