Therapists in Norfolk County, MA

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Photo of Julia Costa, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Julia Costa
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Norwood, MA 02062
Are you seeking support to navigate life's challenges? Julia is a compassionate and skilled therapist dedicated to helping clients find balance and empowerment. Julia holds a Master’s Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Boston College and brings extensive experience in addressing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and substance use across all stages of life.
Are you seeking support to navigate life's challenges? Julia is a compassionate and skilled therapist dedicated to helping clients find balance and empowerment. Julia holds a Master’s Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Boston College and brings extensive experience in addressing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and substance use across all stages of life.
(978) 999-2165 View (978) 999-2165
Photo of Michelle Marie Gaudet - Purposeful Connections, LLC , MEd, LABA
Purposeful Connections, LLC
Verified Verified
Medfield, MA 02052
My name is Michelle, and I have over 30 years experience in teaching, counseling, and behavior analysis. I am also a mom of two grown boys. I have "walked the walk" in raising my oldest son (now 23) with learning, behavioral, and social challenges. My passion is working with families who are struggling with challenging behaviors at home with their child, teen, or young adult. I have heard from many parents that their child "runs the show" at home. I offer in-home observations and then write a behavioral report with feedback and recommendations for parents. Ongoing parent coaching is also available.
My name is Michelle, and I have over 30 years experience in teaching, counseling, and behavior analysis. I am also a mom of two grown boys. I have "walked the walk" in raising my oldest son (now 23) with learning, behavioral, and social challenges. My passion is working with families who are struggling with challenging behaviors at home with their child, teen, or young adult. I have heard from many parents that their child "runs the show" at home. I offer in-home observations and then write a behavioral report with feedback and recommendations for parents. Ongoing parent coaching is also available.
(508) 403-9896 View (508) 403-9896
Photo of Caroline Verilli, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Caroline Verilli
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
1 Endorsed
Braintree, MA 02184
I have extensive experience supporting children, adolescents, adults and families. I specialize in navigating trauma, anxiety and life transitions. I have prior clinical experience providing outpatient, school-based, and family therapy with youth and caregivers and providing parenting skills training. My approach is warm, client-centered, and trauma-informed, integrating play, attachment-based, person-centered, and somatic therapies. Common modalities I utilize in sessions are Narrative Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT) and Play Therapy. I am also an EMDR therapist in training.
I have extensive experience supporting children, adolescents, adults and families. I specialize in navigating trauma, anxiety and life transitions. I have prior clinical experience providing outpatient, school-based, and family therapy with youth and caregivers and providing parenting skills training. My approach is warm, client-centered, and trauma-informed, integrating play, attachment-based, person-centered, and somatic therapies. Common modalities I utilize in sessions are Narrative Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT) and Play Therapy. I am also an EMDR therapist in training.
(781) 990-5310 View (781) 990-5310
Photo of Alyssa Whitehouse, Counselor, LMHC
Alyssa Whitehouse
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If you're looking to make positive changes in your life, counseling can be just the place to start. My passion as a therapist is supporting women on their journey of personal growth, as they begin to change what no longer works for them and believe in their self worth. Whether it's coping with challenging life transitions, relationship difficulties, or healing from past traumas, we can work together to implement change and find happiness. I aim to create a space where you feel understood and at ease. As a PMH-C, I especially enjoy working with women preparing for and adjusting to motherhood.
If you're looking to make positive changes in your life, counseling can be just the place to start. My passion as a therapist is supporting women on their journey of personal growth, as they begin to change what no longer works for them and believe in their self worth. Whether it's coping with challenging life transitions, relationship difficulties, or healing from past traumas, we can work together to implement change and find happiness. I aim to create a space where you feel understood and at ease. As a PMH-C, I especially enjoy working with women preparing for and adjusting to motherhood.
(508) 556-6567 View (508) 556-6567
Photo of Wendy Caplan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Wendy Caplan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Brookline, MA 02446
Not accepting new clients
Therapy can re-establish your direction in life and restore your hope. What is not working for you? Do you feel stuck between thoughts and feelings that contradict one another? I have years in clinical practice supporting people to better understand their life experiences and the feelings holding them back. I make it comfortable to talk about sensitive topics, like sexuality and difficult relationship problems. As we find recurring themes and self-defeating patterns, you will discover ways to overcome sadness, fear and other emotional obstacles. Problems, once confronted, lead to insights and new found strength, self- acceptance and freedom.
Therapy can re-establish your direction in life and restore your hope. What is not working for you? Do you feel stuck between thoughts and feelings that contradict one another? I have years in clinical practice supporting people to better understand their life experiences and the feelings holding them back. I make it comfortable to talk about sensitive topics, like sexuality and difficult relationship problems. As we find recurring themes and self-defeating patterns, you will discover ways to overcome sadness, fear and other emotional obstacles. Problems, once confronted, lead to insights and new found strength, self- acceptance and freedom.
(617) 340-6218 View (617) 340-6218
Photo of Sarah Tishman, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sarah Tishman
Pre-Licensed Professional
Online Only
I work with teens, young adults, and adults navigating Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), trauma and PTSD (including complex trauma), Anxiety, Depression, and Attachment-related challenges. Many of my clients come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, misunderstood, or exhausted from trying to hold everything together and are looking for a space where they can finally feel seen, supported, and understood. If you feel emotions deeply, struggle in relationships, or find yourself stuck in patterns you can’t seem to break - you’re not alone, and nothing about you is “too much.”
I work with teens, young adults, and adults navigating Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), trauma and PTSD (including complex trauma), Anxiety, Depression, and Attachment-related challenges. Many of my clients come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, misunderstood, or exhausted from trying to hold everything together and are looking for a space where they can finally feel seen, supported, and understood. If you feel emotions deeply, struggle in relationships, or find yourself stuck in patterns you can’t seem to break - you’re not alone, and nothing about you is “too much.”
(781) 232-3227 View (781) 232-3227
Photo of Jeffrey Gore, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Jeffrey Gore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
Throughout my career, I've had the privilege of assisting countless individuals and families in navigating life's transitions and challenges. Whether it's providing therapy for young adults struggling with anxiety and depression, helping children manage symptoms of ADHD, facilitating support groups for survivors of trauma, or advocating for children's rights within the foster care system, I am dedicated to delivering comprehensive care tailored to each client's unique needs.
Throughout my career, I've had the privilege of assisting countless individuals and families in navigating life's transitions and challenges. Whether it's providing therapy for young adults struggling with anxiety and depression, helping children manage symptoms of ADHD, facilitating support groups for survivors of trauma, or advocating for children's rights within the foster care system, I am dedicated to delivering comprehensive care tailored to each client's unique needs.
(339) 216-6111 View (339) 216-6111
Photo of Ariana Mufson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CST
Ariana Mufson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CST
Online Only
I provide psychotherapy for adults (individuals and couples), with a focus on anxiety, sexual health and women’s mental health. I am a certified sex therapist through the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists. I have trained in behavioral therapies (CBT & DBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy in various settings, including outpatient, partial, and inpatient. I encourage clients to explore their goals for seeking change and support them in finding the motivation, insight and skills to cope.
I provide psychotherapy for adults (individuals and couples), with a focus on anxiety, sexual health and women’s mental health. I am a certified sex therapist through the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists. I have trained in behavioral therapies (CBT & DBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy in various settings, including outpatient, partial, and inpatient. I encourage clients to explore their goals for seeking change and support them in finding the motivation, insight and skills to cope.
(617) 682-7863 View (617) 682-7863
Photo of Talya L Kagedan, Psychologist, PsyD
Talya L Kagedan
Psychologist, PsyD
Brookline, MA 02446
As a licensed psychologist, I provide comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations and therapy for children and adults. When working with children and families, I partner closely in order to understand your child's functioning in school and your concerns, be they academic, social, emotional, or a combination. I work hard to address your questions and to provide the best possible recommendations for your child's growth and learning. My background in ADHD treatment, executive function skill training, and working in independent schools informs my work.
As a licensed psychologist, I provide comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations and therapy for children and adults. When working with children and families, I partner closely in order to understand your child's functioning in school and your concerns, be they academic, social, emotional, or a combination. I work hard to address your questions and to provide the best possible recommendations for your child's growth and learning. My background in ADHD treatment, executive function skill training, and working in independent schools informs my work.
(781) 650-7970 View (781) 650-7970
Photo of Dr. Hannah Miles, Pre-Licensed Professional
Dr. Hannah Miles
Pre-Licensed Professional
Wellesley, MA 02482
I specialize in providing person-centered, evidence-based psychotherapy from a variety of different methodologies, working with each client to customize therapy to their individual needs. I have worked and trained in many settings including inpatient hospitals, family medicine, community counseling centers and the VA. I value the therapeutic relationship as the heart of all good therapy, and I am committed to partnering with clients to build their life worth living. My style is warm and empathetic, making space for the humor that often accompanies vulnerability and life changes.
I specialize in providing person-centered, evidence-based psychotherapy from a variety of different methodologies, working with each client to customize therapy to their individual needs. I have worked and trained in many settings including inpatient hospitals, family medicine, community counseling centers and the VA. I value the therapeutic relationship as the heart of all good therapy, and I am committed to partnering with clients to build their life worth living. My style is warm and empathetic, making space for the humor that often accompanies vulnerability and life changes.
(774) 352-2982 View (774) 352-2982
Photo of Gabriella (Bergonzi) Carroll, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Gabriella (Bergonzi) Carroll
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
As an LICSW, I provide personalized, compassionate therapy for adults and adolescents (12+). I work with individuals navigating depression, anxiety, OCD, trauma, ADHD, life transitions, infertility, grief, stress, substance use, and relationship concerns. In my work, I draw from attachment-informed perspectives—especially when supporting clients with relationship struggles—to help you understand the patterns shaping your emotional responses and connections. I integrate IFS, CBT, ACT, DBT and other evidence-based approaches to support meaningful, sustainable change across diagnoses.
As an LICSW, I provide personalized, compassionate therapy for adults and adolescents (12+). I work with individuals navigating depression, anxiety, OCD, trauma, ADHD, life transitions, infertility, grief, stress, substance use, and relationship concerns. In my work, I draw from attachment-informed perspectives—especially when supporting clients with relationship struggles—to help you understand the patterns shaping your emotional responses and connections. I integrate IFS, CBT, ACT, DBT and other evidence-based approaches to support meaningful, sustainable change across diagnoses.
(781) 678-7385 View (781) 678-7385
Photo of Melissa Farmer, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Melissa Farmer
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Weymouth, MA 02189
Melissa Farmer, LMHC, (Licensed Mental Health Counselor), received a Bachelors degree in psychology cum laude from Boston University and a Masters degree in clinical mental health counseling with a focus on holistic interventions from Lesley University. Melissa provides individual counseling to older adolescents through adults. Melissa has experience treating a broad range of concerns, including adjustment issues, anxiety, stress, mood disorders, self injurious behaviors, eating disorders/body image concerns, gender identity/gender dysphoria as well as other mental health concerns.
Melissa Farmer, LMHC, (Licensed Mental Health Counselor), received a Bachelors degree in psychology cum laude from Boston University and a Masters degree in clinical mental health counseling with a focus on holistic interventions from Lesley University. Melissa provides individual counseling to older adolescents through adults. Melissa has experience treating a broad range of concerns, including adjustment issues, anxiety, stress, mood disorders, self injurious behaviors, eating disorders/body image concerns, gender identity/gender dysphoria as well as other mental health concerns.
(339) 444-0228 View (339) 444-0228
Photo of Jamie Rishikof - Dr Rishikof & Associates, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr Rishikof & Associates
Psychologist, PsyD
Wellesley, MA 02482
I believe that parents and children both want what is best, although they differ in what that looks like. Both benefit from a new perspective on their actions and motivations so that they can achieve greater understanding and compromise. My particular strength is connecting with someone's experience and perspective. I believe that in moments of pain and suffering we all need to feel that we are not alone and that things can be different. My role as their therapist is to be a companion wherever they take me, while honoring the very real obligations that they answer to.
I believe that parents and children both want what is best, although they differ in what that looks like. Both benefit from a new perspective on their actions and motivations so that they can achieve greater understanding and compromise. My particular strength is connecting with someone's experience and perspective. I believe that in moments of pain and suffering we all need to feel that we are not alone and that things can be different. My role as their therapist is to be a companion wherever they take me, while honoring the very real obligations that they answer to.
(781) 400-3149 View (781) 400-3149
Photo of Miriam Waldheter, Psychologist, PhD
Miriam Waldheter
Psychologist, PhD
Wellesley, MA 02482
You can learn about my practice at my website: www.miriamwaldheterphd.c om. I work in-person and via telehealth (video) psychotherapy, licensed in RI and MA. I offer a collaborative space to address a range of issues, with a particular interest in working with life's transitions. For example, people in family changes: entering long-term commitments, parenthood, divorce, or grief; or professionals launching their careers and students formulating their vocational goals. Additionally, I work with the complex intersection between one’s identity and community, including but not limited to LGBTQIA, faith, and immigration/acculturation.
You can learn about my practice at my website: www.miriamwaldheterphd.c om. I work in-person and via telehealth (video) psychotherapy, licensed in RI and MA. I offer a collaborative space to address a range of issues, with a particular interest in working with life's transitions. For example, people in family changes: entering long-term commitments, parenthood, divorce, or grief; or professionals launching their careers and students formulating their vocational goals. Additionally, I work with the complex intersection between one’s identity and community, including but not limited to LGBTQIA, faith, and immigration/acculturation.
(617) 855-6444 View (617) 855-6444
Photo of Robert Ross, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Robert Ross
Counselor, MA, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446
I work with people from all backgrounds—artists, business professionals, tradespeople, adult children of alcoholics, etc. My specialty is helping you reconnect to your poietic capacity—your deep, natural ability to create, respond, and shape a meaningful life. Whether that means making art, building relationships, starting something new, or living with more intention, our work together is about helping you rediscover what truly matters.
I work with people from all backgrounds—artists, business professionals, tradespeople, adult children of alcoholics, etc. My specialty is helping you reconnect to your poietic capacity—your deep, natural ability to create, respond, and shape a meaningful life. Whether that means making art, building relationships, starting something new, or living with more intention, our work together is about helping you rediscover what truly matters.
(617) 917-3747 View (617) 917-3747
Photo of Maggie O'Brien, Counselor, LMHC
Maggie O'Brien
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting New Clients! Are you feeling disconnected, isolated, overwhelmed, unmotivated or stuck? Or experiencing depression, anxiety, or difficulty getting out of bed? Are you finding it hard to navigate relationships or set the boundaries you want? Are these difficulties impacting your ability to engage with aspects of your life or to make changes? When it feels hard to get through your day, it can feel impossible to make changes or to imagine things getting better. I am here to help!
Accepting New Clients! Are you feeling disconnected, isolated, overwhelmed, unmotivated or stuck? Or experiencing depression, anxiety, or difficulty getting out of bed? Are you finding it hard to navigate relationships or set the boundaries you want? Are these difficulties impacting your ability to engage with aspects of your life or to make changes? When it feels hard to get through your day, it can feel impossible to make changes or to imagine things getting better. I am here to help!
(339) 329-1332 View (339) 329-1332
Photo of Fatima Mufti, Pre-Licensed Professional
Fatima Mufti
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Foxborough, MA 02035
We have immediate availability at our practice, Verge Therapy, for telehealth or in-person appointments before 2pm. Please reach out to get connected with a provider today. I am a master’s level clinician providing in-person and virtual therapy at the Foxboro location. I focus on building trust and creating a safe and non-judgmental space where you are free to be yourself. I strive to make this an experience where you feel seen, heard, and understood.
We have immediate availability at our practice, Verge Therapy, for telehealth or in-person appointments before 2pm. Please reach out to get connected with a provider today. I am a master’s level clinician providing in-person and virtual therapy at the Foxboro location. I focus on building trust and creating a safe and non-judgmental space where you are free to be yourself. I strive to make this an experience where you feel seen, heard, and understood.
(781) 570-3530 View (781) 570-3530
Photo of Liz Stein, Psychologist, PsyD
Liz Stein
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
If you are feeling stressed, overwhelmed, or stuck in your life, therapy can give you the skills and support needed to make positive, lasting changes. As a licensed clinical psychologist, I have expertise in working with couples facing relationship challenges as well as helping individuals overcome anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am also passionate about supporting women navigating the complexities of infertility, pregnancy and postpartum, as well as parenting.
If you are feeling stressed, overwhelmed, or stuck in your life, therapy can give you the skills and support needed to make positive, lasting changes. As a licensed clinical psychologist, I have expertise in working with couples facing relationship challenges as well as helping individuals overcome anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am also passionate about supporting women navigating the complexities of infertility, pregnancy and postpartum, as well as parenting.
(617) 397-4863 View (617) 397-4863
Photo of Ali Palmer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Ali Palmer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Brookline, MA 02445
Ali Palmer is dedicated to providing a warm, safe, and non-judgmental space for clients at LifeStance Health in Massachusetts. With a focus on fostering a strong therapeutic relationship, she helps clients build skills to manage anxiety, depression, and life’s myriad stressors. Ali works with a wide range of ages, from children and adolescents to young adults and adults, ensuring that each individual’s unique needs are met. Ali is particularly passionate about treating anxiety, grief, and depression.
Ali Palmer is dedicated to providing a warm, safe, and non-judgmental space for clients at LifeStance Health in Massachusetts. With a focus on fostering a strong therapeutic relationship, she helps clients build skills to manage anxiety, depression, and life’s myriad stressors. Ali works with a wide range of ages, from children and adolescents to young adults and adults, ensuring that each individual’s unique needs are met. Ali is particularly passionate about treating anxiety, grief, and depression.
(857) 855-9609 View (857) 855-9609
Photo of Dr. Melanie McArdle, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Melanie McArdle
Psychologist, PsyD
2 Endorsed
Norwood, MA 02062
Dr. McArdle is a licensed psychologist/neuropsychologist with McArdle & Associates, PLLC. She conducts neuropsychological/psychological evaluations for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. Psychotherapy is NOT currently available. She assesses numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, including ADHD, learning disabilities, Autism, Traumatic Brain Injury, and movement and memory disorders. She also provides educational testing for school-aged individuals to help address testing accommodation questions related to academic and cognitive difficulties.
Dr. McArdle is a licensed psychologist/neuropsychologist with McArdle & Associates, PLLC. She conducts neuropsychological/psychological evaluations for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. Psychotherapy is NOT currently available. She assesses numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, including ADHD, learning disabilities, Autism, Traumatic Brain Injury, and movement and memory disorders. She also provides educational testing for school-aged individuals to help address testing accommodation questions related to academic and cognitive difficulties.
(781) 332-5039 View (781) 332-5039

See more therapy options for Norfolk County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Norfolk County, MA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Norfolk County, MA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
72% Relationship Issues
71% Self Esteem
65% Trauma and PTSD
65% Stress
57% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Aetna
60% Harvard Pilgrim

How Therapists in Norfolk County, MA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Norfolk County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.