Therapists in Medford, MA

Photo of Allison Bulger- Therapy For You, Counselor in Medford, MA
Allison Bulger- Therapy For You
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Allie has vast experience working with children, adolescents, adults and couples combined. She believes that every client is the expert in their own lives. Although her most recent background was spent working with children and adolescents struggling with trauma, depression, anxiety and in some cases in crisis, Allie enjoys working with adults and couples and finds fulfillment in creating a safe space for them to express their needs and wants in a judgement free environment. She has experience helping people improve both themselves and their relationships.
Allie has vast experience working with children, adolescents, adults and couples combined. She believes that every client is the expert in their own lives. Although her most recent background was spent working with children and adolescents struggling with trauma, depression, anxiety and in some cases in crisis, Allie enjoys working with adults and couples and finds fulfillment in creating a safe space for them to express their needs and wants in a judgement free environment. She has experience helping people improve both themselves and their relationships.
(857) 597-5659 View (857) 597-5659
Photo of Bailey R Schendell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Medford, MA
Bailey R Schendell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Bailey! I've been in the social work field for over 15 years, and I am a co-founder of Mountain View Therapy. Christina Peterson and I created this virtual group practice based in the principles of Narrative Therapy. We believe that meaning-making through stories shapes lives, relationships and communities. Our practice hopes to use this knowledge to help the people we serve uncover the stories that support their preferred lives. Although I am not currently accepting new clients myself, we have recently expanded and several of our clinicians have immediate availability!
Hi, I'm Bailey! I've been in the social work field for over 15 years, and I am a co-founder of Mountain View Therapy. Christina Peterson and I created this virtual group practice based in the principles of Narrative Therapy. We believe that meaning-making through stories shapes lives, relationships and communities. Our practice hopes to use this knowledge to help the people we serve uncover the stories that support their preferred lives. Although I am not currently accepting new clients myself, we have recently expanded and several of our clinicians have immediate availability!
(617) 648-9696 View (617) 648-9696
Photo of Hannah Derleth- Therapy For You, Counselor in Medford, MA
Hannah Derleth- Therapy For You
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Hannah's areas of specialization include substance abuse/addiction and recovery, the impact of addiction on families, dual diagnosis issues in adolescents and adults, OCD, anxiety, trauma, depression, anxiety, psychotic disorders and the LGBTQ+ population. She has particular interests in working with adolescents and teens and with the LGBTQ+ population. Hannah has experience working in the mental health field for several years. Her experience has included corrections, addiction and recovery, outpatient settings and residential treatment for children and adolescents with complex mental illnesses.
Hannah's areas of specialization include substance abuse/addiction and recovery, the impact of addiction on families, dual diagnosis issues in adolescents and adults, OCD, anxiety, trauma, depression, anxiety, psychotic disorders and the LGBTQ+ population. She has particular interests in working with adolescents and teens and with the LGBTQ+ population. Hannah has experience working in the mental health field for several years. Her experience has included corrections, addiction and recovery, outpatient settings and residential treatment for children and adolescents with complex mental illnesses.
(617) 336-8830 View (617) 336-8830
Photo of Abolee Montanari, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Medford, MA
Abolee Montanari
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm Abolee, a therapist at Mountain View Therapy. I believe that we all make meaning of our lives through telling stories about who we are and how the world perceives us. Sometimes our stories paint pictures that connect us with happiness and excitement, but other times our stories are taken over by problems in our lives, such as fear, anxiety or depression. Oftentimes these problems gain power through the support of restrictive cultural discourses and societal norms. Through Narrative Therapy, I strive to help my clients deconstruct these discourses to reclaim their stories and empower them to lead the lives they envision.
Hi! I'm Abolee, a therapist at Mountain View Therapy. I believe that we all make meaning of our lives through telling stories about who we are and how the world perceives us. Sometimes our stories paint pictures that connect us with happiness and excitement, but other times our stories are taken over by problems in our lives, such as fear, anxiety or depression. Oftentimes these problems gain power through the support of restrictive cultural discourses and societal norms. Through Narrative Therapy, I strive to help my clients deconstruct these discourses to reclaim their stories and empower them to lead the lives they envision.
(781) 650-4049 View (781) 650-4049
Photo of Megan N Fitzgerald, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Medford, MA
Megan N Fitzgerald
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
In life we are often faced with a variety of unexpected obstacles that can feel overwhelming and sometimes even impossible to navigate. My approach is to partner with you to understand your unique experience and how it formed your story, without judgement. My goal as a clinician is to help you determine how to best move through your current challenge by identifying and exploring possible strategies. I am a licensed clinical social worker and have been working as a clinician for 10 years. I specialize in grief, loss, depression and trauma.
In life we are often faced with a variety of unexpected obstacles that can feel overwhelming and sometimes even impossible to navigate. My approach is to partner with you to understand your unique experience and how it formed your story, without judgement. My goal as a clinician is to help you determine how to best move through your current challenge by identifying and exploring possible strategies. I am a licensed clinical social worker and have been working as a clinician for 10 years. I specialize in grief, loss, depression and trauma.
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Photo of Tayler Rose, Counselor in Medford, MA
Tayler Rose
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, MA 02155
Tayler’s clinical focus is with trauma, the LGBTQIA+ community, depression, all types of anxiety disorders, chronic mental illnesses, and personality disorders. Tayler has worked in human services in a diverse group of clinical settings. Settings such as; ABA therapy in-home, residential for children and adults with eating disorders, day treatment for adults with severe mental illnesses, outpatient therapy for children through adulthood, school based therapy, and in a variety of in-home treatments focused on adolescents and families who are a part of the LGBTQIA+ community.
Tayler’s clinical focus is with trauma, the LGBTQIA+ community, depression, all types of anxiety disorders, chronic mental illnesses, and personality disorders. Tayler has worked in human services in a diverse group of clinical settings. Settings such as; ABA therapy in-home, residential for children and adults with eating disorders, day treatment for adults with severe mental illnesses, outpatient therapy for children through adulthood, school based therapy, and in a variety of in-home treatments focused on adolescents and families who are a part of the LGBTQIA+ community.
(617) 404-1451 View (617) 404-1451
Photo of Alina Gallupe-Barry, Counselor in Medford, MA
Alina Gallupe-Barry
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Are you or your teen looking for a supportive and non-judgmental environment to explore feelings and navigate life transitions? If so, we might be a good fit! I have experience working with individuals from all walks of life, including those on the autism spectrum, those with chronic conditions, college students, and young adults.
Are you or your teen looking for a supportive and non-judgmental environment to explore feelings and navigate life transitions? If so, we might be a good fit! I have experience working with individuals from all walks of life, including those on the autism spectrum, those with chronic conditions, college students, and young adults.
(339) 330-1347 View (339) 330-1347
Photo of Kathleen Turner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Medford, MA
Kathleen Turner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW , MPH
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155
*** Not Currently Available for Taking Clients - but hopefully soon. Each one of us is strong, resilient and insightful! You are the best resource for figuring out what you most need to build a more fulfilling, happier and connected life. My style is supportive and goal directed. I see the therapeutic process as a collaborative exploration of past obstacles, fears and losses while developing strategies, hopes and ideas to create the life and relationships you desire.
*** Not Currently Available for Taking Clients - but hopefully soon. Each one of us is strong, resilient and insightful! You are the best resource for figuring out what you most need to build a more fulfilling, happier and connected life. My style is supportive and goal directed. I see the therapeutic process as a collaborative exploration of past obstacles, fears and losses while developing strategies, hopes and ideas to create the life and relationships you desire.
(857) 477-8355 View (857) 477-8355
Photo of Peter Harakas, Psychologist in Medford, MA
Peter Harakas
Psychologist, PhD, MSc
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Currently NOT accepting clients. I believe in establishing a strong therapeutic relationship based on trust and respect and in a collaborative approach with clients. I work with adults and adolescents with issues related to anxiety, OCD, perfectionism, skin picking, trichotillomania, misophonia, coping with chronic illness, such as tinnitus, work-related stress and Type A behaviors. In my work, I incorporate cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure and response prevention (ERP), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), mindfulness, and emotion-focused approaches.
Currently NOT accepting clients. I believe in establishing a strong therapeutic relationship based on trust and respect and in a collaborative approach with clients. I work with adults and adolescents with issues related to anxiety, OCD, perfectionism, skin picking, trichotillomania, misophonia, coping with chronic illness, such as tinnitus, work-related stress and Type A behaviors. In my work, I incorporate cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure and response prevention (ERP), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), mindfulness, and emotion-focused approaches.
(617) 440-3140 x708 View (617) 440-3140 x708
Photo of Gregory Smola, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Medford, MA
Gregory Smola
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
We might be a good fit if; A) you pride yourself on being self reliant, usually manage many areas of your life well, but are stuck in your symptoms. For some reason you can't seem to move the needle on your own. You are frustrated, tired, and confused. You are seeking clarity and you are willing to accept help. B) you are someone who hasn't found the right fit for therapy. You want a therapist to be caring but also direct with you about their observations. You are sick of spinning your wheels and you are serious about recovering. You know there is more to life than you are experiencing and you are done selling yourself short.
We might be a good fit if; A) you pride yourself on being self reliant, usually manage many areas of your life well, but are stuck in your symptoms. For some reason you can't seem to move the needle on your own. You are frustrated, tired, and confused. You are seeking clarity and you are willing to accept help. B) you are someone who hasn't found the right fit for therapy. You want a therapist to be caring but also direct with you about their observations. You are sick of spinning your wheels and you are serious about recovering. You know there is more to life than you are experiencing and you are done selling yourself short.
(339) 233-4958 View (339) 233-4958
Photo of Sakhi Chitalia, Pre-Licensed Professional in Medford, MA
Sakhi Chitalia
Pre-Licensed Professional, BS
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155
Waitlist for new clients
I am a clinical intern who works with children and adolescents who suffer from anxiety, depression, trauma, and major life adjustments and have experience in crisis management. I use evidence-based approaches to target these issues and additionally utilize CBT and grounding techniques.
I am a clinical intern who works with children and adolescents who suffer from anxiety, depression, trauma, and major life adjustments and have experience in crisis management. I use evidence-based approaches to target these issues and additionally utilize CBT and grounding techniques.
(339) 675-1273 View (339) 675-1273
Photo of Victoria Olson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Medford, MA
Victoria Olson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! My name is Victoria and I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker. I received my Masters from the University of South Florida and have been practicing for 5 years. Deciding to pursue therapy and sharing our emotions can be incredibly scary but you're here and thats the hardest step! I truly believe the more comfortable we can be in therapy, the easier it is to benefit and grow from the process. My goal is to create a space where you feel comfortable, validated, and understood. I’m here to provide you with support and guidance you need to reach your social and emotional goals.
Hi! My name is Victoria and I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker. I received my Masters from the University of South Florida and have been practicing for 5 years. Deciding to pursue therapy and sharing our emotions can be incredibly scary but you're here and thats the hardest step! I truly believe the more comfortable we can be in therapy, the easier it is to benefit and grow from the process. My goal is to create a space where you feel comfortable, validated, and understood. I’m here to provide you with support and guidance you need to reach your social and emotional goals.
(617) 676-0511 View (617) 676-0511
Photo of Traci Schneider Bovino, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Medford, MA
Traci Schneider Bovino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Starting over time and time again. You keep saying you are done drinking or using but end up giving in to the urge later in the day. Sometimes you can moderate but other times you feel completely out of control. Waking up in the morning, you have the best of intentions only to feel like a failure later on. You have tried over and over again only to end up in the same place. It doesn’t have to be this way.
Starting over time and time again. You keep saying you are done drinking or using but end up giving in to the urge later in the day. Sometimes you can moderate but other times you feel completely out of control. Waking up in the morning, you have the best of intentions only to feel like a failure later on. You have tried over and over again only to end up in the same place. It doesn’t have to be this way.
(339) 330-4416 View (339) 330-4416
Photo of Ky'an Kelly, Counselor in Medford, MA
Ky'an Kelly
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
You want a fulfilling life. And I want that for you! Do any of these OCD or anxiety symptoms sound familiar? Repetitive thoughts, ritualized habits, or phobias. Feeling like you're going to explode if something is out of place. You haven't contacted a friend in so long that you're embarrassed, so you're afraid to call/text. Nervous you'll do something out of character, inappropriate, or accidentally insulting to others. I can help you navigate the discomfort of worry, panic, rumination, and avoidance, while moving toward balance and emotional freedom. Less anxiety, more YOU!
You want a fulfilling life. And I want that for you! Do any of these OCD or anxiety symptoms sound familiar? Repetitive thoughts, ritualized habits, or phobias. Feeling like you're going to explode if something is out of place. You haven't contacted a friend in so long that you're embarrassed, so you're afraid to call/text. Nervous you'll do something out of character, inappropriate, or accidentally insulting to others. I can help you navigate the discomfort of worry, panic, rumination, and avoidance, while moving toward balance and emotional freedom. Less anxiety, more YOU!
(339) 217-7527 View (339) 217-7527
Photo of Barry Kesselman, Counselor in Medford, MA
Barry Kesselman
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Every psychotherapy relationship is unique, crafted by my client's needs, strengths, goals, and the pain or frustration that brings them to my office. For over thirty years I have worked with adults facing depression, anxiety, the effects of traumatic experiences; going through relationship issues, life transitions; feeling grief, loss. I have worked with individuals looking for changes, helping them to figure out where to start and guiding them through the transformations.
Every psychotherapy relationship is unique, crafted by my client's needs, strengths, goals, and the pain or frustration that brings them to my office. For over thirty years I have worked with adults facing depression, anxiety, the effects of traumatic experiences; going through relationship issues, life transitions; feeling grief, loss. I have worked with individuals looking for changes, helping them to figure out where to start and guiding them through the transformations.
(617) 446-3088 View (617) 446-3088
Photo of Catherine N Barba, Psychologist in Medford, MA
Catherine N Barba
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
While we may not always have control over all aspects of our lives, we have control over how we choose to react, how we make meaning of our situation, and most importantly how we grow from the challenges presented to us. I work with adults throughout the lifespan, from young adults to older adults, in an individual and group therapy setting. I specialize in working with depression, anxiety, trauma, identity development, life transitions, and navigating relationships. I love working with clients who recognize the need for change in their lives and are motivated to work towards bettering their relationship with themselves and others.
While we may not always have control over all aspects of our lives, we have control over how we choose to react, how we make meaning of our situation, and most importantly how we grow from the challenges presented to us. I work with adults throughout the lifespan, from young adults to older adults, in an individual and group therapy setting. I specialize in working with depression, anxiety, trauma, identity development, life transitions, and navigating relationships. I love working with clients who recognize the need for change in their lives and are motivated to work towards bettering their relationship with themselves and others.
(339) 330-4812 View (339) 330-4812
Photo of Mariya Shiyko in Medford, MA
Mariya Shiyko
PhD, Metaph, LYTT
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Are you searching for a happier, more fulfilling relationship? As a relationship expert, my goal is to guide you on a personal journey to enhance your romantic life. I draw upon years of personal growth, scientific insights, & metaphysical wisdom to elevate your love life. I help you build the foundations for self-love, authenticity, self-expression, communication, and a sense of purpose. I work with individuals, couples, and groups.
Are you searching for a happier, more fulfilling relationship? As a relationship expert, my goal is to guide you on a personal journey to enhance your romantic life. I draw upon years of personal growth, scientific insights, & metaphysical wisdom to elevate your love life. I help you build the foundations for self-love, authenticity, self-expression, communication, and a sense of purpose. I work with individuals, couples, and groups.
(508) 306-4598 View (508) 306-4598
Photo of Katherine Chase, Psychologist in Medford, MA
Katherine Chase
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
TL;DR: Me: (Over)Educated with psychology degrees and training; requisite therapeutic characteristics of compassion and empathy, bonus: sense of humor. Works with adults across different presenting problems, integrating several treatment modalities.
TL;DR: Me: (Over)Educated with psychology degrees and training; requisite therapeutic characteristics of compassion and empathy, bonus: sense of humor. Works with adults across different presenting problems, integrating several treatment modalities.
(774) 341-4841 View (774) 341-4841
Photo of Anna Gunning, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Medford, MA
Anna Gunning
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Medford, MA 02155  (Online Only)
Thank you for taking the time to consider me as a therapeutic support for you. I work with a wide range of clients wanting to focus on self-exploration, healing, and growth, with specialty in helping individuals struggling with eating disorders and LGBTQIA+ related issues. I also help individuals struggling with low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, grief, life transitions, and establishing new coping skills. I practice through a humanistic lens with a trauma-informed, neurodiverse affirming, and strengths-based foundation.
Thank you for taking the time to consider me as a therapeutic support for you. I work with a wide range of clients wanting to focus on self-exploration, healing, and growth, with specialty in helping individuals struggling with eating disorders and LGBTQIA+ related issues. I also help individuals struggling with low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, grief, life transitions, and establishing new coping skills. I practice through a humanistic lens with a trauma-informed, neurodiverse affirming, and strengths-based foundation.
(339) 329-9750 View (339) 329-9750
Photo of April Evans, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Medford, MA
April Evans
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155
Not accepting new clients
Are you a senior seeking support in navigating complex life decisions? Or a caregiver for a senior, struggling to manage it all? Or are you grieving the death of a loved one? I am a licensed independent clinical social worker with 25 years of experience with expertise in adjustment to major life changes, the process of making big later-life decisions, grief and loss, coping with disability and/or loss of independence, dementia, elder abuse and neglect, harm reduction, managing anxiety and depression, and the aging process. I take a holistic approach, incorporating mind, body, and spirit.
Are you a senior seeking support in navigating complex life decisions? Or a caregiver for a senior, struggling to manage it all? Or are you grieving the death of a loved one? I am a licensed independent clinical social worker with 25 years of experience with expertise in adjustment to major life changes, the process of making big later-life decisions, grief and loss, coping with disability and/or loss of independence, dementia, elder abuse and neglect, harm reduction, managing anxiety and depression, and the aging process. I take a holistic approach, incorporating mind, body, and spirit.
(339) 218-5117 View (339) 218-5117

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Medford, MA

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Medford, MA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
78% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
67% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% BlueCross and BlueShield
64% Aetna
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Medford, MA see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Medford?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.