Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Amy Mandel, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Amy Mandel
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist 122139, EMDR trained provider, dedicated mental health specialist with an infinite passion for providing genuine care to my patients. Her expertise in mental health and cultural differences allows her to reach individuals from all walks of life. She takes an integrated approach to treating a plethora of mental health struggles.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist 122139, EMDR trained provider, dedicated mental health specialist with an infinite passion for providing genuine care to my patients. Her expertise in mental health and cultural differences allows her to reach individuals from all walks of life. She takes an integrated approach to treating a plethora of mental health struggles.
(415) 949-2988 View (415) 949-2988
Photo of Alison L Saylor, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Alison L Saylor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
Do you find that you and your partner have fierce fights over seemingly trivial matters? Do you argue over the same thing repeatedly without progress? Do you find that one of you is often chasing after the other for connection and commitment while the other pulls away? Have you been stuck in patterns of self-sabotage? Having trouble keeping yourself out of relationships and situations that are unhealthy or even dangerous? There is hope. I provide short-term, intensive couples therapy, individual therapy and hypnotherapy that has helped hundreds overcome these patterns to find true connection and happiness.
Do you find that you and your partner have fierce fights over seemingly trivial matters? Do you argue over the same thing repeatedly without progress? Do you find that one of you is often chasing after the other for connection and commitment while the other pulls away? Have you been stuck in patterns of self-sabotage? Having trouble keeping yourself out of relationships and situations that are unhealthy or even dangerous? There is hope. I provide short-term, intensive couples therapy, individual therapy and hypnotherapy that has helped hundreds overcome these patterns to find true connection and happiness.
(415) 799-4153 View (415) 799-4153
Photo of Shelly Messenger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Shelly Messenger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Welcome and congratulations for taking this first step on your journey to change and growth! My name is Shelly and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I became a Social Worker because I am passionate about helping people. I became a therapist because I believe in the healing power of conversation, allowing me the privilege to help people overcome obstacles to being joyful, healthy, and connected. I believe we all carry within us the resources we need to enjoy life in a realistic and authentic way.
Welcome and congratulations for taking this first step on your journey to change and growth! My name is Shelly and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I became a Social Worker because I am passionate about helping people. I became a therapist because I believe in the healing power of conversation, allowing me the privilege to help people overcome obstacles to being joyful, healthy, and connected. I believe we all carry within us the resources we need to enjoy life in a realistic and authentic way.
(628) 345-3512 View (628) 345-3512
Photo of Laura M Jasen, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Laura M Jasen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123  (Online Only)
Life's hurdles can challenge even the strongest of us. With therapeutic support and compassionate guidance, we can overcome your struggles to help you improve your mental health, regain control and start your healing so you can live the life you've always envisioned. With the proper help, you can improve your anxiety, strengthen your relationships, push yourself to take on new challenges, and find the right tools to help you manage the difficulties you face and find your well-being. Areas of specialty include: Life Transitions, Anxiety, Feelings of Unease, Healing Trauma, Relationship Issues, Grief and Loss.
Life's hurdles can challenge even the strongest of us. With therapeutic support and compassionate guidance, we can overcome your struggles to help you improve your mental health, regain control and start your healing so you can live the life you've always envisioned. With the proper help, you can improve your anxiety, strengthen your relationships, push yourself to take on new challenges, and find the right tools to help you manage the difficulties you face and find your well-being. Areas of specialty include: Life Transitions, Anxiety, Feelings of Unease, Healing Trauma, Relationship Issues, Grief and Loss.
(415) 226-4854 View (415) 226-4854
Photo of Kelly Albrecht, Pre-Licensed Professional in San Francisco, CA
Kelly Albrecht
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Are you struggling to process depression, anxiety, relationship/family issues, and trauma? These emotional ruptures can cause major disruptions in our lives. The work to process these types of life events is multifaceted, and I can help you identify your feelings and potential relational patterns, build tolerance and acceptance around challenging ones, and set meaningful goals. In order to do so, I utilize various therapeutic approaches consisting of ACT, CBT, and Problem Solving Therapy and somatic interventions.
Are you struggling to process depression, anxiety, relationship/family issues, and trauma? These emotional ruptures can cause major disruptions in our lives. The work to process these types of life events is multifaceted, and I can help you identify your feelings and potential relational patterns, build tolerance and acceptance around challenging ones, and set meaningful goals. In order to do so, I utilize various therapeutic approaches consisting of ACT, CBT, and Problem Solving Therapy and somatic interventions.
(415) 275-6276 View (415) 275-6276
Photo of Matthew Fishleder LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Matthew Fishleder LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94122  (Online Only)
Step into a welcoming, non-judgmental space to begin your journey of self-discovery and growth. Many of my clients are driven by a desire to explore their inner worlds, grapple with life's questions, and navigate personal transitions authentically while enhancing their connections. Whether you face challenges such as anxiety, depression, or relationship issues, or simply seek personal fulfillment, our goal is to be your guide. Discover your true self, gain clarity, and develop resilience as you embrace life's uncertainties with purpose and commitment.
Step into a welcoming, non-judgmental space to begin your journey of self-discovery and growth. Many of my clients are driven by a desire to explore their inner worlds, grapple with life's questions, and navigate personal transitions authentically while enhancing their connections. Whether you face challenges such as anxiety, depression, or relationship issues, or simply seek personal fulfillment, our goal is to be your guide. Discover your true self, gain clarity, and develop resilience as you embrace life's uncertainties with purpose and commitment.
(628) 272-0073 View (628) 272-0073
Photo of Linda Michels, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Linda Michels
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
I think you know what would make you happy but don't know how to make it happen. This applies to both individuals and couples. People stop themselves from moving forward because they think they can't or don't deserve to get their own needs met. I can help you overcome blocks, fears, guilt, depression, and/or self-defeating behaviors so you can free yourself to be happy and more successful. It seems daunting but, with support and direction, it is possible to improve your life. This is even true for people who are suffering from more debilitating problems such as Bipolar Disorder, OCD,or Schizoaffective Disorders.
I think you know what would make you happy but don't know how to make it happen. This applies to both individuals and couples. People stop themselves from moving forward because they think they can't or don't deserve to get their own needs met. I can help you overcome blocks, fears, guilt, depression, and/or self-defeating behaviors so you can free yourself to be happy and more successful. It seems daunting but, with support and direction, it is possible to improve your life. This is even true for people who are suffering from more debilitating problems such as Bipolar Disorder, OCD,or Schizoaffective Disorders.
(415) 800-3916 View (415) 800-3916
Photo of Robert Waska, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Robert Waska
Counselor, LPCC, MFT, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Effective Anxiety Treatment. Psychotherapy can help you resolve the panic, self-doubt, nervousness, and insecurity. Anxiety can cripple your day-to-day happiness, your relationships, your career, and your self-worth. Obsessive thinking, compulsive behaviors, worry patterns, and social anxiety can be managed and mastered. I use research based counseling techniques to create change and lasting relief.
Effective Anxiety Treatment. Psychotherapy can help you resolve the panic, self-doubt, nervousness, and insecurity. Anxiety can cripple your day-to-day happiness, your relationships, your career, and your self-worth. Obsessive thinking, compulsive behaviors, worry patterns, and social anxiety can be managed and mastered. I use research based counseling techniques to create change and lasting relief.
(415) 689-1009 View (415) 689-1009
Photo of Melissa Attia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Melissa Attia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Melissa Attia is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2008. She earned her Master of Social Work degree from California State University, Long Beach. Melissa's unique and diverse experience as a Psychiatric Social Worker and as a Medical Social Worker in the Los Angeles area and in Northern California these past 16 years have provided her with skills to foster the therapeutic healing process. Her experience includes helping individuals with depression management, anxiety, life transitions, aging, mood disorders, trauma, grief, chronic Illness, cultural and women's issues.
Melissa Attia is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2008. She earned her Master of Social Work degree from California State University, Long Beach. Melissa's unique and diverse experience as a Psychiatric Social Worker and as a Medical Social Worker in the Los Angeles area and in Northern California these past 16 years have provided her with skills to foster the therapeutic healing process. Her experience includes helping individuals with depression management, anxiety, life transitions, aging, mood disorders, trauma, grief, chronic Illness, cultural and women's issues.
(628) 258-0513 View (628) 258-0513
Photo of Shanna Holladay, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Shanna Holladay
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Have you been strugging with Depression, Relationship issues, or Life Transitions? I can help you find a place of acceptance and healing through our relationship and work together. I have been helping people change their lives for 20 years. I use an interactive, relational approach to help guide you toward a higher level of self-awareness, and improved self-esteem. I believe therapy works through exploring your relationships to others, and by developing our relationship and connection to each other. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for us to explore who you are and who you want to be.
Have you been strugging with Depression, Relationship issues, or Life Transitions? I can help you find a place of acceptance and healing through our relationship and work together. I have been helping people change their lives for 20 years. I use an interactive, relational approach to help guide you toward a higher level of self-awareness, and improved self-esteem. I believe therapy works through exploring your relationships to others, and by developing our relationship and connection to each other. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for us to explore who you are and who you want to be.
(415) 936-8372 View (415) 936-8372
Photo of Katie Ortiz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Katie Ortiz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
Katie Ortiz, LCSW 117653 I am here merely as a guiding tool, a means to an end. My purpose is to assist you on your journey, helping you navigate through your experiences and empowering you to apply the insights gained in therapy to your life. My approach to therapy draws from a variety of models, tailored to meet your specific needs. These may include CBT/TF-CBT, interpersonal psychotherapy, solution-focused, structural family therapy, and strength-based therapy.
Katie Ortiz, LCSW 117653 I am here merely as a guiding tool, a means to an end. My purpose is to assist you on your journey, helping you navigate through your experiences and empowering you to apply the insights gained in therapy to your life. My approach to therapy draws from a variety of models, tailored to meet your specific needs. These may include CBT/TF-CBT, interpersonal psychotherapy, solution-focused, structural family therapy, and strength-based therapy.
(415) 993-7875 View (415) 993-7875
Photo of Nina Anderson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Nina Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94127
Adoption Collective is committed to providing ethical and competent specialized services for all members of the adoption constellation. Nina Anderson, LCSW offers Counseling, Education, and Consultation Services in the area of Adoption and Family Formation. As the founder of Adoption Collective, Nina recognized the need for personalized support for those involved in the adoption process. Nina provides counseling to pre-adoptive and adoptive parents, expectant/birth parents, and adoptees, and supports Post Adoption Contact Relationships.
Adoption Collective is committed to providing ethical and competent specialized services for all members of the adoption constellation. Nina Anderson, LCSW offers Counseling, Education, and Consultation Services in the area of Adoption and Family Formation. As the founder of Adoption Collective, Nina recognized the need for personalized support for those involved in the adoption process. Nina provides counseling to pre-adoptive and adoptive parents, expectant/birth parents, and adoptees, and supports Post Adoption Contact Relationships.
(415) 993-6226 View (415) 993-6226
Photo of Amy Powers, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Amy Powers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
Welcome! I am Amy Powers and hold a license as a Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT). My approach to therapy is rooted in compassion, unconditional positive regard and authenticity. I have been practicing therapy for ten years, and my background includes a combination of private practice and non-profit sector treatment. Most of the therapeutic work I do comes from a trauma-focused lens, as I am an EMDR trained therapist and utilize different approaches to address underlying trauma. Additionally, I am seasoned in other traditional talk therapy, such as, CBT, Strengths-Based, and Psychoanalytic.
Welcome! I am Amy Powers and hold a license as a Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT). My approach to therapy is rooted in compassion, unconditional positive regard and authenticity. I have been practicing therapy for ten years, and my background includes a combination of private practice and non-profit sector treatment. Most of the therapeutic work I do comes from a trauma-focused lens, as I am an EMDR trained therapist and utilize different approaches to address underlying trauma. Additionally, I am seasoned in other traditional talk therapy, such as, CBT, Strengths-Based, and Psychoanalytic.
(415) 306-8536 View (415) 306-8536
Photo of Brad Byrum, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Brad Byrum
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
Has your relationship become an angry, sad, or scary place leaving you feeling alone, hurt and discouraged? Are you and your partner feeling lost in conflict cycles you don’t understand and desperately want to change? Many of the couples I work with come to therapy feeling just like you. I understand how much courage it takes to reach out for help and to let another person get inside your relationship, especially when you are feeling so vulnerable. If you are searching for a safe place to explore what's not working in your relationship, and support in creating solutions, I can help.
Has your relationship become an angry, sad, or scary place leaving you feeling alone, hurt and discouraged? Are you and your partner feeling lost in conflict cycles you don’t understand and desperately want to change? Many of the couples I work with come to therapy feeling just like you. I understand how much courage it takes to reach out for help and to let another person get inside your relationship, especially when you are feeling so vulnerable. If you are searching for a safe place to explore what's not working in your relationship, and support in creating solutions, I can help.
(650) 381-1297 View (650) 381-1297
Photo of Melanie Chinchilla, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Melanie Chinchilla
Psychologist, PhD, MS
Verified Verified
18 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110
Are you overwhelmed by the number of things you "have to do" when you don't "want to do" any of them? Some days, you might feel stuck in a rut and can’t get out. You might feel like are holding everything together, but you aren’t enjoying your life. You may question the direction of your life. When you stop to think about it, you may realize don't like the path you are on. Yet, you aren’t sure whether it's scarier that you don’t often question the path or how often you continue to march down the path knowing how you feel. Yes, it’s a scary place to be, but you gathered up the courage to take the first step. Most people don't.
Are you overwhelmed by the number of things you "have to do" when you don't "want to do" any of them? Some days, you might feel stuck in a rut and can’t get out. You might feel like are holding everything together, but you aren’t enjoying your life. You may question the direction of your life. When you stop to think about it, you may realize don't like the path you are on. Yet, you aren’t sure whether it's scarier that you don’t often question the path or how often you continue to march down the path knowing how you feel. Yes, it’s a scary place to be, but you gathered up the courage to take the first step. Most people don't.
(415) 304-8302 View (415) 304-8302
Photo of Amelia Jayanty, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Amelia Jayanty
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Our mental health doesn’t exist in a vacuum. That means we need to look at the context of our past, our relationships, and the world around us to be able to understand ourselves and the challenges we face. As a therapist, I’m here to help you put those pieces together so you can step into a more empowered, authentic, and connected version of yourself. I work with clients who are looking for a combination of improved insight and practical tools to improve their relationships with themselves and others.
Our mental health doesn’t exist in a vacuum. That means we need to look at the context of our past, our relationships, and the world around us to be able to understand ourselves and the challenges we face. As a therapist, I’m here to help you put those pieces together so you can step into a more empowered, authentic, and connected version of yourself. I work with clients who are looking for a combination of improved insight and practical tools to improve their relationships with themselves and others.
(415) 741-5533 View (415) 741-5533
Photo of Karen Dias, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Karen Dias
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
Not accepting new clients
I am an experienced clinical psychologist providing short and long-term psychotherapy to adults. My specialties include relationship and interpersonal difficulties, identity issues, trauma, anxiety, depression, mood and emotion dysregulation, sexuality, and struggles with marginalization and social injustice. I use a sociocultural and trauma-focused lens in my work.
I am an experienced clinical psychologist providing short and long-term psychotherapy to adults. My specialties include relationship and interpersonal difficulties, identity issues, trauma, anxiety, depression, mood and emotion dysregulation, sexuality, and struggles with marginalization and social injustice. I use a sociocultural and trauma-focused lens in my work.
(415) 322-5670 View (415) 322-5670
Norice Clark Conant
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with adults, children, couples. In our work together I try to develop a sense of how we might proceed to help understand more about what might be interfering with reaching individual goals. People have individual ways of working on issues and I try to encourage them in doing so as well as offer some new directions to explore.
I enjoy working with adults, children, couples. In our work together I try to develop a sense of how we might proceed to help understand more about what might be interfering with reaching individual goals. People have individual ways of working on issues and I try to encourage them in doing so as well as offer some new directions to explore.
(415) 604-9174 View (415) 604-9174
Photo of Joanna Lay, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Joanna Lay
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123
It’s girl dinner again tonight. Glass of AIX in hand, you can finally start to feel your shoulders relax. Luke’s makes it so easy: Humboldt fog + rustic bakery crackers + Castelvetrano olives. You deserve it after all: first comforting your boss who was triggered after annual review and then your sister when she called you sobbing because her ex just reactivated his tinder profile–you know exactly how to support everyone else. So, it doesn’t make sense that you were on the verge of a panic attack (again) today, but look at how well you’re handling it.
It’s girl dinner again tonight. Glass of AIX in hand, you can finally start to feel your shoulders relax. Luke’s makes it so easy: Humboldt fog + rustic bakery crackers + Castelvetrano olives. You deserve it after all: first comforting your boss who was triggered after annual review and then your sister when she called you sobbing because her ex just reactivated his tinder profile–you know exactly how to support everyone else. So, it doesn’t make sense that you were on the verge of a panic attack (again) today, but look at how well you’re handling it.
View
Photo of Marjorie Boggs Vazquez, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Marjorie Boggs Vazquez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Are you exploring your sexuality or gender and need support? Are you healing from sexual assault or intimate partner violence and don't know how to talk about it? Are you in the kink and/or poly community and need nonjudgmental support? I get it. It can be scary to look for a therapist when your experiences are outside "the norm." I empower my clients to become more self-aware and to better understand and process their unique experiences in a collaborative, self-affirming environment.
Are you exploring your sexuality or gender and need support? Are you healing from sexual assault or intimate partner violence and don't know how to talk about it? Are you in the kink and/or poly community and need nonjudgmental support? I get it. It can be scary to look for a therapist when your experiences are outside "the norm." I empower my clients to become more self-aware and to better understand and process their unique experiences in a collaborative, self-affirming environment.
(415) 663-2407 View (415) 663-2407

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.