Therapists in Oakland, CA

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Photo of Alissa Blackman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Alissa Blackman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
When difficulties are too much to handle or the next level of growth seems just out of reach, you may find yourself living with pain & stress. Some stress in life helps people grow, but chronic stress has a negative effect on your mind, body, emotions & spirit. You may find yourself using old mental, physical & emotional coping tools to survive, yet feel unable to make real change. Your ally in holistic healing, I offer a supportive, warm presence so you can explore what's difficult, hone your strengths, & gain simple yet powerful mind/body tools.
When difficulties are too much to handle or the next level of growth seems just out of reach, you may find yourself living with pain & stress. Some stress in life helps people grow, but chronic stress has a negative effect on your mind, body, emotions & spirit. You may find yourself using old mental, physical & emotional coping tools to survive, yet feel unable to make real change. Your ally in holistic healing, I offer a supportive, warm presence so you can explore what's difficult, hone your strengths, & gain simple yet powerful mind/body tools.
(510) 564-7816 View (510) 564-7816
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 903-4894 View (415) 903-4894
Photo of Rita Karuna Cahn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Rita Karuna Cahn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
Not accepting new clients
Offering attention to your whole self, I integrate mind-body approaches with relational analytic and Jungian depth psychology. I bring personal warmth, intuition and over 45 years of clinical experience with individuals, couples and groups. We work collaboratively, bringing greater awareness to your inner and outer life. My approach is tailored to your individual needs, with attention to current and past trauma, current and past relationship and family issues, and the ways those unresolved issues may inhibit your fullest realization of your ambitions and ideals. I welcome LGBT and culturally diverse clients.
Offering attention to your whole self, I integrate mind-body approaches with relational analytic and Jungian depth psychology. I bring personal warmth, intuition and over 45 years of clinical experience with individuals, couples and groups. We work collaboratively, bringing greater awareness to your inner and outer life. My approach is tailored to your individual needs, with attention to current and past trauma, current and past relationship and family issues, and the ways those unresolved issues may inhibit your fullest realization of your ambitions and ideals. I welcome LGBT and culturally diverse clients.
(415) 903-4284 View (415) 903-4284
Photo of Dr. Elizabeth Schenk, Consultation, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Dr. Elizabeth Schenk, Consultation
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94606  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Unresolved childhood issues provide recurring challenges in adulthood and may show up in the form of sadness, worry, relationship problems, substance abuse or poor self-esteem. For adults abused as children, complex trauma may leave one with panic, obsessive thoughts, self-harming behaviors, or mood disorders. Sometimes individuals are given many diagnoses and medications and end up in therapies that do not resolve their underlying issue. Dissociative processes go unrecognized in many therapies, resulting in treatment that may not resolve the underlying problem, leaving one symptomatic. In my professional experience most individuals change and grow through a successful therapeutic encounter.
Unresolved childhood issues provide recurring challenges in adulthood and may show up in the form of sadness, worry, relationship problems, substance abuse or poor self-esteem. For adults abused as children, complex trauma may leave one with panic, obsessive thoughts, self-harming behaviors, or mood disorders. Sometimes individuals are given many diagnoses and medications and end up in therapies that do not resolve their underlying issue. Dissociative processes go unrecognized in many therapies, resulting in treatment that may not resolve the underlying problem, leaving one symptomatic. In my professional experience most individuals change and grow through a successful therapeutic encounter.
(925) 290-7886 View (925) 290-7886
Photo of Omolade Rosalyn Roddy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Omolade Rosalyn Roddy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94608
I specialize in critical therapeutic services for adults. I provide strength-based, collaborative & non-diagnostic psychotherapy which focuses on cultivating resilience & insight. The cornerstone of my practice was built on exploring embedded issues of loss & shame that impact identity and are exacerbated by race, class, gender, learning differences & socio/cultural conditions. I work with people of all ages, backgrounds, orientations & ethnicities. My practice was refined through my work serving persons harmed through the provisions of systems: educational, criminal justice, foster-care and/or military systems.
I specialize in critical therapeutic services for adults. I provide strength-based, collaborative & non-diagnostic psychotherapy which focuses on cultivating resilience & insight. The cornerstone of my practice was built on exploring embedded issues of loss & shame that impact identity and are exacerbated by race, class, gender, learning differences & socio/cultural conditions. I work with people of all ages, backgrounds, orientations & ethnicities. My practice was refined through my work serving persons harmed through the provisions of systems: educational, criminal justice, foster-care and/or military systems.
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Photo of Rayna Harris, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Rayna Harris
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
I offer my clients specific tools to help them navigate difficult situations, reduce anxious thinking, manage depression, cope with trauma-related symptoms, set boundaries in relationships, and build confidence in themselves. I specialize in working with professionals in their 20’s and 30’s and enjoy helping them find a healthy balance between work, family/friends, and themselves. I have extensive experience teaching practical skills in these areas to best meet my clients' specific needs. I additionally specialize in helping people navigate relational trauma and work with the parts themselves that may be stuck in the past.
I offer my clients specific tools to help them navigate difficult situations, reduce anxious thinking, manage depression, cope with trauma-related symptoms, set boundaries in relationships, and build confidence in themselves. I specialize in working with professionals in their 20’s and 30’s and enjoy helping them find a healthy balance between work, family/friends, and themselves. I have extensive experience teaching practical skills in these areas to best meet my clients' specific needs. I additionally specialize in helping people navigate relational trauma and work with the parts themselves that may be stuck in the past.
(510) 319-1679 View (510) 319-1679
Photo of Jillian Settle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jillian Settle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Hi there! Welcome. I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 9 years of experience supporting adults, children, and families. At this time, I work with adults in 1:1 therapy sessions with the primary goal of creating a safe and supportive environment for you to process challenging feelings and thoughts as well as explore issues related to life transitions, anxiety, trauma, relationship difficulties, and more. These are trying times, and I applaud your courage in taking the first step!
Hi there! Welcome. I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 9 years of experience supporting adults, children, and families. At this time, I work with adults in 1:1 therapy sessions with the primary goal of creating a safe and supportive environment for you to process challenging feelings and thoughts as well as explore issues related to life transitions, anxiety, trauma, relationship difficulties, and more. These are trying times, and I applaud your courage in taking the first step!
(510) 405-3898 View (510) 405-3898
Photo of Stacy Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Stacy Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602
I strongly believe that all of us are capable of connecting to an experience of profound well being, whatever the circumstances of our lives may be. My goal in therapy is to help you access that state within yourself. I aim to help you recognize and accept the many layers of your experience and to support you in acting skillfully and authentically in the world. My first priority is to create an atmosphere of safety and trust so that you are able to freely explore your challenges, concerns and desires. After we understand your difficulties, we can collaborate to create the desired change and growth.
I strongly believe that all of us are capable of connecting to an experience of profound well being, whatever the circumstances of our lives may be. My goal in therapy is to help you access that state within yourself. I aim to help you recognize and accept the many layers of your experience and to support you in acting skillfully and authentically in the world. My first priority is to create an atmosphere of safety and trust so that you are able to freely explore your challenges, concerns and desires. After we understand your difficulties, we can collaborate to create the desired change and growth.
(510) 500-9857 View (510) 500-9857
Photo of Steven Karwoski, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Oakland, CA
Steven Karwoski
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
I love helping people with all that life throws at us. Transitions such as moving to a new city, state or country or changing careers are not easy. Relationships, personal, family or work related often present struggles. As neurodivergent, I identify as jazz handsy, and enjoy working with the neurospicy. While teaching in the US and Europe I developed a high competency in providing psycho-education and psycho-social interventions. I am supervised by Natalie Webster MA. LMFT 126065, at Axis Mundi Center for Mental Health.
I love helping people with all that life throws at us. Transitions such as moving to a new city, state or country or changing careers are not easy. Relationships, personal, family or work related often present struggles. As neurodivergent, I identify as jazz handsy, and enjoy working with the neurospicy. While teaching in the US and Europe I developed a high competency in providing psycho-education and psycho-social interventions. I am supervised by Natalie Webster MA. LMFT 126065, at Axis Mundi Center for Mental Health.
(510) 726-0474 View (510) 726-0474
Photo of Andrew Hudson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Oakland, CA
Andrew Hudson
Pre-Licensed Professional, ACSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is person centered and I use validation as my foundation. I hold the assumption that we are all trying our best and that there is always room to learn, grow, and practice acceptance. In sessions together you can expect to connect with how you are currently experiencing emotions, to work through problematic thoughts beliefs or assumptions, and to explore situations and relationships and how exactly they may be having an impact on you. My goal as a therapist is to provide a space where you can connect and feel understood as well as challenged in a way that is helpful for you.
My approach to therapy is person centered and I use validation as my foundation. I hold the assumption that we are all trying our best and that there is always room to learn, grow, and practice acceptance. In sessions together you can expect to connect with how you are currently experiencing emotions, to work through problematic thoughts beliefs or assumptions, and to explore situations and relationships and how exactly they may be having an impact on you. My goal as a therapist is to provide a space where you can connect and feel understood as well as challenged in a way that is helpful for you.
(415) 991-3933 View (415) 991-3933
Photo of Marvin Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Marvin Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Not accepting new clients
Hello. Do you have concerns about feeling tired, overwhelmed, unmotivated,or anxious? Are you feeling concerned, stressed and worried about your lack of energy on a daily basis. First of all you are not alone. I am available to assist and address your concerns. As a psychotherapist with many years of experience, I see myself as an interactive therapist and I provide support and practical feedback to my clients.
Hello. Do you have concerns about feeling tired, overwhelmed, unmotivated,or anxious? Are you feeling concerned, stressed and worried about your lack of energy on a daily basis. First of all you are not alone. I am available to assist and address your concerns. As a psychotherapist with many years of experience, I see myself as an interactive therapist and I provide support and practical feedback to my clients.
(510) 692-9674 View (510) 692-9674
Photo of Michelle Grebe, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Michelle Grebe
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94603
Are you looking for a more joyous and purposeful life? I'm here to help! I believe you enter therapy already equipped for the transformation you seek.
Are you looking for a more joyous and purposeful life? I'm here to help! I believe you enter therapy already equipped for the transformation you seek.
(341) 758-5197 View (341) 758-5197
Photo of Susannah Marie Harris, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Susannah Marie Harris
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
My role as a psychotherapist is to help clients acknowledge and harness their innate strengths, to attain and sustain the well-being they are searching for. I am passionate about gently questioning unspoken norms and expectations, whether learned from family or society, that can limit our ability to connect with our most authentic selves. I empower clients to take supported risks, guiding the therapy with empathy, honesty, humor, and a belief in the transformative power of relationships.
My role as a psychotherapist is to help clients acknowledge and harness their innate strengths, to attain and sustain the well-being they are searching for. I am passionate about gently questioning unspoken norms and expectations, whether learned from family or society, that can limit our ability to connect with our most authentic selves. I empower clients to take supported risks, guiding the therapy with empathy, honesty, humor, and a belief in the transformative power of relationships.
(415) 895-9371 View (415) 895-9371
Photo of Dr. Chris Guthrey, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Dr. Chris Guthrey
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
I tend to work mostly with men who are searching to find balance, deeper meaning, and purpose in life. I specialize in working with professionals, including other therapists, but have clients from many other backgrounds as well. I view therapy as a sacred experience to help you connect with your highest self in order to create a unqiue path to growth and overcoming challenges. Traditional psychology tends to work on healing the self, whereas I see spirituality as more concerned with transcending the self. My perspective is both are important on the journey toward wellness and fulfillment in life.
I tend to work mostly with men who are searching to find balance, deeper meaning, and purpose in life. I specialize in working with professionals, including other therapists, but have clients from many other backgrounds as well. I view therapy as a sacred experience to help you connect with your highest self in order to create a unqiue path to growth and overcoming challenges. Traditional psychology tends to work on healing the self, whereas I see spirituality as more concerned with transcending the self. My perspective is both are important on the journey toward wellness and fulfillment in life.
(828) 548-1737 View (828) 548-1737
Photo of Juliana Campos, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Juliana Campos
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Bilingual, Culturally Sensitive, Trauma-informed, Relational Psychotherapy. I believe that engaging in therapy is an act of courage because change is by definition radical. An important goal of therapy is to connect to your authentic/creative self as a way to make meaning in times of suffering. Together we will explore your personal, family, cultural, and political history to understand the ways in which your experiences shape how you feel in the world. Whether you are struggling with life transitions, finding/keeping good relationships, or trying to integrate different identities, our work can help you find some sense of cohesion.
Bilingual, Culturally Sensitive, Trauma-informed, Relational Psychotherapy. I believe that engaging in therapy is an act of courage because change is by definition radical. An important goal of therapy is to connect to your authentic/creative self as a way to make meaning in times of suffering. Together we will explore your personal, family, cultural, and political history to understand the ways in which your experiences shape how you feel in the world. Whether you are struggling with life transitions, finding/keeping good relationships, or trying to integrate different identities, our work can help you find some sense of cohesion.
(510) 779-8266 View (510) 779-8266
Photo of Monica Lois Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Monica Lois Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94605  (Online Only)
I work with individuals and couples on issues related to anxiety and depression, trauma, relationships, parenting, grief, transitions, body-image, and navigating the ups and downs of ones 20s and 30s.
I work with individuals and couples on issues related to anxiety and depression, trauma, relationships, parenting, grief, transitions, body-image, and navigating the ups and downs of ones 20s and 30s.
(510) 319-1012 View (510) 319-1012
Photo of Abigail Rooney, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Abigail Rooney
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
I specialize in helping clients explore the impact of their childhood experiences on their present-day lives, facilitating healing from relational wounds. Did you come from a chaotic upbringing? Perhaps you took on adult responsibilities early due to caregivers struggling with addiction, abuse, mental illness, illness, or absence. Early exposure to such challenges often leaves a profound imprint, giving rise to a spectrum of behavioral responses including perfectionism, people-pleasing, codependency, compromised boundaries, diminished self-esteem, and an inability to articulate one's needs.
I specialize in helping clients explore the impact of their childhood experiences on their present-day lives, facilitating healing from relational wounds. Did you come from a chaotic upbringing? Perhaps you took on adult responsibilities early due to caregivers struggling with addiction, abuse, mental illness, illness, or absence. Early exposure to such challenges often leaves a profound imprint, giving rise to a spectrum of behavioral responses including perfectionism, people-pleasing, codependency, compromised boundaries, diminished self-esteem, and an inability to articulate one's needs.
(510) 998-2365 View (510) 998-2365
Photo of Jennie Powe Runde, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jennie Powe Runde
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, REAT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94602  (Online Only)
As someone navigating the world between cultures, ethnicities, and labels, you have been given the gift of insight, adaptability, and attunement. You can see what others don't, and are highly sensitive to what goes unspoken or unacknowledged. The gift of being adaptable in any environment can be a major strength, and it also presents a challenge.  ​When we are highly skilled at anticipating, understanding, and accommodating the feelings and needs of others, it is easy to lose sight of what is most important for our own physical, mental, and emotional well being.
As someone navigating the world between cultures, ethnicities, and labels, you have been given the gift of insight, adaptability, and attunement. You can see what others don't, and are highly sensitive to what goes unspoken or unacknowledged. The gift of being adaptable in any environment can be a major strength, and it also presents a challenge.  ​When we are highly skilled at anticipating, understanding, and accommodating the feelings and needs of others, it is easy to lose sight of what is most important for our own physical, mental, and emotional well being.
(510) 944-0438 View (510) 944-0438
Photo of Willow Pearson Trimbach, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Willow Pearson Trimbach
Psychologist, PsyD, LMFT, MT-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94608  (Online Only)
My practice emphasizes integral, psychodynamic psychotherapy and consultation for a variety of psychological, relational, medical, cultural, and spiritual issues. I specialize in working with adults who grapple with anxiety, depression, loss, stress, health, disability, identity, sexuality, relationships, transitions, trauma, creativity, spirituality, life path/purpose/meaning and fulfillment. I also enjoy providing consultation to colleagues. Building on my fifteen years of private practice experience during my twenty years as a licensed clinician, it is my joy to combine private practice in Oakland with my teaching at CIIS.
My practice emphasizes integral, psychodynamic psychotherapy and consultation for a variety of psychological, relational, medical, cultural, and spiritual issues. I specialize in working with adults who grapple with anxiety, depression, loss, stress, health, disability, identity, sexuality, relationships, transitions, trauma, creativity, spirituality, life path/purpose/meaning and fulfillment. I also enjoy providing consultation to colleagues. Building on my fifteen years of private practice experience during my twenty years as a licensed clinician, it is my joy to combine private practice in Oakland with my teaching at CIIS.
(650) 620-7927 View (650) 620-7927
Photo of Eugene P Porter, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Eugene P Porter
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
I have been in practice for over 30 years. My primary specialty has been working with men and boys who have experienced sexual abuse. This issue often includes alcohol and drug issues, anxiety, depression, marital and couples issues and more. I am experienced in EMDR as well as a range of somatic and humanistic approaches.
I have been in practice for over 30 years. My primary specialty has been working with men and boys who have experienced sexual abuse. This issue often includes alcohol and drug issues, anxiety, depression, marital and couples issues and more. I am experienced in EMDR as well as a range of somatic and humanistic approaches.
(510) 356-2052 View (510) 356-2052

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
22% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.