Therapists in Provincetown, MA

Photo of Michael A DuBour, Counselor, MA , LADC I, LMHC
Michael A DuBour
Counselor, MA , LADC I, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Provincetown, MA 02657
If you are feeling depressed and/or anxious due to changes or loss in your life, working on acceptance and navigating a new beginning can be daunting. I work with Cognitive Behavioral, Solution Focused and Reality approaches that help you work through challenging times. If you are struggling with substance abuse or behavioral addiction, we can work to help you identify an effective program of recovery. If you are feeling depressed, experiencing high levels of anxiety, have issues with your romantic relationship, then please contact me and let's set out on a journey of discovery and healing.
If you are feeling depressed and/or anxious due to changes or loss in your life, working on acceptance and navigating a new beginning can be daunting. I work with Cognitive Behavioral, Solution Focused and Reality approaches that help you work through challenging times. If you are struggling with substance abuse or behavioral addiction, we can work to help you identify an effective program of recovery. If you are feeling depressed, experiencing high levels of anxiety, have issues with your romantic relationship, then please contact me and let's set out on a journey of discovery and healing.
(774) 316-7030 View (774) 316-7030
Photo of Brian Renard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Brian Renard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Provincetown, MA 02657
Not accepting new clients
If you have low self -esteem, social anxiety or feel held back or unable to shake negative beliefs you have about yourself, this is very likely due to abuse, neglect, or humiliations you endured, often over the course of years. If you are tired of this interfering with your life and would like to build self-confidence, if you would like to feel comfortable in your own skin and work toward reaching your potential, I believe I can help. I can't make promises, but because I have seen many clients succeed, I believe, wholeheartedly, we could make this happen for you.
If you have low self -esteem, social anxiety or feel held back or unable to shake negative beliefs you have about yourself, this is very likely due to abuse, neglect, or humiliations you endured, often over the course of years. If you are tired of this interfering with your life and would like to build self-confidence, if you would like to feel comfortable in your own skin and work toward reaching your potential, I believe I can help. I can't make promises, but because I have seen many clients succeed, I believe, wholeheartedly, we could make this happen for you.
(508) 591-3068 View (508) 591-3068
Photo of Jonathan S Runge, Psychologist, PsyD
Jonathan S Runge
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Provincetown, MA 02657
Waitlist for new clients
As an Anxiety Specialist, I help patients navigate today's increasing chaotic and threatening world. My primary treatment is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), the most empirically-supported treatment for anxiety-related disorders and depression. I also incorporate elements of Mindfulness, Problem-Solving, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Gottman Method Couples Therapy. In addition, I have been trained in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) by the EMDR Institute. My goal is to help you feel more hopeful, be happier, and have agency with your life.
As an Anxiety Specialist, I help patients navigate today's increasing chaotic and threatening world. My primary treatment is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), the most empirically-supported treatment for anxiety-related disorders and depression. I also incorporate elements of Mindfulness, Problem-Solving, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Gottman Method Couples Therapy. In addition, I have been trained in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) by the EMDR Institute. My goal is to help you feel more hopeful, be happier, and have agency with your life.
(617) 945-8028 View (617) 945-8028
Photo of Chelsea Crowe, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Chelsea Crowe
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Provincetown, MA 02657
I have many years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults struggling with mental illness and intellectual disabilities, as well as with their family members. I have worked closely with clients facing a variety of challenges including but not limited to anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, addiction, obsessive compulsive disorder, personality disorders, and trauma. I also have experience working with the Prader-Willi population.
I have many years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults struggling with mental illness and intellectual disabilities, as well as with their family members. I have worked closely with clients facing a variety of challenges including but not limited to anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, addiction, obsessive compulsive disorder, personality disorders, and trauma. I also have experience working with the Prader-Willi population.
(508) 500-9130 View (508) 500-9130
Photo of Donna Susan Flax, Counselor, LMHC
Donna Susan Flax
Counselor, LMHC
Provincetown, MA 02657
Not accepting new clients
I am not taking new clients at this time. If you are having difficulty coping with life challenges or feeling stuck in beliefs or behavior patterns that no longer serve you, I believe therapy can help. As a therapist, I offer support and a safe and confidential space in which you can express, explore, and process feelings, develop new coping skills, and create a more satisfying and compassionate relationship with yourself. I look forward to joining with you and helping you manifest more of what you want in your life.
I am not taking new clients at this time. If you are having difficulty coping with life challenges or feeling stuck in beliefs or behavior patterns that no longer serve you, I believe therapy can help. As a therapist, I offer support and a safe and confidential space in which you can express, explore, and process feelings, develop new coping skills, and create a more satisfying and compassionate relationship with yourself. I look forward to joining with you and helping you manifest more of what you want in your life.
(508) 283-4564 View (508) 283-4564
Photo of Kevin Bourgeois, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Kevin Bourgeois
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Provincetown, MA 02657
I have 30 years experience as a clinical social worker. I primarily work with clients who experience depression, anxiety, abuse, trauma, and PTSD
I have 30 years experience as a clinical social worker. I primarily work with clients who experience depression, anxiety, abuse, trauma, and PTSD
(508) 978-3784 View (508) 978-3784
Photo of Kaylee D Murphy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Kaylee D Murphy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
Are you going through a stressful time right now? I can help. Hello, My name is Kaylee Murphy and I help people who are going through challenging times in their lives. What I love about the work I do is that although I initially see people at a low point, as we work together they find the courage, skills, and resilience that transforms their pain and ultimately their situation. It is an honor to be a part of their journey.
Are you going through a stressful time right now? I can help. Hello, My name is Kaylee Murphy and I help people who are going through challenging times in their lives. What I love about the work I do is that although I initially see people at a low point, as we work together they find the courage, skills, and resilience that transforms their pain and ultimately their situation. It is an honor to be a part of their journey.
(617) 539-7357 View (617) 539-7357
Photo of Princess Alston - Princess Alston , Counselor, LMHC, CADC
Princess Alston
Counselor, LMHC, CADC
Provincetown, MA 02657
Hi there! My name is Princess Alston, and I am the founder and primary facilitator of Cultivated Core. We specialize in providing therapy and mental performance coaching services to help you achieve holistic wellness and peak performance in your personal life, career, sports, and academics. Our team prioritizes cultural responsiveness and assists clients in overcoming challenges related to self-confidence, decision-making, time management, and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and stress management.
Hi there! My name is Princess Alston, and I am the founder and primary facilitator of Cultivated Core. We specialize in providing therapy and mental performance coaching services to help you achieve holistic wellness and peak performance in your personal life, career, sports, and academics. Our team prioritizes cultural responsiveness and assists clients in overcoming challenges related to self-confidence, decision-making, time management, and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and stress management.
(351) 777-2150 View (351) 777-2150
Photo of Leon Setton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Leon Setton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Provincetown, MA 02657
I utilize an eclectic, psychodynamic approach that is tailored to your individual needs. I work with a wide range of people facing a diversity of challenges. I have specific experience with issues related to anxiety, depression, substance misuse, trauma, sexual compulsions, romantic relationships, spirituality & religion, substance misuse, and LGBTQ identities. I welcome the opportunity to talk and be a part of your process of growth and development. Feel free to contact me for more information or an initial consultation.
I utilize an eclectic, psychodynamic approach that is tailored to your individual needs. I work with a wide range of people facing a diversity of challenges. I have specific experience with issues related to anxiety, depression, substance misuse, trauma, sexual compulsions, romantic relationships, spirituality & religion, substance misuse, and LGBTQ identities. I welcome the opportunity to talk and be a part of your process of growth and development. Feel free to contact me for more information or an initial consultation.
(917) 708-8925 View (917) 708-8925
Photo of Michele O'Mara, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD, IMAGO
Michele O'Mara
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD, IMAGO
2 Endorsed
Online Only
If you’re in a lesbian relationship and you love your partner but feel stuck in painful communication patterns, you’re not alone. You may find that conversations escalate faster than you expect, or shut down just as you’re trying to be honest. The same issues come up again and again, and even though you’ve done personal growth work or tried therapy, things still don’t change in real life. On the outside, your relationship may look solid. On the inside, you may feel disconnected, misunderstood, or emotionally alone. You don’t need to be told to “communicate better” or try harder. You need a way to stay grounded when emotions rise, t
If you’re in a lesbian relationship and you love your partner but feel stuck in painful communication patterns, you’re not alone. You may find that conversations escalate faster than you expect, or shut down just as you’re trying to be honest. The same issues come up again and again, and even though you’ve done personal growth work or tried therapy, things still don’t change in real life. On the outside, your relationship may look solid. On the inside, you may feel disconnected, misunderstood, or emotionally alone. You don’t need to be told to “communicate better” or try harder. You need a way to stay grounded when emotions rise, t
(317) 207-2795 View (317) 207-2795
Photo of Colleen Mee, Counselor, LMHC
Colleen Mee
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I’ve spent the past sixteen years working in a variety of mental health settings, and today I bring that experience into a private practice that’s grounded, flexible, and deeply human. I work with individuals, couples, and teens. My approach is collaborative and compassionate. I draw from a mix of therapeutic methods and tailor each session to fit your unique needs and goals. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, relationship stress, past trauma, or big life transitions, we'll work together to move toward more clarity and resilience.
I’ve spent the past sixteen years working in a variety of mental health settings, and today I bring that experience into a private practice that’s grounded, flexible, and deeply human. I work with individuals, couples, and teens. My approach is collaborative and compassionate. I draw from a mix of therapeutic methods and tailor each session to fit your unique needs and goals. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, relationship stress, past trauma, or big life transitions, we'll work together to move toward more clarity and resilience.
(617) 751-1875 View (617) 751-1875
Photo of Mary Catherine O'Connor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Mary Catherine O'Connor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Do you feel nervous or anxious? Does your mind feel like a hamster wheel that never stops? If so, you are not alone, and I’m here to help. I specialize in attachment, anxiety, and mood disorders. I find that root causes of these challenges often stem from childhood attachment wounds, or relationally based trauma. Sometimes this looks like emotionally absent or narcissistic parents, or a parent who struggled with their mental health. Since mood disorders can be hereditary, I am careful to differentiate diagnosable mental health conditions from common trauma responses. My goal is to help you find relief and embrace your authenticity.
Do you feel nervous or anxious? Does your mind feel like a hamster wheel that never stops? If so, you are not alone, and I’m here to help. I specialize in attachment, anxiety, and mood disorders. I find that root causes of these challenges often stem from childhood attachment wounds, or relationally based trauma. Sometimes this looks like emotionally absent or narcissistic parents, or a parent who struggled with their mental health. Since mood disorders can be hereditary, I am careful to differentiate diagnosable mental health conditions from common trauma responses. My goal is to help you find relief and embrace your authenticity.
(508) 501-9465 View (508) 501-9465
Photo of Dillon Lutes, Counselor, LMHC
Dillon Lutes
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Whether facing in-the-moment or long term concerns, therapy provides a unique and professional third-party perspective. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and PTSD, and I am a proud queer therapist with a deep commitment to supporting LGBTQIA+ clients through both internal struggles and the very real weight of societal pressures. I have worked across a range of settings, including health promotion, Mass General Brigham, and group practice. I draw from an eclectic blend of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, and Feminist Therapy—tailoring my approach to what fits you.
Whether facing in-the-moment or long term concerns, therapy provides a unique and professional third-party perspective. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and PTSD, and I am a proud queer therapist with a deep commitment to supporting LGBTQIA+ clients through both internal struggles and the very real weight of societal pressures. I have worked across a range of settings, including health promotion, Mass General Brigham, and group practice. I draw from an eclectic blend of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, and Feminist Therapy—tailoring my approach to what fits you.
(617) 841-3827 View (617) 841-3827
Photo of Finn Phoenix, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Finn Phoenix
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Online Only
My focus is in working with clients who live in some way that is outside of a typical societal expectation or norm. My style is rooted in the idea of collective liberation, and my clients are most often fellow queer people, conscientious parents and caregivers, those living with chronic illness, survivors of relational and systemic trauma; those with body types, cultural identities, family or relationship structures that are non-normative.
My focus is in working with clients who live in some way that is outside of a typical societal expectation or norm. My style is rooted in the idea of collective liberation, and my clients are most often fellow queer people, conscientious parents and caregivers, those living with chronic illness, survivors of relational and systemic trauma; those with body types, cultural identities, family or relationship structures that are non-normative.
(413) 296-8824 View (413) 296-8824
Photo of Sarah Carr, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Sarah Carr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I’m honored to support you on your mental health journey. My approach is grounded, collaborative, and strengths-based, with a focus on helping you access insight, healing, and meaningful growth. I am formally trained in Internal Family Systems therapy and tailor it to meet your unique needs and goals. Together, we will explore and heal the different parts of yourself that may be experiencing or contributing to challenges in your life. We do this by accessing your inner wisdom, peace, and self-compassion so you can move toward lasting, positive change.
I’m honored to support you on your mental health journey. My approach is grounded, collaborative, and strengths-based, with a focus on helping you access insight, healing, and meaningful growth. I am formally trained in Internal Family Systems therapy and tailor it to meet your unique needs and goals. Together, we will explore and heal the different parts of yourself that may be experiencing or contributing to challenges in your life. We do this by accessing your inner wisdom, peace, and self-compassion so you can move toward lasting, positive change.
(508) 761-1405 View (508) 761-1405
Photo of Tessandra de Alberdi, Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, LADC
Tessandra de Alberdi
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, LADC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
(CURRENTLY NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS) I seek clients who are motivated to make positive changes in their lives and are ready to gain insights into their thoughts and behaviors. It's brave work but I'm here to help you with your transformation. Clinical work involves seeing each client's hidden strengths and building on them to tackle current issues such as self-esteem, anxiety and depression, relationship conflicts, recovery from substances, and trauma.
(CURRENTLY NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS) I seek clients who are motivated to make positive changes in their lives and are ready to gain insights into their thoughts and behaviors. It's brave work but I'm here to help you with your transformation. Clinical work involves seeing each client's hidden strengths and building on them to tackle current issues such as self-esteem, anxiety and depression, relationship conflicts, recovery from substances, and trauma.
(508) 680-0066 View (508) 680-0066
Photo of Ieva Gates - Dr. Ieva Gates, PhD, Certified Sex Therapist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, CST
Dr. Ieva Gates, PhD, Certified Sex Therapist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, CST
Online Only
When intimacy feels confusing, pressured, or no longer works the way it used to, it can quietly affect your confidence, your relationship, and how you feel about yourself. Erectile dysfunction, low desire, desire discrepancies, infertility-related stress, painful sex, or ongoing sexual concerns can create distance, frustration, and uncertainty. Therapy offers a space to understand what’s happening and begin rebuilding connection in a way that feels natural, grounded, and meaningful.
When intimacy feels confusing, pressured, or no longer works the way it used to, it can quietly affect your confidence, your relationship, and how you feel about yourself. Erectile dysfunction, low desire, desire discrepancies, infertility-related stress, painful sex, or ongoing sexual concerns can create distance, frustration, and uncertainty. Therapy offers a space to understand what’s happening and begin rebuilding connection in a way that feels natural, grounded, and meaningful.
(508) 321-5666 View (508) 321-5666
Photo of Dr. Jimmy G Bridges, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, CFLE
Dr. Jimmy G Bridges
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, CFLE
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello folks! I'm Jimmy. I'm a gender-queer polyamorous therapist. I work with couples, queer identified folks, and clients in alternative relationship structures (check out the website for more on my specialties). All services are telehealth. I only accept out-of-pocket payment and I do not take insurance. I also provide supplemental contract supervision for clinicians working towards their LMFT or LMHC in Massachusetts, with a focus on couples and non-monogamy relational therapy. Reach out for a consultation.
Hello folks! I'm Jimmy. I'm a gender-queer polyamorous therapist. I work with couples, queer identified folks, and clients in alternative relationship structures (check out the website for more on my specialties). All services are telehealth. I only accept out-of-pocket payment and I do not take insurance. I also provide supplemental contract supervision for clinicians working towards their LMFT or LMHC in Massachusetts, with a focus on couples and non-monogamy relational therapy. Reach out for a consultation.
(413) 729-3176 View (413) 729-3176
Photo of Wendy S Gannett, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, SEP
Wendy S Gannett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, SEP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You can't understand why with all the therapy you have done, you still don't feel substantially better. Sometimes you think it's analogous to knowing all about the parts of a bike and how it works, but you are still unable to actually ride the bike. You know all about your depression, anxiety or trauma - but you don't feel better. I also am an approved assistant teacher and session provider through Somatic Experiencing International.
You can't understand why with all the therapy you have done, you still don't feel substantially better. Sometimes you think it's analogous to knowing all about the parts of a bike and how it works, but you are still unable to actually ride the bike. You know all about your depression, anxiety or trauma - but you don't feel better. I also am an approved assistant teacher and session provider through Somatic Experiencing International.
(413) 486-5594 View (413) 486-5594
Photo of Alicia Bolognese, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Alicia Bolognese
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am available for counseling adult individuals (located in the states of Massachusetts and Maine) experiencing a wide range of issues. I offer a supportive, strengths-based, person-centered approach and always with non-judgment. An ideal client working with me will be ready for change and can approach treatment with an honest and open dialogue. I have a substantial history working with individuals in a mental health and/or substance use crisis. I bring this experience with the ability to help my clients face their most challenging issues, ranging from trauma, addiction, depression, relationship issues, or high stress and anxiety.
I am available for counseling adult individuals (located in the states of Massachusetts and Maine) experiencing a wide range of issues. I offer a supportive, strengths-based, person-centered approach and always with non-judgment. An ideal client working with me will be ready for change and can approach treatment with an honest and open dialogue. I have a substantial history working with individuals in a mental health and/or substance use crisis. I bring this experience with the ability to help my clients face their most challenging issues, ranging from trauma, addiction, depression, relationship issues, or high stress and anxiety.
(978) 219-4118 View (978) 219-4118

See more therapy options for Provincetown

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Provincetown, MA

30+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Provincetown, MA who prioritize treating:

86% Anxiety
80% Depression
71% Trauma and PTSD
71% Self Esteem
66% Relationship Issues
66% Stress
54% Grief

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% Harvard Pilgrim
50% Aetna

How Therapists in Provincetown, MA see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

55% Female
27% Male
18% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Provincetown?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.