Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA

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Photo of Lavita Young, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Lavita Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23453
Welcome! My name is Lavita Young, LCSW. It is my mission to provide compassionate and effective mental health counseling services, empowering individuals to achieve optimal well-being, resilience, and personal growth. It is my pleasure to work with adolescence, adults, and the geriatric population. Through evidence-based practices, personalized care, and a safe therapeutic environment, I am committed to supporting individuals in their journey toward mental and emotional wellness.
Welcome! My name is Lavita Young, LCSW. It is my mission to provide compassionate and effective mental health counseling services, empowering individuals to achieve optimal well-being, resilience, and personal growth. It is my pleasure to work with adolescence, adults, and the geriatric population. Through evidence-based practices, personalized care, and a safe therapeutic environment, I am committed to supporting individuals in their journey toward mental and emotional wellness.
(757) 866-4796 View (757) 866-4796
Photo of Bethany Gravely, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Bethany Gravely
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
I'm Bethany Gravely, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker since 2018. My passion for this profession remains as strong as when I began. Taking the initial step to address your mental health is commendable. Selecting the appropriate therapist can be both fulfilling and daunting. My role is to guide you through life's challenges and explore effective coping mechanisms together. It's important to acknowledge that we all encounter stress at various points, and your emotions are significant and deserving of discussion with someone who genuinely cares about your well-being.
I'm Bethany Gravely, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker since 2018. My passion for this profession remains as strong as when I began. Taking the initial step to address your mental health is commendable. Selecting the appropriate therapist can be both fulfilling and daunting. My role is to guide you through life's challenges and explore effective coping mechanisms together. It's important to acknowledge that we all encounter stress at various points, and your emotions are significant and deserving of discussion with someone who genuinely cares about your well-being.
(434) 533-9304 View (434) 533-9304
Photo of Joseph Pugach, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Joseph Pugach
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23454
Joseph Pugach is a Licensed Professional Counselor who has 8 years of inpatient and outpatient experience in the field of mental health, working with older adolescents, college-age and college students, and adults with anxiety, depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other stressors and areas of concern in individual and group therapy settings. He completed both his Bachelor of Arts (BA) in English and his Bachelor of Science (BS) in Psychology at the University of Mary Washington, and his Master of Education (MEd) in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at the College of William & Mary.
Joseph Pugach is a Licensed Professional Counselor who has 8 years of inpatient and outpatient experience in the field of mental health, working with older adolescents, college-age and college students, and adults with anxiety, depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other stressors and areas of concern in individual and group therapy settings. He completed both his Bachelor of Arts (BA) in English and his Bachelor of Science (BS) in Psychology at the University of Mary Washington, and his Master of Education (MEd) in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at the College of William & Mary.
(757) 210-5437 View (757) 210-5437
Photo of Kristin Barton Cuthriell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Kristin Barton Cuthriell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MEd, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23454
Kristin is an experienced licensed psychotherapist who specializes in working with individuals and couples. She helps build strong marriages and relationships by teaching effective communication skills. She focuses on skills to resolve conflict, increase intimacy and let go of resentment. Kristin has worked in the mental health field for eighteen years in various settings. Prior to entering the mental health field, Kristin worked for ten years as an elementary and middle school teacher. Kristin strives to build a strong rapport with her clients by providing a setting based on respect, acceptance, and trust.
Kristin is an experienced licensed psychotherapist who specializes in working with individuals and couples. She helps build strong marriages and relationships by teaching effective communication skills. She focuses on skills to resolve conflict, increase intimacy and let go of resentment. Kristin has worked in the mental health field for eighteen years in various settings. Prior to entering the mental health field, Kristin worked for ten years as an elementary and middle school teacher. Kristin strives to build a strong rapport with her clients by providing a setting based on respect, acceptance, and trust.
(757) 797-5204 View (757) 797-5204
Photo of Sheryll Green, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Sheryll Green
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23462  (Online Only)
My ideal client is someone who has experienced a deep and profound loss. I can provide a safe space to express emotions without judgment. I can empathize with your unique grief experience and validate your feelings. I can provide effective coping strategies to manage your grief and depression. This could include techniques for processing emotions, handling triggers, and finding moments of solace. My unique experience as a mother who has lost a child provides you with a profound understanding of your pain, making me a highly empathetic and relatable therapist.
My ideal client is someone who has experienced a deep and profound loss. I can provide a safe space to express emotions without judgment. I can empathize with your unique grief experience and validate your feelings. I can provide effective coping strategies to manage your grief and depression. This could include techniques for processing emotions, handling triggers, and finding moments of solace. My unique experience as a mother who has lost a child provides you with a profound understanding of your pain, making me a highly empathetic and relatable therapist.
(757) 699-5182 View (757) 699-5182
Katy Dooley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
Through my compassionate and holistic approaches, I aim to create a safe and nurturing space for my clients to explore and prioritize their mental health along the therapeutic journey. My therapeutic framework is grounded in cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness techniques, strengths-based approaches, and trauma-informed care which I use to empower clients to harness their inner resilience.
Through my compassionate and holistic approaches, I aim to create a safe and nurturing space for my clients to explore and prioritize their mental health along the therapeutic journey. My therapeutic framework is grounded in cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness techniques, strengths-based approaches, and trauma-informed care which I use to empower clients to harness their inner resilience.
(757) 520-0753 View (757) 520-0753
Photo of Allison Tardif, Art Therapist, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Allison Tardif, Art Therapist
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAAT, ATR-BC, LPC, CLAT
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452  (Online Only)
www.allisontardif.com I am Licensed in Virginia, Texas, and Connecticut. As a licensed professional counselor and board certified art therapist I believe in the power of the therapeutic relationship to facilitate self awareness, growth, and change. Seeking help and engaging in therapy requires courage. Taking ownership and accountability over your life is the prerequisite to meaningful change.
www.allisontardif.com I am Licensed in Virginia, Texas, and Connecticut. As a licensed professional counselor and board certified art therapist I believe in the power of the therapeutic relationship to facilitate self awareness, growth, and change. Seeking help and engaging in therapy requires courage. Taking ownership and accountability over your life is the prerequisite to meaningful change.
(757) 637-1598 View (757) 637-1598
Photo of Sharon Lockaby, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Sharon Lockaby
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23462  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in guiding and supporting people through life’s toughest experiences: stress, anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship concerns, trauma, stress from the military lifestyle and more. I view therapy as a way to grow strong roots in who you are and what you value even when life experiences have shifted how you see the world. I support people and help them navigate this part of their journey while working to meet their therapeutic goals. I look forward to hearing your story and working with you in planting seeds of change for your future.
I specialize in guiding and supporting people through life’s toughest experiences: stress, anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship concerns, trauma, stress from the military lifestyle and more. I view therapy as a way to grow strong roots in who you are and what you value even when life experiences have shifted how you see the world. I support people and help them navigate this part of their journey while working to meet their therapeutic goals. I look forward to hearing your story and working with you in planting seeds of change for your future.
(757) 919-9155 View (757) 919-9155
Photo of Sunshine Behavioral Consulting INC in Virginia Beach, VA
Sunshine Behavioral Consulting INC
MSEd, BCBA, LBA
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464
We offer Applied Behavior Analysis, or ABA, services to children on the Autism Spectrum. Our services also include parent training, consultation, IEP assistance, and individualized behavioral plans. Our goal is to help your family and provide parents the tools needed to maximize daily functioning for your child.
We offer Applied Behavior Analysis, or ABA, services to children on the Autism Spectrum. Our services also include parent training, consultation, IEP assistance, and individualized behavioral plans. Our goal is to help your family and provide parents the tools needed to maximize daily functioning for your child.
(757) 255-7934 View (757) 255-7934
Photo of Susan Amory, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Susan Amory
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23451  (Online Only)
I am here to help individuals who have depression, anxiety, PTSD, trauma, difficulty with adjustment, and stress. Working with veterans and active duty military, I have learned distinctive evidence based practices to treat post-traumatic stress disorders and how to counsel from a trauma informed perspective.
I am here to help individuals who have depression, anxiety, PTSD, trauma, difficulty with adjustment, and stress. Working with veterans and active duty military, I have learned distinctive evidence based practices to treat post-traumatic stress disorders and how to counsel from a trauma informed perspective.
(757) 997-1431 View (757) 997-1431
Photo of Melanie Mosbarger, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Melanie Mosbarger
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CTTS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Certified Trauma Treatment Specialist, EMDR Certified Therapist, and I'm a board approved supervisor for counselors working towards their LPC. I'm trained in evidence based modalities of therapy such as EMDR level 1 and 2, Emotional Freedom Technique, Flash Technique, and Gottman Method Couples Therapy level 1. These modes of therapy allow me to help you process through anxiety, anger, depression, fears, guilt, shame, PTSD, complex PTSD, self-esteem issues, and relationship difficulties. I also work with individuals who have been victims of sexual assault and domestic violence.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Certified Trauma Treatment Specialist, EMDR Certified Therapist, and I'm a board approved supervisor for counselors working towards their LPC. I'm trained in evidence based modalities of therapy such as EMDR level 1 and 2, Emotional Freedom Technique, Flash Technique, and Gottman Method Couples Therapy level 1. These modes of therapy allow me to help you process through anxiety, anger, depression, fears, guilt, shame, PTSD, complex PTSD, self-esteem issues, and relationship difficulties. I also work with individuals who have been victims of sexual assault and domestic violence.
(757) 210-7593 View (757) 210-7593
Photo of Back To Basics Counseling Services , Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Back To Basics Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CSAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23455
Waitlist for new clients
If you made it here you have probably read through a lot of other bios. It’s really hard to figure out if you connect with someone in a matter of 250 words. Read on for my style of counseling and maybe you will feel comfortable with giving therapy a try or returning to therapy. I can’t guarantee that you and I will connect, and if we don’t, I will work with you to find someone you are willing to try. I am very casual in style of communication, as well as appearance. I maintain a safe therapeutic environment for all individuals and encourage folks to come as you are to sessions, as I will be my genuine self.
If you made it here you have probably read through a lot of other bios. It’s really hard to figure out if you connect with someone in a matter of 250 words. Read on for my style of counseling and maybe you will feel comfortable with giving therapy a try or returning to therapy. I can’t guarantee that you and I will connect, and if we don’t, I will work with you to find someone you are willing to try. I am very casual in style of communication, as well as appearance. I maintain a safe therapeutic environment for all individuals and encourage folks to come as you are to sessions, as I will be my genuine self.
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Photo of Kathleen Miner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Kathleen Miner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Kathleen Lynch Miner is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who has been practicing since 2004. She has a Health and Human Services degree from Virginia Wesleyan College and an MSW from NSU. Kathleen enjoys creating a safe space where clients can explore and process thoughts, feelings, and emotions in a way that they can make connections to their actions and reactions, understand, connect better with themselves and others, and improve their overall life functioning. Outside of work, Kathleen enjoys reading, dance, music, the ocean, family, and friends.
Kathleen Lynch Miner is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who has been practicing since 2004. She has a Health and Human Services degree from Virginia Wesleyan College and an MSW from NSU. Kathleen enjoys creating a safe space where clients can explore and process thoughts, feelings, and emotions in a way that they can make connections to their actions and reactions, understand, connect better with themselves and others, and improve their overall life functioning. Outside of work, Kathleen enjoys reading, dance, music, the ocean, family, and friends.
(757) 792-8939 View (757) 792-8939
Photo of Danielle Jweid, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Danielle Jweid
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23455
Virtual therapy available. In my experience as a therapist, I have had the opportunity offer help and hope to those in need. I strongly believe that the ability to heal is within each person. With this innate ability to grow, my goal is to help you delve deeper to discover and develop the tools you seek to move forward on your journey to wellness. I can offer you talk therapy as well as the use of art and movement to work on uncovering skills, emotions, solutions, acceptance, and much more. Sometimes words are not enough and a place to express with no judgment can offer safety to explore self and move to the next chapter.
Virtual therapy available. In my experience as a therapist, I have had the opportunity offer help and hope to those in need. I strongly believe that the ability to heal is within each person. With this innate ability to grow, my goal is to help you delve deeper to discover and develop the tools you seek to move forward on your journey to wellness. I can offer you talk therapy as well as the use of art and movement to work on uncovering skills, emotions, solutions, acceptance, and much more. Sometimes words are not enough and a place to express with no judgment can offer safety to explore self and move to the next chapter.
(757) 337-3760 View (757) 337-3760
Photo of Marlene M Juron, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Marlene M Juron
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23451  (Online Only)
I offer virtual daytime and evening appointments to fit your busy schedule. As a local, married to a Veteran, I've worked with both civilian and military clients and their families, since 1995. I would love to meet you, answer questions, and provide easy and effective ways to reduce stress, find peace and bring life back into balance. Using cognitive behavioral, educational and solution-focused (research based) approaches, I've helped children, adolescents, adults and families achieve positive results from depression, anxiety, difficult relationships or difficult life situations for a more meaningful and satisfying life.
I offer virtual daytime and evening appointments to fit your busy schedule. As a local, married to a Veteran, I've worked with both civilian and military clients and their families, since 1995. I would love to meet you, answer questions, and provide easy and effective ways to reduce stress, find peace and bring life back into balance. Using cognitive behavioral, educational and solution-focused (research based) approaches, I've helped children, adolescents, adults and families achieve positive results from depression, anxiety, difficult relationships or difficult life situations for a more meaningful and satisfying life.
(757) 655-9294 View (757) 655-9294
Photo of Heart and Soul Child and Family Services,PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Heart and Soul Child and Family Services,PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464
Heart and Soul-Child and Family Services works with the effects of depression, anxiety, trauma, low self esteem, relationship issues, life stressors or the overwhelming feelings that come with your child's behavior? We work with you or your children to address behavioral and mental health concerns.
Heart and Soul-Child and Family Services works with the effects of depression, anxiety, trauma, low self esteem, relationship issues, life stressors or the overwhelming feelings that come with your child's behavior? We work with you or your children to address behavioral and mental health concerns.
(757) 210-7432 View (757) 210-7432
Photo of Rebecca Dean Reid, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Rebecca Dean Reid
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
I have been a psychotherapist for 30 plus years. Intially, I worked at The Menninger Foundation and later at Eastern Virginia Psychiatric Institute Adult Unit. I was an associate professor at EVMS in family therapy where I taught and coordinated training workshops for the Family Therapy Institute. In 1986, I joined the private practice of Clinical Associates. In 2012, my psychiatrist husband and I moved our location to Laskin Road. I am an Approved Supervisor in the American Association of Marital and Family Therapists and specialize in marital therapy, pre-marital counseling, divorce and conflict resolution in couples.
I have been a psychotherapist for 30 plus years. Intially, I worked at The Menninger Foundation and later at Eastern Virginia Psychiatric Institute Adult Unit. I was an associate professor at EVMS in family therapy where I taught and coordinated training workshops for the Family Therapy Institute. In 1986, I joined the private practice of Clinical Associates. In 2012, my psychiatrist husband and I moved our location to Laskin Road. I am an Approved Supervisor in the American Association of Marital and Family Therapists and specialize in marital therapy, pre-marital counseling, divorce and conflict resolution in couples.
(757) 383-7580 View (757) 383-7580
Photo of Madeleine Burgess, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Madeleine Burgess
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
Waitlist for new clients
I serve clients in Virginia, Colorado, and Texas. Are you working with challenging experiences and past traumas? The ways in which we choose to make meaning of these experiences are fundamentally personal choices. My approach is non-judgmental. I offer traditional psychotherapy, EMDR, ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) and psychedelic integration therapy.
I serve clients in Virginia, Colorado, and Texas. Are you working with challenging experiences and past traumas? The ways in which we choose to make meaning of these experiences are fundamentally personal choices. My approach is non-judgmental. I offer traditional psychotherapy, EMDR, ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) and psychedelic integration therapy.
(757) 551-6555 View (757) 551-6555
Photo of Lauren Chester, Resident in Counseling in Virginia Beach, VA
Lauren Chester
Resident in Counseling, MA, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
It can be challenging to seek help, especially when you're feeling anxious, depressed, or overwhelmed. You are officially taking the first step! Counseling is a unique investment in yourself; together we can begin a journey of hope and healing. I enjoy supporting clients navigating life transitions, anxiety, depression, OCD, neurodiversity, grief/loss, and stress management.
It can be challenging to seek help, especially when you're feeling anxious, depressed, or overwhelmed. You are officially taking the first step! Counseling is a unique investment in yourself; together we can begin a journey of hope and healing. I enjoy supporting clients navigating life transitions, anxiety, depression, OCD, neurodiversity, grief/loss, and stress management.
(757) 210-7274 View (757) 210-7274
Photo of Leah C Edwards, Resident in Counseling in Virginia Beach, VA
Leah C Edwards
Resident in Counseling, MSEd, NCC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464
Waitlist for new clients
As a Navy veteran and a military spouse, I am well-versed in the unique complexities the Military can bring to relationships and families. I believe that counseling is helpful not just for people suffering from mental health issues but also for people dealing with life's daily stressors, job stress, relationship issues, and struggling with communication.
As a Navy veteran and a military spouse, I am well-versed in the unique complexities the Military can bring to relationships and families. I believe that counseling is helpful not just for people suffering from mental health issues but also for people dealing with life's daily stressors, job stress, relationship issues, and struggling with communication.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
76% Self Esteem
73% Coping Skills
73% Stress
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
75% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Virginia Beach?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.