Therapists in Mountain Brook, AL

Photo of Debby Shunnarah, Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Debby Shunnarah
Counselor, MA, ALC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
If you’re experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, grief, sleep problems or relationship conflict, you're not alone. I specialize in working with people like yourself who may be feeling overwhelmed, stuck or less than while navigating life - young adulthood, marriage, parenting, trauma and loss - and who are searching for unconditional support and a professional perspective. I’m passionate about helping people identify their strengths and build resiliency that will result in improved emotions, better coping skills and more fulfilling relationships. By taking this first step, you're on your way towards personal growth and healing.
If you’re experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, grief, sleep problems or relationship conflict, you're not alone. I specialize in working with people like yourself who may be feeling overwhelmed, stuck or less than while navigating life - young adulthood, marriage, parenting, trauma and loss - and who are searching for unconditional support and a professional perspective. I’m passionate about helping people identify their strengths and build resiliency that will result in improved emotions, better coping skills and more fulfilling relationships. By taking this first step, you're on your way towards personal growth and healing.
(205) 202-1143 View (205) 202-1143
Photo of Miranda Casey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mountain Brook, AL
Miranda Casey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
Beginning the journey to finding healing and wholeness can be scary. That’s why I believe in partnering with clients to guide them through the process of growing, learning, and becoming themselves. I use trauma-informed individual talk therapy, CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) to help clients reach their goals in a confidential and welcoming atmosphere. I strongly believe that all people have the right and potential to heal and grow and I look to empower all clients through the use of evidence-based practice.
Beginning the journey to finding healing and wholeness can be scary. That’s why I believe in partnering with clients to guide them through the process of growing, learning, and becoming themselves. I use trauma-informed individual talk therapy, CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) to help clients reach their goals in a confidential and welcoming atmosphere. I strongly believe that all people have the right and potential to heal and grow and I look to empower all clients through the use of evidence-based practice.
(205) 498-9624 View (205) 498-9624
Photo of Harriet Peacock, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Harriet Peacock
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
Not accepting new clients
I believe that authenticity is the gateway to the soul. When one needs help, it is often times difficult to become completely vulnerable enough to disclose to others and accept what life may throw at us. When we learn to expose ourselves wholeheartedly with someone we trust, I believe this is where true connection is established.
I believe that authenticity is the gateway to the soul. When one needs help, it is often times difficult to become completely vulnerable enough to disclose to others and accept what life may throw at us. When we learn to expose ourselves wholeheartedly with someone we trust, I believe this is where true connection is established.
(205) 619-6696 View (205) 619-6696
Photo of Andrea N Hendricks PhD LLC, Psychologist in Mountain Brook, AL
Andrea N Hendricks PhD LLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
I work with individuals who want to talk to someone in a safe, confidential, encouraging setting. I see adults, adolescents, and couples working through a wide range of issues. Specifically, I see individuals who are dealing with depression, anxiety, eating disorders, obsessive compulsive issues, pain management, or weight management. A lot of my clients are dealing with life transitions and many are needing to make major life decisions. I also work with those who have typical life stressors in work, school, or home and find it extremely helpful to use therapy as a way to maintain positive mental health.
I work with individuals who want to talk to someone in a safe, confidential, encouraging setting. I see adults, adolescents, and couples working through a wide range of issues. Specifically, I see individuals who are dealing with depression, anxiety, eating disorders, obsessive compulsive issues, pain management, or weight management. A lot of my clients are dealing with life transitions and many are needing to make major life decisions. I also work with those who have typical life stressors in work, school, or home and find it extremely helpful to use therapy as a way to maintain positive mental health.
(205) 523-8511 View (205) 523-8511
Photo of Bailey Yancey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mountain Brook, AL
Bailey Yancey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , PIP
Verified Verified
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
When we can accept the past, we no longer need a different past. (Douglas Abrams, The Book of Joy). I have worked in mental health for over the past 15 years. My experience has been diverse and has brought to the place that I am now. I use a Client centered approach and believe in individualizing therapy for each of my Clients. One size does not fit all in the world of therapy. I view therapy as a form of self care and preventative health care. I try to change the perspective of mental health treatment and therapy and often work with Clients that are entering therapy for the first time.
When we can accept the past, we no longer need a different past. (Douglas Abrams, The Book of Joy). I have worked in mental health for over the past 15 years. My experience has been diverse and has brought to the place that I am now. I use a Client centered approach and believe in individualizing therapy for each of my Clients. One size does not fit all in the world of therapy. I view therapy as a form of self care and preventative health care. I try to change the perspective of mental health treatment and therapy and often work with Clients that are entering therapy for the first time.
(205) 973-6073 View (205) 973-6073
Photo of Michelle Thomas Pruett, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Michelle Thomas Pruett
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, MEd, EdS
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
Not accepting new clients
Therapy is a time and place set aside to focus entirely on you. I work with clients to explore issues that need special attention and to address complex problems. Over the past 20+ years, I have helped individuals, families, and couples move through difficult times. My primary focus is on helping couples, families, and individuals overcome the effects of attachment wounds and traumatic experiences so that they can find meaning and joy in life. Common issues I address are communication difficulties, conflict, healing from trauma, building emotional regulation skills, and coping with depression and anxiety.
Therapy is a time and place set aside to focus entirely on you. I work with clients to explore issues that need special attention and to address complex problems. Over the past 20+ years, I have helped individuals, families, and couples move through difficult times. My primary focus is on helping couples, families, and individuals overcome the effects of attachment wounds and traumatic experiences so that they can find meaning and joy in life. Common issues I address are communication difficulties, conflict, healing from trauma, building emotional regulation skills, and coping with depression and anxiety.
(205) 610-8152 View (205) 610-8152
Photo of Ashley Yeager, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mountain Brook, AL
Ashley Yeager
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PIP
Verified Verified
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
Is your life filled with stress and worries? Are you struggling with past or recent hurts? Does it feel like your family or relationships are in disarray? Have you noticed parenting is not easy? Add in aspects such as anxiety, depression, trauma, abuse, neglect, etc. and life can feel overwhelming. Sometimes we are worried about seeking help or don't know where to start. Therapy is a step toward healing and hope for change.
Is your life filled with stress and worries? Are you struggling with past or recent hurts? Does it feel like your family or relationships are in disarray? Have you noticed parenting is not easy? Add in aspects such as anxiety, depression, trauma, abuse, neglect, etc. and life can feel overwhelming. Sometimes we are worried about seeking help or don't know where to start. Therapy is a step toward healing and hope for change.
(659) 200-6192 View (659) 200-6192
Photo of United Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
United Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCSW, LMFT, LMFTA, MD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35213
United Counseling is a ministry of the United Methodist Church providing mental health services for the communities of central and north Alabama.
United Counseling is a ministry of the United Methodist Church providing mental health services for the communities of central and north Alabama.
(205) 358-0628 View (205) 358-0628
Photo of Max D Gardner in Mountain Brook, AL
Max D Gardner
LMSW
Verified Verified
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
I am a Licensed Master Social Worker, specializing in psychotherapy in individual psychotherapy with adults and teens with anxiety, ADHD, behavioral and other mental health related issues. I have previously worked in a variety of settings to include Department of Corrections, school and community settings. My goal is to work with clients in order to achieve self identified goals and help the individual transition into a more positive outlook. To do this I work collaboratively with the individual to create a safe and healing working therapeutic relationship.
I am a Licensed Master Social Worker, specializing in psychotherapy in individual psychotherapy with adults and teens with anxiety, ADHD, behavioral and other mental health related issues. I have previously worked in a variety of settings to include Department of Corrections, school and community settings. My goal is to work with clients in order to achieve self identified goals and help the individual transition into a more positive outlook. To do this I work collaboratively with the individual to create a safe and healing working therapeutic relationship.
(205) 557-6011 View (205) 557-6011
Photo of Elizabeth Harbin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Elizabeth Harbin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
Not accepting new clients
I want to help you become unstuck and live a life with confidence & clarity. Life is overwhelming at times & I want to support you in living a life that is meaningful. We sometimes find ourselves on what feels like an emotional roller coaster, on autopilot, or stuck in a revolving door of life. Just wanting a break & to feel relief. I want to support you in navigating & interrupting these cycles by shifting thoughts, gaining steadiness in the midst of emotional waves, & discovering internal peace & freedom. I invite you to visit my website for more information!
I want to help you become unstuck and live a life with confidence & clarity. Life is overwhelming at times & I want to support you in living a life that is meaningful. We sometimes find ourselves on what feels like an emotional roller coaster, on autopilot, or stuck in a revolving door of life. Just wanting a break & to feel relief. I want to support you in navigating & interrupting these cycles by shifting thoughts, gaining steadiness in the midst of emotional waves, & discovering internal peace & freedom. I invite you to visit my website for more information!
(205) 270-5711 View (205) 270-5711
Photo of Jessica Grogan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mountain Brook, AL
Jessica Grogan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW-S
Verified Verified
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
There is no shortage of reasons one might begin the search for counseling. You might be experiencing anxiety and depression. You could be dealing with loss and grief. Perhaps you are going through a season of change or struggling to navigate a relationship. You might simply be looking to grow in your mental health. Whether you know exactly what is going on or you need help figuring it out, seeking out counseling is a brave step. Counseling offers a safe place to take the many parts of our lives and piece them together to make a clearer picture.
There is no shortage of reasons one might begin the search for counseling. You might be experiencing anxiety and depression. You could be dealing with loss and grief. Perhaps you are going through a season of change or struggling to navigate a relationship. You might simply be looking to grow in your mental health. Whether you know exactly what is going on or you need help figuring it out, seeking out counseling is a brave step. Counseling offers a safe place to take the many parts of our lives and piece them together to make a clearer picture.
(205) 890-2549 View (205) 890-2549
Photo of Rebecca Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain Brook, AL
Rebecca Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
Two things that consistently spark joy for me are the ocean and the color blue. I was born and raised in Birmingham and I come from a big, loud, Italian family. While family doesn't always spark joy, I strive to stay healthy so that I can relate to my family better. Family has always been very important to me and that’s why I love systems therapy. So many of our wounds are tied to a relationship (or a lack thereof) and at the same time, healing can only be found in relationships. Sometimes we are afforded an opportunity to heal a relationship and other times we have to find internal healing with the support of other relationships.
Two things that consistently spark joy for me are the ocean and the color blue. I was born and raised in Birmingham and I come from a big, loud, Italian family. While family doesn't always spark joy, I strive to stay healthy so that I can relate to my family better. Family has always been very important to me and that’s why I love systems therapy. So many of our wounds are tied to a relationship (or a lack thereof) and at the same time, healing can only be found in relationships. Sometimes we are afforded an opportunity to heal a relationship and other times we have to find internal healing with the support of other relationships.
(205) 588-0149 View (205) 588-0149
Photo of Dan Sullivan, Psychologist in Mountain Brook, AL
Dan Sullivan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
I work with clients who feel disconnected from others, themselves or life. I specialize in helping people with anxiety, including anxiety caused by trauma, whether it happened recently, in your far past, or both. Psychotherapy starts with the personal connection, so the first step is finding the therapist that is right for you. Once that is achieved, therapy can become a collaborative effort of determining goals, obstacles to reaching those goals, and the best paths forward. Ultimately, finding a therapist that you connect with is the biggest predictor of growth in therapy.
I work with clients who feel disconnected from others, themselves or life. I specialize in helping people with anxiety, including anxiety caused by trauma, whether it happened recently, in your far past, or both. Psychotherapy starts with the personal connection, so the first step is finding the therapist that is right for you. Once that is achieved, therapy can become a collaborative effort of determining goals, obstacles to reaching those goals, and the best paths forward. Ultimately, finding a therapist that you connect with is the biggest predictor of growth in therapy.
(205) 619-8312 View (205) 619-8312
Photo of Delia Lewis Counseling, Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Delia Lewis Counseling
Counselor, MA, ALC
Verified Verified
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
I work with individual clients (in-person or via telehealth) to support the maintenance of mental health and life balance. Some common issues we might approach are anxiety, depression, life transitions, difficulty adjusting to changes, self-esteem, and stress. I counsel adults of various ages and have extensive experience with young adults/college age individuals. I also welcome: LGBTQIA+ clients, women dealing with reproductive health issues, and individuals focusing on the relationship between their physical and mental health.
I work with individual clients (in-person or via telehealth) to support the maintenance of mental health and life balance. Some common issues we might approach are anxiety, depression, life transitions, difficulty adjusting to changes, self-esteem, and stress. I counsel adults of various ages and have extensive experience with young adults/college age individuals. I also welcome: LGBTQIA+ clients, women dealing with reproductive health issues, and individuals focusing on the relationship between their physical and mental health.
(205) 883-9746 View (205) 883-9746
Photo of Lucy Graves Hollis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Lucy Graves Hollis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
Counseling is much more than problem solving. It's an opportunity to acknowledge your strengths and build on them to help prepare for life's challenges, big and small. I believe that first and foremost, successful counseling is built on trust and connection. Many people who struggle are reluctant to reach out. If you are seeking help you've taken an important first step.
Counseling is much more than problem solving. It's an opportunity to acknowledge your strengths and build on them to help prepare for life's challenges, big and small. I believe that first and foremost, successful counseling is built on trust and connection. Many people who struggle are reluctant to reach out. If you are seeking help you've taken an important first step.
(205) 289-1037 View (205) 289-1037
Photo of Virginia Rives, Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Virginia Rives
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
Taking the first step into therapy can be intimidating. Being vulnerable with a complete stranger isn't the most comforting thought. It is my goal to provide an environment that allows you to feel safe to show up and be authentic without fear of judgement. We are all human beings and need help from time to time. My approach to counseling is a collaborative effort aimed at increasing self-awareness and establishing a sense of empowerment in your own life. I focus on meeting clients where they are and facilitating positive change for a healthy, successful life.
Taking the first step into therapy can be intimidating. Being vulnerable with a complete stranger isn't the most comforting thought. It is my goal to provide an environment that allows you to feel safe to show up and be authentic without fear of judgement. We are all human beings and need help from time to time. My approach to counseling is a collaborative effort aimed at increasing self-awareness and establishing a sense of empowerment in your own life. I focus on meeting clients where they are and facilitating positive change for a healthy, successful life.
(205) 619-8220 View (205) 619-8220
Photo of Amanda Reid, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Amanda Reid
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
Life is hard! We all need support at times for various reasons. Good for you for seeking out that support for yourself. The only way to really love others through ‘their mess’ is to first learn to love ourselves through our own. My hope is to reach you where you are and uplift you through open communication and affirming sessions that assist you towards self-actualization. I am here as a facilitator if you’re searching for a safe and comforting place to land. I hope to be given the opportunity to help you achieve your goal of a healthier version of self!
Life is hard! We all need support at times for various reasons. Good for you for seeking out that support for yourself. The only way to really love others through ‘their mess’ is to first learn to love ourselves through our own. My hope is to reach you where you are and uplift you through open communication and affirming sessions that assist you towards self-actualization. I am here as a facilitator if you’re searching for a safe and comforting place to land. I hope to be given the opportunity to help you achieve your goal of a healthier version of self!
(205) 273-5185 View (205) 273-5185
Photo of Hannah Finley, Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Hannah Finley
Counselor, MEd, ALC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
I believe therapy is a process, and deeper inner work can only occur through a strong therapeutic alliance. This means that I highly value my relationship with my clients and their autonomy in the therapy process. I have a trauma-informed perspective, and I work to provide clients with a variety of techniques that best align with their wants and needs.
I believe therapy is a process, and deeper inner work can only occur through a strong therapeutic alliance. This means that I highly value my relationship with my clients and their autonomy in the therapy process. I have a trauma-informed perspective, and I work to provide clients with a variety of techniques that best align with their wants and needs.
(659) 234-2091 View (659) 234-2091
Photo of Elizabeth Tapley - The Collective Therapy Center, Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Elizabeth Tapley - The Collective Therapy Center
Counselor, EdS , LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
The Collective Therapy Center, where we advocate for a collective approach to therapy. Our philosophy emphasizes the significance of collaborative engagement, involving not only the client but also their caregivers and support systems. The mission of The Collective Therapy Center is to establish a secure and inviting environment that fosters the expression of individual experiences through diverse mediums. We employ the transformative power of art, play, and language to articulate emotions and facilitate healing. Our comprehensive range of services is tailored to meet clients at their unique developmental and emotional stages.
The Collective Therapy Center, where we advocate for a collective approach to therapy. Our philosophy emphasizes the significance of collaborative engagement, involving not only the client but also their caregivers and support systems. The mission of The Collective Therapy Center is to establish a secure and inviting environment that fosters the expression of individual experiences through diverse mediums. We employ the transformative power of art, play, and language to articulate emotions and facilitate healing. Our comprehensive range of services is tailored to meet clients at their unique developmental and emotional stages.
(205) 952-6828 View (205) 952-6828
Photo of Dr. Kathy Farley-Cook, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mountain Brook, AL
Dr. Kathy Farley-Cook
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mountain Brook, AL 35223
Are you stressed, anxious, grieving, or simply in need of a confidant that is professionally equipped with the tools to help you navigate the highs and lows of life? Our world is ever-changing and I would love to accompany you on your mental wellness journey! Everyday, we are faced with situations and challenges that require us to consider seeking advice or assistance from others. Just as we are advised to seek periodic care from physicians to maintain optimum physical health, scheduling an appointment to assess our mental health should also be prioritized.
Are you stressed, anxious, grieving, or simply in need of a confidant that is professionally equipped with the tools to help you navigate the highs and lows of life? Our world is ever-changing and I would love to accompany you on your mental wellness journey! Everyday, we are faced with situations and challenges that require us to consider seeking advice or assistance from others. Just as we are advised to seek periodic care from physicians to maintain optimum physical health, scheduling an appointment to assess our mental health should also be prioritized.
(205) 859-5891 View (205) 859-5891

See more therapy options for Mountain Brook

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Mountain Brook, AL

100+

Average cost per session

$142

Therapists in Mountain Brook, AL who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
78% Stress
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
71% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

96% BlueCross and BlueShield
48% New Directions | Lucet
32% Other

How Therapists in Mountain Brook, AL see their clients

90% In Person and Online
10% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
26% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Mountain Brook?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.