Marriage Counseling Therapists in Spencer, MA

Photo of Mitchell D Gurk, PhD, Psychologist in Spencer, MA
Mitchell D Gurk, PhD
Psychologist, PhD, MFT, BCPC, Diploma
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spencer, MA 01562
In Couples Counseling or Marital Therapy the patient is the relationship.
Treatment is results oriented, which means we work together at the beginning to define the changes that are meaningful to you. In a basic sense, psychotherapy is for thinking about feelings. We are all part of systems, be they family, work or society. The outcome is more freedom to be yourself. All inquiries referrals scheduling by phone: please call 508.885.3861. Repeat your calls (on the hour) to reach me quickest in person. No written messages! No computer inquiries!
In Couples Counseling or Marital Therapy the patient is the relationship.
Treatment is results oriented, which means we work together at the beginning to define the changes that are meaningful to you. In a basic sense, psychotherapy is for thinking about feelings. We are all part of systems, be they family, work or society. The outcome is more freedom to be yourself. All inquiries referrals scheduling by phone: please call 508.885.3861. Repeat your calls (on the hour) to reach me quickest in person. No written messages! No computer inquiries!
(508) 928-5056 View (508) 928-5056
Photo of Aaron A. Hoffman, Counselor in Spencer, MA
Aaron A. Hoffman
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Spencer, MA 01562
I provide comfortable, compenent, confidential counseling. My ideal client is willing to engage in a holistic process which creates an awareness of how their physical, emotional, and spiritual health impacts their well being and their relationships on a daily basis. I strive to help develop a sense of understanding which facilates an experience of acceptance and personal growth. Personal growth where individuals learn how to quiet negativity by cultivating hope and optimism.
I provide comfortable, compenent, confidential counseling. My ideal client is willing to engage in a holistic process which creates an awareness of how their physical, emotional, and spiritual health impacts their well being and their relationships on a daily basis. I strive to help develop a sense of understanding which facilates an experience of acceptance and personal growth. Personal growth where individuals learn how to quiet negativity by cultivating hope and optimism.
(508) 719-8433 View (508) 719-8433
Photo of Paula Courtney LMHC Counseling Services, Counselor in Spencer, MA
Paula Courtney LMHC Counseling Services
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Spencer, MA 01562  (Online Only)
BCBS or self pay only. Morning appointments open only. "We can control our thoughts and emotions or they can control us. There is a world of difference." Therapy is educational and direct with focus on cognitive restructuring and skills building. Clients usually report ease of symptoms in the first few weeks. I'm a graduate of Assumption. I've completed the Aaron Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy known to be the most effective form of treatment today. Longer sessions are also available. Some people respond better to a 2 or 3 hour session.
BCBS or self pay only. Morning appointments open only. "We can control our thoughts and emotions or they can control us. There is a world of difference." Therapy is educational and direct with focus on cognitive restructuring and skills building. Clients usually report ease of symptoms in the first few weeks. I'm a graduate of Assumption. I've completed the Aaron Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy known to be the most effective form of treatment today. Longer sessions are also available. Some people respond better to a 2 or 3 hour session.
(508) 456-6202 View (508) 456-6202
Photo of Connections for Recovery LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spencer, MA
Connections for Recovery LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Spencer, MA 01562
I have over 18 years of experience working in the addiction and mental health field. I am experienced in various roles across the substance use treatment services continuum of care in both micro and macro levels. I am a “big picture” clinician and believe that to effectively manage addiction and mental health it requires the ability to balance the parts needed for that individual to succeed; mind, body, and spirit. Supporting the client in identifying their unique parts to balance based on their individual needs and history is central to my professional philosophy.
I have over 18 years of experience working in the addiction and mental health field. I am experienced in various roles across the substance use treatment services continuum of care in both micro and macro levels. I am a “big picture” clinician and believe that to effectively manage addiction and mental health it requires the ability to balance the parts needed for that individual to succeed; mind, body, and spirit. Supporting the client in identifying their unique parts to balance based on their individual needs and history is central to my professional philosophy.
(774) 371-4120 View (774) 371-4120
Photo of Will Davidson, Counselor in Spencer, MA
Will Davidson
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Spencer, MA 01562  (Online Only)
I offer evidence-based, client centered, treatments delivered with compassion, humor and intelligence. My job satisfaction comes from seeing large changes in my clients over a short period of time. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and include elements of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Art Therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a psychosocial intervention that is the most widely used evidence-based practice for improving mental health. Guided by empirical research, CBT focuses on the development of personal coping strategies that target solving current problems and changing unhelpful patterns in cognitions (e.g. thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes), behaviors, and emotional regulation.
I offer evidence-based, client centered, treatments delivered with compassion, humor and intelligence. My job satisfaction comes from seeing large changes in my clients over a short period of time. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and include elements of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Art Therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a psychosocial intervention that is the most widely used evidence-based practice for improving mental health. Guided by empirical research, CBT focuses on the development of personal coping strategies that target solving current problems and changing unhelpful patterns in cognitions (e.g. thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes), behaviors, and emotional regulation.
(508) 603-0139 View (508) 603-0139
Photo of Leanne M Joeckel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spencer, MA
Leanne M Joeckel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Spencer, MA 01562  (Online Only)
I am a professional, and empathic therapist, who is down to earth and real. I strive to help my clients utilizing the best therapeutic approach for the specific problem brought to me. Whether it is relationship problems, a divorce, anxiety, depression, or another mental health problem, I'm motivated to find a solution with you that meets your goals and needs.
I am a professional, and empathic therapist, who is down to earth and real. I strive to help my clients utilizing the best therapeutic approach for the specific problem brought to me. Whether it is relationship problems, a divorce, anxiety, depression, or another mental health problem, I'm motivated to find a solution with you that meets your goals and needs.
(508) 625-5383 View (508) 625-5383

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Amato Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spencer, MA
Amato Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSCW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Worcester, MA 01609  (Online Only)
I have developed a wide range of modalities that include CBT, DBT, motivational therapy, behavior modification, psycho-education, family and marriage counseling to name a few.
My name is Paul M. Amato. I am a LICSW who has a long history working with, adolescents, adults, couples and their families. Some of my specialties include: depression, anger, all types of anxiety, self-esteem issues, self abuse behaviors, relationships, careers and stressed out parents. Every client is different and the modalities or combination should match the client. I believe that this is your time and we should collaborate together to work what is best fit for you. In addition you can have a therapy dog (Nadine) in session with you.
I have developed a wide range of modalities that include CBT, DBT, motivational therapy, behavior modification, psycho-education, family and marriage counseling to name a few.
My name is Paul M. Amato. I am a LICSW who has a long history working with, adolescents, adults, couples and their families. Some of my specialties include: depression, anger, all types of anxiety, self-esteem issues, self abuse behaviors, relationships, careers and stressed out parents. Every client is different and the modalities or combination should match the client. I believe that this is your time and we should collaborate together to work what is best fit for you. In addition you can have a therapy dog (Nadine) in session with you.
(508) 455-5048 View (508) 455-5048
Photo of Pathways To Wellness Associates, LLC, Counselor in Spencer, MA
Pathways To Wellness Associates, LLC
Counselor, LICSW, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
Auburn, MA 01501
Our specialties and populations include but are not limited to depression, Anxiety, ADHD/ADD, Conduct Disorders, Affective Disorders, Trauma and PTSD, Parenting Issues, Stress Reduction, Anger Management, Adjustment Issues, and Child and Adolescent Development as well as adults, couples and marriage counseling.
Pathways To Wellness Associates, LLC assists high functioning individuals and families to recognize and achieve their full potential in a safe and supportive atmosphere. We provide the highest quality counseling services founded in theory and evidence based practices. Our licensed therapists specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Family Systems Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency (ARC) Framework and Child and Family Therapy.
Our specialties and populations include but are not limited to depression, Anxiety, ADHD/ADD, Conduct Disorders, Affective Disorders, Trauma and PTSD, Parenting Issues, Stress Reduction, Anger Management, Adjustment Issues, and Child and Adolescent Development as well as adults, couples and marriage counseling.
Pathways To Wellness Associates, LLC assists high functioning individuals and families to recognize and achieve their full potential in a safe and supportive atmosphere. We provide the highest quality counseling services founded in theory and evidence based practices. Our licensed therapists specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Family Systems Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency (ARC) Framework and Child and Family Therapy.
(508) 928-3787 View (508) 928-3787
Photo of Olga Yazhbin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spencer, MA
Olga Yazhbin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Worcester, MA 01601  (Online Only)
If you are a person who is constantly reflecting on your own behavior with the goal of self-improvement and are not able to attain meaningful resolution to anxiety, loneliness, lack of satisfaction; if you are someone who is going through reappraisal of values, I might be the right therapist for you. I've been providing psychotherapy in Massachusetts for the past 9 years and I have a strong background in helping people process major life transitions, relationship/marriage difficulties, sexual issues, reduce social/general anxiety, improve emotional intelligence and develop greater understanding of oneself and others.
If you are a person who is constantly reflecting on your own behavior with the goal of self-improvement and are not able to attain meaningful resolution to anxiety, loneliness, lack of satisfaction; if you are someone who is going through reappraisal of values, I might be the right therapist for you. I've been providing psychotherapy in Massachusetts for the past 9 years and I have a strong background in helping people process major life transitions, relationship/marriage difficulties, sexual issues, reduce social/general anxiety, improve emotional intelligence and develop greater understanding of oneself and others.
(413) 269-8633 View (413) 269-8633
Photo of Michael J McManus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spencer, MA
Michael J McManus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Charlton, MA 01507
Current openings with clinicians credentialed with BCBS. The ideal client who I work with therapeutically is motivated and desires change. This client values the therapeutic relationship while also working toward success quickly. This client should be excited, even if a little bit anxious, about gaining valuable insight into themselves and their place in their life. As far as couples/marriage counseling is concerned, couples should be motivated to stay together and not simply stop off at therapy before divorce. Couples should be willing to work hard and look at themselves as individuals as well as a family.
Current openings with clinicians credentialed with BCBS. The ideal client who I work with therapeutically is motivated and desires change. This client values the therapeutic relationship while also working toward success quickly. This client should be excited, even if a little bit anxious, about gaining valuable insight into themselves and their place in their life. As far as couples/marriage counseling is concerned, couples should be motivated to stay together and not simply stop off at therapy before divorce. Couples should be willing to work hard and look at themselves as individuals as well as a family.
(508) 455-3496 View (508) 455-3496
Photo of Richard R Breault, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spencer, MA
Richard R Breault
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Worcester, MA 01609
Throughout my career as a clinical social worker, I have worked with teenagers and families. I love young people: their enthusiasm and their passion for life, even their confusion and their uncertainties. As for the parents of those teenagers, I can only empathize with you. Even experienced clinicians struggle parenting teens when they're your own. And the toll parenting a teenager can take on a marriage: it is undoubtedly why most of the couples I have worked with, sought marriage therapy during the time their children were teenagers or young adults. I understand their pain and want to help relieve it.
Throughout my career as a clinical social worker, I have worked with teenagers and families. I love young people: their enthusiasm and their passion for life, even their confusion and their uncertainties. As for the parents of those teenagers, I can only empathize with you. Even experienced clinicians struggle parenting teens when they're your own. And the toll parenting a teenager can take on a marriage: it is undoubtedly why most of the couples I have worked with, sought marriage therapy during the time their children were teenagers or young adults. I understand their pain and want to help relieve it.
(508) 342-5954 View (508) 342-5954
Photo of John 'Jack' Bonina, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spencer, MA
John 'Jack' Bonina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Worcester, MA 01609
My approach with clients recognizes that most people are looking for tangible help, don't have a lot of time between work and family, and want to feel like they are moving toward a better understanding of solutions to address their difficulties. My work with clients acknowledges these issues. I take a very active role in counseling to explore the options with my clients, provide new knowlege of issues where relevant, and help an individual to reach their potential. Issues related to marital/partner, parenting/child, family,work,school,stress, anxiety, depression, and substance abuse are all areas I work with.
My approach with clients recognizes that most people are looking for tangible help, don't have a lot of time between work and family, and want to feel like they are moving toward a better understanding of solutions to address their difficulties. My work with clients acknowledges these issues. I take a very active role in counseling to explore the options with my clients, provide new knowlege of issues where relevant, and help an individual to reach their potential. Issues related to marital/partner, parenting/child, family,work,school,stress, anxiety, depression, and substance abuse are all areas I work with.
(508) 534-8209 View (508) 534-8209
Photo of Elizabeth A Greene, Counselor in Spencer, MA
Elizabeth A Greene
Counselor, LMHC, MFT, GT, CTGM/DM
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Worcester, MA 01601
Waitlist for new clients
My background is I went to Graduate school and Springfield College with a concentration in Mental health therapy and Marriage and Family therapy.
Hi, I am Elizabeth Greene and I am a Licensed Mental health therapist. Do you want to find someone who you feel really listens to you and who really cares about your goals as much as you do? People who come to me, individuals, couples and families have told me that I put them at ease and they really feel comfortable talking with me. They also have liked that I really try to find out what works for them by trying different things and also see the best way they learn.
My background is I went to Graduate school and Springfield College with a concentration in Mental health therapy and Marriage and Family therapy.
Hi, I am Elizabeth Greene and I am a Licensed Mental health therapist. Do you want to find someone who you feel really listens to you and who really cares about your goals as much as you do? People who come to me, individuals, couples and families have told me that I put them at ease and they really feel comfortable talking with me. They also have liked that I really try to find out what works for them by trying different things and also see the best way they learn.
(508) 556-4405 View (508) 556-4405
Photo of Meghan C. Foucher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spencer, MA
Meghan C. Foucher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Auburn, MA 01501  (Online Only)
I provide marital counseling and therapy for anxiety, stress, & depression.
Are you finding yourselves falling into the same arguments over and over again? Do you attempt to avoid conflict by walking on eggshells, isolating from each other, or not talking about what needs to be addressed until another “blow-up” happens? Even when you both are in the same space, does it feel like you're miles apart? Are you both feeling lonely, frustrated, and really missing each other? I help couples just like you increase connection, intimacy, and directly communicate with each other about what truly matters.
I provide marital counseling and therapy for anxiety, stress, & depression.
Are you finding yourselves falling into the same arguments over and over again? Do you attempt to avoid conflict by walking on eggshells, isolating from each other, or not talking about what needs to be addressed until another “blow-up” happens? Even when you both are in the same space, does it feel like you're miles apart? Are you both feeling lonely, frustrated, and really missing each other? I help couples just like you increase connection, intimacy, and directly communicate with each other about what truly matters.
(774) 458-9807 View (774) 458-9807
Photo of David Jay Weiss, Psychologist in Spencer, MA
David Jay Weiss
Psychologist, PhD, FAACS
Verified Verified
Worcester, MA 01609
You are calling because you want help, relief, and improvement as soon as possible. I have 35 years of experience specializing in individual therapy, marriage/couples counseling, and sex therapy. Using an integrative approach, we will develop a clear articulation of your problem and a clear plan to get more out of life. We will use techniques addressing anxiety, depression, sexual issues, ineffective communication, self-defeating patterns, feelings of hopeless or sadness. You may know what you are feeling, but not the solution. My job is to relieve suffering and enhance your wellbeing and your relationship with others.
You are calling because you want help, relief, and improvement as soon as possible. I have 35 years of experience specializing in individual therapy, marriage/couples counseling, and sex therapy. Using an integrative approach, we will develop a clear articulation of your problem and a clear plan to get more out of life. We will use techniques addressing anxiety, depression, sexual issues, ineffective communication, self-defeating patterns, feelings of hopeless or sadness. You may know what you are feeling, but not the solution. My job is to relieve suffering and enhance your wellbeing and your relationship with others.
(617) 466-9972 View (617) 466-9972
Photo of Irini Cary, Counselor in Spencer, MA
Irini Cary
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Worcester, MA 01610  (Online Only)
Accepts new clients - Imagine… Talking instead of fighting. Feeling appreciated and valued. Trusting again. Seeing a future that’s hopeful and bright. This could be you. I specialize in helping couples and individuals increase intimacy through better communication skills, in order to develop happier, more satisfying interpersonal relations. You may have been struggling with marital issues, anxiety and depression, or family of origin issues for too long. Anxiety, depression, or trauma, prevent us from realizing that we alone hold the key to change. Let me help you work through this.
Accepts new clients - Imagine… Talking instead of fighting. Feeling appreciated and valued. Trusting again. Seeing a future that’s hopeful and bright. This could be you. I specialize in helping couples and individuals increase intimacy through better communication skills, in order to develop happier, more satisfying interpersonal relations. You may have been struggling with marital issues, anxiety and depression, or family of origin issues for too long. Anxiety, depression, or trauma, prevent us from realizing that we alone hold the key to change. Let me help you work through this.
(508) 392-6064 View (508) 392-6064
Photo of Life Matrix NC, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spencer, MA
Life Matrix NC, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Worcester, MA 01602
I work collaboratively with individuals, couples and groups dealing with a wide range of issues including trauma, ptsd, depression, anxiety, addiction, military/family life issues, relational issues (premarital/marital) and more.
Navigating life's transitions can be challenging at times. During those times, when you are living in overwhelm and wondering about which decision is best for you in that moment, who do you rely on to process that information? Where and who is your support system? Do you know what you need or want in that moment? You need a person and space where safety abounds and judgement does not exist. Let's talk!
I work collaboratively with individuals, couples and groups dealing with a wide range of issues including trauma, ptsd, depression, anxiety, addiction, military/family life issues, relational issues (premarital/marital) and more.
Navigating life's transitions can be challenging at times. During those times, when you are living in overwhelm and wondering about which decision is best for you in that moment, who do you rely on to process that information? Where and who is your support system? Do you know what you need or want in that moment? You need a person and space where safety abounds and judgement does not exist. Let's talk!
(910) 356-9441 View (910) 356-9441
Photo of Lauren Drean, Marriage & Family Therapist in Spencer, MA
Lauren Drean
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Worcester, MA 01608  (Online Only)
I am a dedicated Marriage and Family Therapist with 15+ years' experience, offering a unique blend of therapies including EFT, sex therapy, and am IFS informed. I specialize in helping individuals, couples, and families move from feeling stuck to healing and growth, covering areas like relationships, communication, anxiety, boundaries, and more. My approach is rooted in compassion, education, and laughter and my goal is to guide clients to discover their paths to healing and progress. I hold a Master's degree from BYU and am licensed in MA and MN. I'm looking forward to working with you!
I am a dedicated Marriage and Family Therapist with 15+ years' experience, offering a unique blend of therapies including EFT, sex therapy, and am IFS informed. I specialize in helping individuals, couples, and families move from feeling stuck to healing and growth, covering areas like relationships, communication, anxiety, boundaries, and more. My approach is rooted in compassion, education, and laughter and my goal is to guide clients to discover their paths to healing and progress. I hold a Master's degree from BYU and am licensed in MA and MN. I'm looking forward to working with you!
(617) 996-7463 View (617) 996-7463
Photo of I.C. Solutions LLC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Spencer, MA
I.C. Solutions LLC
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, MFT, LADC-1
Verified Verified
Worcester, MA 01610
I am a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor, as well as a Marriage and Family Therapist.
Are you struggling to navigate through life challenges? Are you feeling misunderstood by family or friends? Do you engage in destructive behaviors? Do you lack interest in formerly enjoyed activities? Regardless of the circumstance, I. C. Solutions will support you in overcoming your problems.
I am a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor, as well as a Marriage and Family Therapist.
Are you struggling to navigate through life challenges? Are you feeling misunderstood by family or friends? Do you engage in destructive behaviors? Do you lack interest in formerly enjoyed activities? Regardless of the circumstance, I. C. Solutions will support you in overcoming your problems.
(774) 344-3547 View (774) 344-3547
Photo of Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops in Spencer, MA
Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops
PsyD, MSW, Life, Coach
Verified Verified
Worcester, MA 01609
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 4 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 4 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
(339) 330-3509 View (339) 330-3509

See more therapy options for Spencer

Marriage Counseling Therapists

How does marriage counseling work?

Marriage counseling works by teaching couples concrete skills to communicate with one another and solve disagreements in healthy ways. A trained mental health professional works with both members of a couple to explore difficulties the couple may be having and helps them develop skills to address these matters. Couples who don’t have any difficulties but want to prepare for marriage may develop skills for the future.

How long does marriage counseling typically last?

Marriage counseling is a short-term form of therapy; the process may last between four and eight sessions. Other forms of relationship guidance from mental health professionals, such as couples therapy, are longer lasting, may focus on the past rather than just the present, and are tailored to the individual couple and their emotions, history, and patterns in the relationship. Couples therapy often lasts for 12 weeks or longer.

Is marriage counseling effective?

Marriage counseling helps many couples develop relationship skills that may not have been acquired or tested in a relationship; partners may be better able to communicate and address conflict following counseling. However, there are many different forms of marriage counseling, and this form of counseling does not have as strong an evidence base as other modalities such as couples therapy.

Is marriage counseling effective if only one partner wants to go?

Yes, marriage counseling can still be effective if one partner convinces the other to engage in the process. Of course, whether counseling is effective depends on the couple’s commitment to work on their relationship; however, the short-term, skills-based nature of marriage counseling makes it a relatively easy “ask” of a partner, and the hesitant individual may see its value once counseling begins.