Therapists in South End, Springfield, MA

Photo of Dr. Shanda M. Reynolds - Wellness with Dr. Shanda, Counselor, EdD, LMHC
Wellness with Dr. Shanda
Counselor, EdD, LMHC
South End, Springfield, MA 01105
Accepting New Intakes Now! I believe that life is built on our relationships with each other and to ourselves. The relationship to ourselves is the one we often forget about. Life has a funny way of reminding us that we are not perfect and many things are out of our control. This can cause us to become afraid, angry, irritable, depressed, overbearing, rebellious, tearful.....But, then what? It is often the case that we like to avoid difficult feelings and hope that they will go away on their own. Sometimes they do...and sometimes they don't.
Accepting New Intakes Now! I believe that life is built on our relationships with each other and to ourselves. The relationship to ourselves is the one we often forget about. Life has a funny way of reminding us that we are not perfect and many things are out of our control. This can cause us to become afraid, angry, irritable, depressed, overbearing, rebellious, tearful.....But, then what? It is often the case that we like to avoid difficult feelings and hope that they will go away on their own. Sometimes they do...and sometimes they don't.
(413) 327-9638 View (413) 327-9638
Photo of Whitney Robinson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Whitney Robinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
South End, Springfield, MA 01103
At Restorative Bloom Counseling, I provide a space where you can show up fully—messy, evolving, uncertain—and feel safe doing so. Whether you're looking for relief, clarity, or self-discovery, therapy can support your growth in both subtle and significant ways.
At Restorative Bloom Counseling, I provide a space where you can show up fully—messy, evolving, uncertain—and feel safe doing so. Whether you're looking for relief, clarity, or self-discovery, therapy can support your growth in both subtle and significant ways.
(413) 287-6957 View (413) 287-6957
Photo of Lorraine Fortes - Community Works Therapeutic Services, LLC, Counselor, LMHC, MFT
Community Works Therapeutic Services, LLC
Counselor, LMHC, MFT
1 Endorsed
South End, Springfield, MA 01105
At Community Works Therapeutic Services (CWTS), we believe healing happens in community and serve clients from all walks of life. Were a community-rooted mental health practice ready to walk alongside you with evidence-based care and culturally responsive support to providing high-quality, evidence-based care. CWTS is a compassionate, safe, inclusive, and empowering space for individuals, families, and communities to thrive. A licensed mental health professional is dedicated to creating an environment of trust.
At Community Works Therapeutic Services (CWTS), we believe healing happens in community and serve clients from all walks of life. Were a community-rooted mental health practice ready to walk alongside you with evidence-based care and culturally responsive support to providing high-quality, evidence-based care. CWTS is a compassionate, safe, inclusive, and empowering space for individuals, families, and communities to thrive. A licensed mental health professional is dedicated to creating an environment of trust.
(413) 324-5245 View (413) 324-5245
Photo of Shalonda Edwards, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Shalonda Edwards
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Therapy is much more than talking out your thoughts. I believe when engaged in therapy individuals feel supported, validated, empowered and encouraged to overcome or get through anything. Therapy is effective in dealing with a wide array of life’s most stressful issues including past trauma, anxiety, job or relationship issues, life transition, loss or just not feeling or functioning your best. I look forward to helping people build skills, think critically about their habits and work towards a better quality of life.
Therapy is much more than talking out your thoughts. I believe when engaged in therapy individuals feel supported, validated, empowered and encouraged to overcome or get through anything. Therapy is effective in dealing with a wide array of life’s most stressful issues including past trauma, anxiety, job or relationship issues, life transition, loss or just not feeling or functioning your best. I look forward to helping people build skills, think critically about their habits and work towards a better quality of life.
(413) 296-8916 View (413) 296-8916
Photo of Deborah J Merriman, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Deborah J Merriman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Serves Area
If you are looking to change and need someone to encourage, support and guide you, I am a seasoned therapist who utilizes a coaching style which is directive, educational and compassionate.
If you are looking to change and need someone to encourage, support and guide you, I am a seasoned therapist who utilizes a coaching style which is directive, educational and compassionate.
(413) 268-6115 View (413) 268-6115
Photo of Ronald Williams - Renewed Mind Body & Spirit Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LADC1
Renewed Mind Body & Spirit Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LADC1
Serves Area
I bring something to individual and couples therapy that is rare today and not from a text book, that is lived experience. In drawing from different evidence based schools of thought in combination with my lived experience we will employ such modalities of therapy such as Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy. Adversity and struggle are situations that are common. The goal to avoid both would be ideal but that is not reality. Peace and calmness in the mist of adversity and struggle is a possible reality and what we will strive to help you achieve.
I bring something to individual and couples therapy that is rare today and not from a text book, that is lived experience. In drawing from different evidence based schools of thought in combination with my lived experience we will employ such modalities of therapy such as Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy. Adversity and struggle are situations that are common. The goal to avoid both would be ideal but that is not reality. Peace and calmness in the mist of adversity and struggle is a possible reality and what we will strive to help you achieve.
(413) 296-2814 View (413) 296-2814
Photo of Courtney K Fitzgerald, Counselor, LMHC
Courtney K Fitzgerald
Counselor, LMHC
Serves Area
Individuals who seek help are incredibly courageous, and I am grateful to be a small piece of their journey along the way. My approach uses various modalities that are both, structured, and unstructured, depending on the needs of those I'm serving. Everyone deserves to have an opportunity to feel relief, joy, grounding, and security. This looks different for all, and I'm happy to adapt as needed while supporting in reaching the ultimate goals outlined. I offer the most experience with individuals who have experienced trauma and abuse, anxiety, depression, bipolar symptoms, relationship issues, ADHD, and addiction.
Individuals who seek help are incredibly courageous, and I am grateful to be a small piece of their journey along the way. My approach uses various modalities that are both, structured, and unstructured, depending on the needs of those I'm serving. Everyone deserves to have an opportunity to feel relief, joy, grounding, and security. This looks different for all, and I'm happy to adapt as needed while supporting in reaching the ultimate goals outlined. I offer the most experience with individuals who have experienced trauma and abuse, anxiety, depression, bipolar symptoms, relationship issues, ADHD, and addiction.
(413) 384-5538 View (413) 384-5538
Photo of Jamilex Del Valle, LMHC
Jamilex Del Valle
Verified Verified
Online Only
If you’re feeling the weight of past experiences, stuck in patterns that no longer serve you, or overwhelmed by anxiety, you’re not alone. You might have a sense that something needs to shift; you’re ready to understand yourself more deeply and create a life that feels more aligned and empowering, but you’re unsure where to begin. I specialize in supporting BIPOC and LGBTQ+ adolescents and adults who feel unseen, disconnected, or caught in survival mode. If you're ready to do the deeper work of healing, I’m here to support you.
If you’re feeling the weight of past experiences, stuck in patterns that no longer serve you, or overwhelmed by anxiety, you’re not alone. You might have a sense that something needs to shift; you’re ready to understand yourself more deeply and create a life that feels more aligned and empowering, but you’re unsure where to begin. I specialize in supporting BIPOC and LGBTQ+ adolescents and adults who feel unseen, disconnected, or caught in survival mode. If you're ready to do the deeper work of healing, I’m here to support you.
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Photo of Shanda Lazare, Counselor, LMHC
Shanda Lazare
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Hello there! My name is Dr. Shanda Reynolds, LMHC. I work with brave individuals, throughout the age span, who are ready to live in the present moment. While our past builds us up to who we are now, we are best served when we recognize the value of those experiences while not using them as a gauge to determine our value right now. We work on goals by helping to unpack where you feel constrained. Sometimes we begin with a larger goal that we work on "right sizing" to a more concentrated size. Often, we will begin working on one goal and realize other goals may need to be addressed first. All of this is done in collaboration.
Hello there! My name is Dr. Shanda Reynolds, LMHC. I work with brave individuals, throughout the age span, who are ready to live in the present moment. While our past builds us up to who we are now, we are best served when we recognize the value of those experiences while not using them as a gauge to determine our value right now. We work on goals by helping to unpack where you feel constrained. Sometimes we begin with a larger goal that we work on "right sizing" to a more concentrated size. Often, we will begin working on one goal and realize other goals may need to be addressed first. All of this is done in collaboration.
(857) 240-9052 View (857) 240-9052
Photo of Courtney Supple, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Courtney Supple
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
1 Endorsed
South End, Springfield, MA 01105
Not accepting new clients
I work with young adults to people in their mid-40s who feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of how to move forward. You might be carrying the weight of things that happened long ago—especially in childhood—that still shape how you see yourself and your relationships today. Maybe you use substances, food, spending, sex, or work to cope, and you're tired of the cycle. Maybe you feel like something’s wrong with you—like you’re too much, not enough, or somehow broken. In therapy, we’ll explore where those beliefs and patterns came from, and why they made sense at the time.
I work with young adults to people in their mid-40s who feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of how to move forward. You might be carrying the weight of things that happened long ago—especially in childhood—that still shape how you see yourself and your relationships today. Maybe you use substances, food, spending, sex, or work to cope, and you're tired of the cycle. Maybe you feel like something’s wrong with you—like you’re too much, not enough, or somehow broken. In therapy, we’ll explore where those beliefs and patterns came from, and why they made sense at the time.
(413) 287-8226 View (413) 287-8226
Photo of Jennifer Watkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Jennifer Watkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you struggling with a life change? Are you feeling stuck, are you experiencing sadness, worry, stress, low self-esteem, or lack of confidence? Do you want to understand yourself better? Are you a young adult, entering a new world of responsibilities? Therapy can help! Starting therapy can feel strange... You're sharing very personal things with a stranger which can be scary and intimidating. I believe that a trusting rapport is most important in a therapeutic relationship and will always spend the time needed to help you to feel comfortable, regardless of how long it takes.
Are you struggling with a life change? Are you feeling stuck, are you experiencing sadness, worry, stress, low self-esteem, or lack of confidence? Do you want to understand yourself better? Are you a young adult, entering a new world of responsibilities? Therapy can help! Starting therapy can feel strange... You're sharing very personal things with a stranger which can be scary and intimidating. I believe that a trusting rapport is most important in a therapeutic relationship and will always spend the time needed to help you to feel comfortable, regardless of how long it takes.
(413) 393-6058 View (413) 393-6058
Photo of Doug Maesk - Wicked Smart Counseling, Counselor, LMHC
Wicked Smart Counseling
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, addictions, or other challenges that friends just can’t fix? I’m Doug Maesk, a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who’s been through the ups and downs of New England life for 30 years, so I get it. Whether you’re looking to break free from addictions or working through emotional pain, I’m here to help. As they say, 'You can take the boy out of New England, but you can’t take New England out of the boy!' Let’s work together to get you feeling better.
Struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, addictions, or other challenges that friends just can’t fix? I’m Doug Maesk, a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who’s been through the ups and downs of New England life for 30 years, so I get it. Whether you’re looking to break free from addictions or working through emotional pain, I’m here to help. As they say, 'You can take the boy out of New England, but you can’t take New England out of the boy!' Let’s work together to get you feeling better.
(617) 829-9928 View (617) 829-9928
Photo of Jayson M Brunelle, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, CAGS, LPC
Jayson M Brunelle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, CAGS, LPC
Online Only
Are you a person of faith who has been experiencing significant difficulties in life? Have you found yourself asking, “If God is all-good and all-powerful, why is there so much evil in the world—and in my own life?” Have your emotions begun to feel overwhelming? When the alarm goes off in the AM, do you feel exhausted at the prospect of dragging yourself through yet another meaningless, unfulfilling day? Perhaps you’ve turned to unhealthy substances/behaviors in an effort to escape or numb the pain? Maybe you feel stuck in the past or burdened by fear and uncertainty about the future? If so, you may be longing for a way forward.
Are you a person of faith who has been experiencing significant difficulties in life? Have you found yourself asking, “If God is all-good and all-powerful, why is there so much evil in the world—and in my own life?” Have your emotions begun to feel overwhelming? When the alarm goes off in the AM, do you feel exhausted at the prospect of dragging yourself through yet another meaningless, unfulfilling day? Perhaps you’ve turned to unhealthy substances/behaviors in an effort to escape or numb the pain? Maybe you feel stuck in the past or burdened by fear and uncertainty about the future? If so, you may be longing for a way forward.
(860) 362-2805 View (860) 362-2805
Photo of Molly E Moses, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MTS, LICSW
Molly E Moses
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MTS, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Humans are wacky, beautiful, awesome, creative, remarkable beings. When we have anchors within and outside of ourselves for safety, we can explore possibilities, feel organized and competent, and speak our minds and hearts. There are many forces that can inhibit our vitality. Sometimes, it can be hard to access feelings of curiosity, interest, motivation, connection, or being ourselves. But under the layers of what gets in our way, each of us is already here, already whole.
Humans are wacky, beautiful, awesome, creative, remarkable beings. When we have anchors within and outside of ourselves for safety, we can explore possibilities, feel organized and competent, and speak our minds and hearts. There are many forces that can inhibit our vitality. Sometimes, it can be hard to access feelings of curiosity, interest, motivation, connection, or being ourselves. But under the layers of what gets in our way, each of us is already here, already whole.
(413) 216-6447 View (413) 216-6447
Photo of Amanda Klink, Counselor, LMHC
Amanda Klink
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
You are a unique individual, and no other being across all of space and time has had your particular set of circumstances and experiences. That's why I find it so important to have an individualized, person-centered approach with each client. Whether you are facing a life-altering transition, feeling depressed or anxious, or processing past trauma, together we can choose from a variety of evidence-based techniques to develop the skills you need to improve your daily life.
You are a unique individual, and no other being across all of space and time has had your particular set of circumstances and experiences. That's why I find it so important to have an individualized, person-centered approach with each client. Whether you are facing a life-altering transition, feeling depressed or anxious, or processing past trauma, together we can choose from a variety of evidence-based techniques to develop the skills you need to improve your daily life.
(413) 225-8925 View (413) 225-8925
Photo of Mark Belluardo-Crosby, Counselor, LMHC
Mark Belluardo-Crosby
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
My approach is based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that takes client goals and utilizes techniques to accomplish the desired objectives. It is a collaborative, reality-based method informed by mindfulness and life-coaching strategies. This is a holistic approach and can last for 12 sessions or longer based on client’s choice. I encourage and assign homework between sessions and am always open to new ideas that will assist in your growth. Together, we work with treatments and tools that equip you to cope with the daily living of life.
My approach is based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that takes client goals and utilizes techniques to accomplish the desired objectives. It is a collaborative, reality-based method informed by mindfulness and life-coaching strategies. This is a holistic approach and can last for 12 sessions or longer based on client’s choice. I encourage and assign homework between sessions and am always open to new ideas that will assist in your growth. Together, we work with treatments and tools that equip you to cope with the daily living of life.
(978) 999-1656 View (978) 999-1656
Photo of Jeanette Feliciano Rodriguez, Counselor, LMHC
Jeanette Feliciano Rodriguez
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
¿Te sientes abrumado por el estrés, la ansiedad o los cambios en la vida? ¿Luchas con el trauma o con equilibrar tu salud mental y física? Te ofrezco un enfoque holístico para potenciar tu bienestar. Ya sea que estés manejando ansiedad, depresión, ADHD o desafíos emocionales, mi enfoque combina terapias basadas en evidencia como la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual con estrategias de estilo de vida para mejorar la salud mental. Trabajo con adultos y niños (8 años en adelante), brindando atención personalizada que te ayudará a encontrar equilibrio en tu vida y lograr cambios duraderos.
¿Te sientes abrumado por el estrés, la ansiedad o los cambios en la vida? ¿Luchas con el trauma o con equilibrar tu salud mental y física? Te ofrezco un enfoque holístico para potenciar tu bienestar. Ya sea que estés manejando ansiedad, depresión, ADHD o desafíos emocionales, mi enfoque combina terapias basadas en evidencia como la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual con estrategias de estilo de vida para mejorar la salud mental. Trabajo con adultos y niños (8 años en adelante), brindando atención personalizada que te ayudará a encontrar equilibrio en tu vida y lograr cambios duraderos.
(413) 423-0009 View (413) 423-0009
Photo of Lauren Peretto, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lauren Peretto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am passionate about helping people uncover their strengths and their own personal values. I believe in using a strengths approach in developing our course of treatment together. I use an empowering approach in aiding clients in discovering their next course of action-be it: a career adjustment, a relationship adjustment or just overall life questions or next step questions.
I am passionate about helping people uncover their strengths and their own personal values. I believe in using a strengths approach in developing our course of treatment together. I use an empowering approach in aiding clients in discovering their next course of action-be it: a career adjustment, a relationship adjustment or just overall life questions or next step questions.
(860) 650-4322 View (860) 650-4322
Photo of Irelis Rivera, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Irelis Rivera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Spanish speaking Clinician I help bilingual (Spanish-English) adults and couples find calm, confidence, and connection again. Do you feel emotionally drained from trying to hold everything together—your relationships, work, and sense of self? You don’t have to keep doing it alone. As a compassionate and thoughtful licensed therapist, I specialize in supporting people through anxiety, relationship stress, parent burnout, trauma recovery, and self-esteem challenges. Many of my clients are high-achieving professionals, partners, or parents who’ve been carrying too much for too long.
Spanish speaking Clinician I help bilingual (Spanish-English) adults and couples find calm, confidence, and connection again. Do you feel emotionally drained from trying to hold everything together—your relationships, work, and sense of self? You don’t have to keep doing it alone. As a compassionate and thoughtful licensed therapist, I specialize in supporting people through anxiety, relationship stress, parent burnout, trauma recovery, and self-esteem challenges. Many of my clients are high-achieving professionals, partners, or parents who’ve been carrying too much for too long.
(774) 241-9529 View (774) 241-9529
Photo of Rebekah Doweyko - Bardwell Behavioral, Counselor, LMHC, CEDS-S
Bardwell Behavioral
Counselor, LMHC, CEDS-S
Online Only
Understanding we are all in different "stages of change", we utilize an eclectic approach to guide you through your own process at your own pace. It is absolutely an honor and our passion to treat those who struggle with mental health issues such as Eating Disorders, Substance Use, trauma, depression, anxiety, family conflict, relationship issues and associated disorders. We employ an individualized approach to therapy in order to empower people to change their lives. In the wise words of Maya Angelou, "My mission in life is not merely to survive, but to thrive; and to do so with some passion, some compassion, humor, and style."
Understanding we are all in different "stages of change", we utilize an eclectic approach to guide you through your own process at your own pace. It is absolutely an honor and our passion to treat those who struggle with mental health issues such as Eating Disorders, Substance Use, trauma, depression, anxiety, family conflict, relationship issues and associated disorders. We employ an individualized approach to therapy in order to empower people to change their lives. In the wise words of Maya Angelou, "My mission in life is not merely to survive, but to thrive; and to do so with some passion, some compassion, humor, and style."
(508) 422-4934 View (508) 422-4934

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in South End, Springfield, MA

20+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in South End, Springfield, MA who prioritize treating:

95% Depression
90% Anxiety
80% Trauma and PTSD
80% Self Esteem
65% Relationship Issues
65% Stress
50% Marriage Counseling

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
63% Aetna
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in South End, Springfield, MA see their clients

55% Online Only
45% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

78% Female
22% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in South End, Springfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.