Therapists in Newtonville, MA

Photo of Nicole Ciccone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Nicole Ciccone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
Hello! I am Nicole and I'm a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW). My aim in therapy is to offer a warm, inviting, and supportive approach for individuals to process challenging life experiences and daily stressors. Many clients come to therapy feeling stuck, overwhelmed, confused, and unsure of how to make sense of it all. My goal is to create a safe space for understanding, healing, growth, as well as to help guide and empower you to finding effective solutions and coping strategies. Healing isn't linear! It's about surviving the ups and downs and learning along the way.
Hello! I am Nicole and I'm a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW). My aim in therapy is to offer a warm, inviting, and supportive approach for individuals to process challenging life experiences and daily stressors. Many clients come to therapy feeling stuck, overwhelmed, confused, and unsure of how to make sense of it all. My goal is to create a safe space for understanding, healing, growth, as well as to help guide and empower you to finding effective solutions and coping strategies. Healing isn't linear! It's about surviving the ups and downs and learning along the way.
(617) 579-8214 View (617) 579-8214
Photo of Christina Conlan O'Flaherty, Psychologist, PsyD
Christina Conlan O'Flaherty
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Newtonville, MA 02460
My aim is to help you feel empowered and hopeful from our first meeting. I see our work as having 3 stages. The first is building a sense of safety and trust that provides a steady platform from which to do our collaborating. During this phase, new skills are offered as a way to give you more confidence in your ability to navigate daily struggles. In the second phase we explore the roots of your challenges and how you might unravel from old patterns and beliefs. This allows you to experience life differently and try on new ways of being. Finally, we integrate what you've learned and create meaning from your experiences.
My aim is to help you feel empowered and hopeful from our first meeting. I see our work as having 3 stages. The first is building a sense of safety and trust that provides a steady platform from which to do our collaborating. During this phase, new skills are offered as a way to give you more confidence in your ability to navigate daily struggles. In the second phase we explore the roots of your challenges and how you might unravel from old patterns and beliefs. This allows you to experience life differently and try on new ways of being. Finally, we integrate what you've learned and create meaning from your experiences.
(646) 600-9097 View (646) 600-9097
Photo of Kelsey Conroy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISCW
Kelsey Conroy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISCW
Newtonville, MA 02460
As a child, teen, and family therapist based in Newton, MA, I provide compassionate, individualized care for young people and their parents. With more than a decade of experience in schools, residential programs, and private practice, I understand the unique challenges that children, adolescents, and families face both at home and school. I help children and adolescents struggling with anxiety, ADHD, depression, behavior challenges, and academic stress, and I provide parents with coaching and strategies to build confidence and connection at home.
As a child, teen, and family therapist based in Newton, MA, I provide compassionate, individualized care for young people and their parents. With more than a decade of experience in schools, residential programs, and private practice, I understand the unique challenges that children, adolescents, and families face both at home and school. I help children and adolescents struggling with anxiety, ADHD, depression, behavior challenges, and academic stress, and I provide parents with coaching and strategies to build confidence and connection at home.
(617) 410-9672 View (617) 410-9672
Photo of Barbara Saltzstein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Barbara Saltzstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
If you are motivated to work on what is troubling you let's collaborate! We can work briefly or longer term. It takes courage to ask for help. I see adults of all kinds. I work with family conflict, anxiety, depression, grief, medical issues, loss, relationship problems and trauma. I have built a multifaceted approach which we can tailor-make for you. One client said of me,"Barbara is a great asset for anyone looking to deepen their experience of life. She is a warm and caring guide through any difficulty and will reliably be your mentor, therapist, teacher and friend". Please call and we will talk. Thank you.
If you are motivated to work on what is troubling you let's collaborate! We can work briefly or longer term. It takes courage to ask for help. I see adults of all kinds. I work with family conflict, anxiety, depression, grief, medical issues, loss, relationship problems and trauma. I have built a multifaceted approach which we can tailor-make for you. One client said of me,"Barbara is a great asset for anyone looking to deepen their experience of life. She is a warm and caring guide through any difficulty and will reliably be your mentor, therapist, teacher and friend". Please call and we will talk. Thank you.
(617) 963-0998 View (617) 963-0998
Photo of Reese Giddens, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Reese Giddens
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Newtonville, MA 02460
I strive to create a warm, genuine, and identity-affirming space where clients feel comfortable sharing, exploring, and growing. My style in the therapy room is conversational, collaborative, gently challenging, and solution-focused. Through my inpatient and outpatient clinical experience, I have learned to tailor treatment to best support each client’s unique personal goals and growth.
I strive to create a warm, genuine, and identity-affirming space where clients feel comfortable sharing, exploring, and growing. My style in the therapy room is conversational, collaborative, gently challenging, and solution-focused. Through my inpatient and outpatient clinical experience, I have learned to tailor treatment to best support each client’s unique personal goals and growth.
(617) 958-2989 View (617) 958-2989
Photo of J. Ben Barnes, Psychologist, PhD
J. Ben Barnes
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Newtonville, MA 02460
I provide therapy for adults and adolescents who are feeling trapped by anxiety, fear, unwanted thoughts (or memories), and other distressing emotions related to anxiety disorders and trauma (e.g., fear, guilt, shame, sadness).
I provide therapy for adults and adolescents who are feeling trapped by anxiety, fear, unwanted thoughts (or memories), and other distressing emotions related to anxiety disorders and trauma (e.g., fear, guilt, shame, sadness).
(857) 271-4180 View (857) 271-4180
Photo of Meghan Miklusak, Counselor, MC, LMHC
Meghan Miklusak
Counselor, MC, LMHC
Serves Area
Meghan has been working in the mental health field since 2012. She strives to help clients visualize their own potential to excel in all aspects of life. She sees the value of looking at the whole person and using inner strengths as an effective tool to help people be confident in their own self-identity and self-efficacy. Meghan helps individuals to adopt positive coping skills, relationship patterns, and a solid sense of self-love in addition to addressing the presenting concern. She has an integrative and holistic approach that draws from cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused, strength-based, and mindfulness approaches.
Meghan has been working in the mental health field since 2012. She strives to help clients visualize their own potential to excel in all aspects of life. She sees the value of looking at the whole person and using inner strengths as an effective tool to help people be confident in their own self-identity and self-efficacy. Meghan helps individuals to adopt positive coping skills, relationship patterns, and a solid sense of self-love in addition to addressing the presenting concern. She has an integrative and holistic approach that draws from cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused, strength-based, and mindfulness approaches.
(857) 575-5808 View (857) 575-5808
Photo of Valentine Yeye, Counselor, LMHC
Valentine Yeye
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with a deep passion for helping individuals uncover their “why” beyond the surface. My mission is to meet you exactly where you are, whether it’s emotionally, mentally, or spiritually, and to walk with you through your journey toward inner peace, self-love, and compassion. With experience working with diverse populations, I specialize in supporting clients navigating the impact of unhealthy relationships, emotional dysregulation, and unresolved experiences that often manifest as anger, anxiety, and interpersonal conflict.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with a deep passion for helping individuals uncover their “why” beyond the surface. My mission is to meet you exactly where you are, whether it’s emotionally, mentally, or spiritually, and to walk with you through your journey toward inner peace, self-love, and compassion. With experience working with diverse populations, I specialize in supporting clients navigating the impact of unhealthy relationships, emotional dysregulation, and unresolved experiences that often manifest as anger, anxiety, and interpersonal conflict.
(508) 876-7175 View (508) 876-7175
Photo of Alexandra Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Alexandra Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Serves Area
Alee has been practicing clinical social work since 2009 and has worked in a variety of settings including community mental health, schools, and outpatient clinics. A graduate from The School of Social Work at Simmons College, She helps clients from youth through adulthood find the confidence and strength that lies within them and bring it to the surface.
Alee has been practicing clinical social work since 2009 and has worked in a variety of settings including community mental health, schools, and outpatient clinics. A graduate from The School of Social Work at Simmons College, She helps clients from youth through adulthood find the confidence and strength that lies within them and bring it to the surface.
(617) 925-9217 View (617) 925-9217
Photo of Alex Newman, Counselor, LMHC
Alex Newman
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I am Alex Newman, a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) with 7 years of counseling experience in community-based services. I specialize in treating a variety of issues, including stress, mood disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, codependency, addiction/dual diagnosis, life transitions, relationship issues, LGBTQIA+ issues, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and chronic illness. I completed my bachelor’s degree in Psychology with minors in Sociology, Philosophy, and Religious Studies at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and my master’s degree in Professional Mental Health Counseling.
I am Alex Newman, a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) with 7 years of counseling experience in community-based services. I specialize in treating a variety of issues, including stress, mood disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, codependency, addiction/dual diagnosis, life transitions, relationship issues, LGBTQIA+ issues, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and chronic illness. I completed my bachelor’s degree in Psychology with minors in Sociology, Philosophy, and Religious Studies at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and my master’s degree in Professional Mental Health Counseling.
(617) 622-5474 View (617) 622-5474
Photo of Samuel Kitchens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Samuel Kitchens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Serves Area
Sam Kitchens, LCSW, is a compassionate therapist at LifeStance Health, serving individuals across Massachusetts. He brings a wealth of experience helping clients 18+ navigate a wide range of challenges, particularly those related to ADHD, anxiety, LGBT and behavioral habit issues. Sam is known for his ability to offer practical tools for managing organizational difficulties and motivation problems, especially for clients with ADHD.Sam Kitchens, LICSW, is a compassionate therapist at LifeStance Health, serving individuals across Massachusetts. He brings a wealth of experience helping clients 18+ navigate a wide range of challenges, p
Sam Kitchens, LCSW, is a compassionate therapist at LifeStance Health, serving individuals across Massachusetts. He brings a wealth of experience helping clients 18+ navigate a wide range of challenges, particularly those related to ADHD, anxiety, LGBT and behavioral habit issues. Sam is known for his ability to offer practical tools for managing organizational difficulties and motivation problems, especially for clients with ADHD.Sam Kitchens, LICSW, is a compassionate therapist at LifeStance Health, serving individuals across Massachusetts. He brings a wealth of experience helping clients 18+ navigate a wide range of challenges, p
(857) 382-5624 View (857) 382-5624
Photo of Constance Mccashin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW
Constance Mccashin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW
Online Only
I have a concentration of clients among college age students, and young adults. I specialize in eating disorders, and related issues. I also have a strong background in the performing arts, and see a significant number of creative clients. For twelve years I worked in a college counseling center. This has afforded me the opportunity to work with students who struggle with the concerns of people in their late teens, early twenties: depression; anxiety; ADD; OCD; substance abuse (as well as the more common issues surrounding living away from home, roommates, academic rigor, awakening sexual identity, etc.)
I have a concentration of clients among college age students, and young adults. I specialize in eating disorders, and related issues. I also have a strong background in the performing arts, and see a significant number of creative clients. For twelve years I worked in a college counseling center. This has afforded me the opportunity to work with students who struggle with the concerns of people in their late teens, early twenties: depression; anxiety; ADD; OCD; substance abuse (as well as the more common issues surrounding living away from home, roommates, academic rigor, awakening sexual identity, etc.)
(617) 300-0563 View (617) 300-0563
Photo of Charlie Folks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Charlie Folks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Thanks for taking the time to check out my profile. I have worked in the field of substance use disorder for over 40 years. I have a Masters in Social Work and have had many management positions at addiction treatment facilities throughout the years. My passion is working with patients on an individual basis to help process their issues using evidenced-based treatment modalities while also building strong support networks of recovery.
Thanks for taking the time to check out my profile. I have worked in the field of substance use disorder for over 40 years. I have a Masters in Social Work and have had many management positions at addiction treatment facilities throughout the years. My passion is working with patients on an individual basis to help process their issues using evidenced-based treatment modalities while also building strong support networks of recovery.
(267) 214-5027 View (267) 214-5027
Photo of Chloe Erickson, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Chloe Erickson
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Serves Area
Chloe Erickson is a compassionate therapist at LifeStance Health, serving individuals across Massachusetts. Specializing in working with adolescents, young adults, and adults, Chloe provides a supportive and empathetic approach to therapy, ensuring that each client feels heard and respected throughout the therapeutic process. She offers a safe space for individuals to explore their concerns and challenges while focusing on meaningful growth. Her work particularly emphasizes the treatment of ADHD, anxiety, depression, and trauma-related issues, all within a framework of empathy and understanding.
Chloe Erickson is a compassionate therapist at LifeStance Health, serving individuals across Massachusetts. Specializing in working with adolescents, young adults, and adults, Chloe provides a supportive and empathetic approach to therapy, ensuring that each client feels heard and respected throughout the therapeutic process. She offers a safe space for individuals to explore their concerns and challenges while focusing on meaningful growth. Her work particularly emphasizes the treatment of ADHD, anxiety, depression, and trauma-related issues, all within a framework of empathy and understanding.
(857) 754-6155 View (857) 754-6155
Photo of Julianne Mosher - Julianne Mosher, LMHC, Teens & Adults, Counselor, LMHC
Julianne Mosher, LMHC, Teens & Adults
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Are you a teenager...or maybe you just feel like one? Mood swings, spiraling thoughts, self-doubt—whether you're 16 or 46, it can feel like too much. Or maybe you're facing a loss, a transition, or relationship struggles. Whatever it is, you've tried to push through, but it’s not working. Yes, talking helps—and sometimes, you just need to get it all out. But that’s often just the starting point.
Are you a teenager...or maybe you just feel like one? Mood swings, spiraling thoughts, self-doubt—whether you're 16 or 46, it can feel like too much. Or maybe you're facing a loss, a transition, or relationship struggles. Whatever it is, you've tried to push through, but it’s not working. Yes, talking helps—and sometimes, you just need to get it all out. But that’s often just the starting point.
(617) 843-3140 View (617) 843-3140
Photo of Maria Wilson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Maria Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Maria Wilson provides compassionate, evidence-based therapy to adults and seniors in Massachusetts, helping them navigate challenges such as anxiety, depression, and trauma. She understands that seeking therapy is a significant step, and she works collaboratively with clients to create a safe, supportive space where they can explore their emotions and build resilience. With a client-centered approach, Maria tailors treatment to each individual’s needs, empowering them to develop coping strategies that foster long-term emotional well-being.
Maria Wilson provides compassionate, evidence-based therapy to adults and seniors in Massachusetts, helping them navigate challenges such as anxiety, depression, and trauma. She understands that seeking therapy is a significant step, and she works collaboratively with clients to create a safe, supportive space where they can explore their emotions and build resilience. With a client-centered approach, Maria tailors treatment to each individual’s needs, empowering them to develop coping strategies that foster long-term emotional well-being.
(857) 597-2499 View (857) 597-2499
Photo of Elizabeth Kobzik, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Elizabeth Kobzik
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Liza Kobzik helps individuals build clarity, resilience, and emotional stability through evidence-based mental health care tailored to the needs of children, adolescents, and adults across Massachusetts. She provides a supportive, structured environment where patients can address anxiety, depression, ADHD, and related challenges while developing practical skills that foster long-term well-being. As part of her clinical practice at LifeStance Health, Liza works with a wide range of concerns and life circumstances.
Liza Kobzik helps individuals build clarity, resilience, and emotional stability through evidence-based mental health care tailored to the needs of children, adolescents, and adults across Massachusetts. She provides a supportive, structured environment where patients can address anxiety, depression, ADHD, and related challenges while developing practical skills that foster long-term well-being. As part of her clinical practice at LifeStance Health, Liza works with a wide range of concerns and life circumstances.
(617) 915-4453 View (617) 915-4453
Photo of Siobhan Lamont Kuo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Siobhan Lamont Kuo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Online Only
It takes courage to seek support on your journey towards healing. Whether you're dealing with self-defeating patterns or seeking guidance in nutritional health, I offer a safe, nurturing space to explore and work through these challenges. As a Clinical Social Worker (MSW, LICSW) and Certified Integrative Health Coach, I adopt a holistic philosophy. I work with individuals experiencing common mental health challenges, such as self esteem, relationships, navigating life transitions and finding meaning in one’s self purpose.
It takes courage to seek support on your journey towards healing. Whether you're dealing with self-defeating patterns or seeking guidance in nutritional health, I offer a safe, nurturing space to explore and work through these challenges. As a Clinical Social Worker (MSW, LICSW) and Certified Integrative Health Coach, I adopt a holistic philosophy. I work with individuals experiencing common mental health challenges, such as self esteem, relationships, navigating life transitions and finding meaning in one’s self purpose.
(617) 676-2207 View (617) 676-2207
Photo of Lisa Newfield, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Lisa Newfield
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
As a psychotherapist, I listen carefully and work collaboratively with each client in forming a safe and accepting relationship. This relationship provides the basis for exploration, problem solving, healing and growth. I have an interactive style which incorporates warmth, humor, authenticity and direct feedback as I help my clients work through areas in which they feel stuck, unhappy or overwhelmed. These areas may include marital and other relationship difficulties, anxiety around life transitions, concerns about parenting or caring for aging parents, coping with illness, and dealing with breakups along with many others.
As a psychotherapist, I listen carefully and work collaboratively with each client in forming a safe and accepting relationship. This relationship provides the basis for exploration, problem solving, healing and growth. I have an interactive style which incorporates warmth, humor, authenticity and direct feedback as I help my clients work through areas in which they feel stuck, unhappy or overwhelmed. These areas may include marital and other relationship difficulties, anxiety around life transitions, concerns about parenting or caring for aging parents, coping with illness, and dealing with breakups along with many others.
(339) 217-5788 View (339) 217-5788
Photo of Dr. Tiffany Truesdale, Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD, Post-do
Dr. Tiffany Truesdale
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD, Post-do
Serves Area
Dr. Truesdale provides individual therapy for adults, children, adolescents, couples, and families. Dr. Truesdale utilizes integrated, evidenced-based approaches such as CBT, mindfulness, clinical hypnosis, DBT, ACT, and MI, all rooted in client-centered care with a social justice focus. She also prides herself on expanding and strengthening the skills she has learned and implemented for personal and professional growth and to continues to support and provide effective treatment for clients. When working with clients, Dr.
Dr. Truesdale provides individual therapy for adults, children, adolescents, couples, and families. Dr. Truesdale utilizes integrated, evidenced-based approaches such as CBT, mindfulness, clinical hypnosis, DBT, ACT, and MI, all rooted in client-centered care with a social justice focus. She also prides herself on expanding and strengthening the skills she has learned and implemented for personal and professional growth and to continues to support and provide effective treatment for clients. When working with clients, Dr.
(857) 847-2671 View (857) 847-2671

See more therapy options for Newtonville

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Newtonville, MA

40+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Newtonville, MA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
95% Social Anxiety
95% Health Anxiety
95% Driving Anxiety
88% Depression
65% Grief
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% Aetna
86% Optum
83% Carelon Behavioral Health

How Therapists in Newtonville, MA see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Newtonville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.