Therapists in Haverhill, MA

Photo of Christopher M Carlson, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christopher M Carlson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01832  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with individuals within all of the clinical social work areas but specifically specialize within anxiety and depression. I utilize a variety of modules in supporting the individual as a whole towards recovery.
I enjoy working with individuals within all of the clinical social work areas but specifically specialize within anxiety and depression. I utilize a variety of modules in supporting the individual as a whole towards recovery.
(351) 215-0627 View (351) 215-0627
Photo of Gabriel J Garcia, LMHC, Counselor
Gabriel J Garcia
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Haverhill, MA 01830  (Online Only)
I am looking forward to working with clients who are self-aware or interested in learning how to be more open to building up their self-interest. I'm happy to help clients recognize their struggles and the importance of seeking support. I am seeking clients who are motivated to improve their lives and understand that therapy and a willingness to change can lead to growth and improvement in their mental health. With these foundations in place, we can develop clear goals centered around reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma, or other mental health issues.
I am looking forward to working with clients who are self-aware or interested in learning how to be more open to building up their self-interest. I'm happy to help clients recognize their struggles and the importance of seeking support. I am seeking clients who are motivated to improve their lives and understand that therapy and a willingness to change can lead to growth and improvement in their mental health. With these foundations in place, we can develop clear goals centered around reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma, or other mental health issues.
(351) 200-3224 View (351) 200-3224
Photo of Hilary Glynn, MS, LADC-1, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Hilary Glynn
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LADC-1
Verified Verified
Haverhill, MA 01835  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you struggling with substance use disorder, addiction, relapse, anxiety or depression? Are you engaging in false beliefs about yourself or where you are at in your life or in your relationships with others? Or are you struggling with a loved one's addiction? I am a firm believer in the statement, “The only way around it- is through it" and at “Through It Counseling Services” I am here to help you walk through whatever issues or false beliefs that are holding you back from being your very best self.
Are you struggling with substance use disorder, addiction, relapse, anxiety or depression? Are you engaging in false beliefs about yourself or where you are at in your life or in your relationships with others? Or are you struggling with a loved one's addiction? I am a firm believer in the statement, “The only way around it- is through it" and at “Through It Counseling Services” I am here to help you walk through whatever issues or false beliefs that are holding you back from being your very best self.
(561) 464-6294 View (561) 464-6294
Photo of Alisha Rousselle, MEd, LMHC , SAC, Counselor
Alisha Rousselle
Counselor, MEd, LMHC , SAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01832
Hi! I'm Alisha. Do you have a teen or young adult struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, low self esteem, or poor interpersonal relationships? Are you a parent struggling to set boundaries, diffuse conflict, and feeling burnt out? You're not alone. I am here to help! I'm a Licensed Psychotherapist working with young people and their parents for the past 17 yrs. Your teen CAN feel happier, more confident, have a new mindset, and be ready to face the world. Parents, you CAN be a more effective, confident, compassionate parent while creating stability and peace in your home.
Hi! I'm Alisha. Do you have a teen or young adult struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, low self esteem, or poor interpersonal relationships? Are you a parent struggling to set boundaries, diffuse conflict, and feeling burnt out? You're not alone. I am here to help! I'm a Licensed Psychotherapist working with young people and their parents for the past 17 yrs. Your teen CAN feel happier, more confident, have a new mindset, and be ready to face the world. Parents, you CAN be a more effective, confident, compassionate parent while creating stability and peace in your home.
(978) 925-5486 View (978) 925-5486
Photo of Erin Vahratian - Sacred Space Psychotherapy, LMHC, Counselor
Sacred Space Psychotherapy
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01830  (Online Only)
Life can be full of challenges; you don't have to face them alone. Our experienced clinicians understand how to heal pain and how to help clients move forward so that they can make enduring changes and live fuller lives. We cannot change the past. But through the transformative process of therapy, clients can reclaim their lives and change the future. At Sacred Space Psychotherapy, this is our mission. Karen Rosado, LMHC, is a compassionate and empathetic outpatient therapist and has immediate openings for new clients!
Life can be full of challenges; you don't have to face them alone. Our experienced clinicians understand how to heal pain and how to help clients move forward so that they can make enduring changes and live fuller lives. We cannot change the past. But through the transformative process of therapy, clients can reclaim their lives and change the future. At Sacred Space Psychotherapy, this is our mission. Karen Rosado, LMHC, is a compassionate and empathetic outpatient therapist and has immediate openings for new clients!
(351) 777-8239 View (351) 777-8239
Photo of Enmanuel Ortega, MEd, LMHC, Counselor
Enmanuel Ortega
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01832
Now Accepting new clients: I am a License Mental health Counselor in the State of MA and NH. As a dedicated mental health therapist, I specialize in providing compassionate and effective support for individuals navigating a range of emotional and psychological challenges. With extensive experience in addressing issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, substance abuse, mood disorders, and more, I am committed to helping clients achieve greater well-being and personal growth. I am deeply committed to fostering a welcoming and diverse therapeutic environment where every individual feels respected and valued.
Now Accepting new clients: I am a License Mental health Counselor in the State of MA and NH. As a dedicated mental health therapist, I specialize in providing compassionate and effective support for individuals navigating a range of emotional and psychological challenges. With extensive experience in addressing issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, substance abuse, mood disorders, and more, I am committed to helping clients achieve greater well-being and personal growth. I am deeply committed to fostering a welcoming and diverse therapeutic environment where every individual feels respected and valued.
(351) 200-5619 View (351) 200-5619
Photo of Sean C Lowther, MA, LMHC, CCTP, Counselor
Sean C Lowther
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CCTP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01832
Not accepting new clients
***Currently NOT accepting clients***** I endeavor to remain as inclusive in my approach to treatment as possible. I firmly believe that the best treatment is derived from a partnership between the client and the clinician, which necessitates the willingness to use the technique, theory or practice that feels comfortable to the individual. I have experience working with clients of all ages, genders, and issues, including families, couples and individuals, as I believe everyone deserves the opportunity to improve their own happiness.
***Currently NOT accepting clients***** I endeavor to remain as inclusive in my approach to treatment as possible. I firmly believe that the best treatment is derived from a partnership between the client and the clinician, which necessitates the willingness to use the technique, theory or practice that feels comfortable to the individual. I have experience working with clients of all ages, genders, and issues, including families, couples and individuals, as I believe everyone deserves the opportunity to improve their own happiness.
(978) 528-3847 View (978) 528-3847
Photo of Kelsey Martin, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Kelsey Martin
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Haverhill, MA 01835  (Online Only)
How is it that at work you are absolutely killing it, but at home you can’t seem to complete mundane tasks like doing the dishes? To the world you seem successful and smart, but underneath you question your worth. Deep down you are struggling to love yourself and to care for yourself in the way you know you should. Trying to find a therapist that “gets you” can be challenging. The struggles you face living in today’s demanding world can be stressful, especially if you are living in between two different cultures or two different languages.
How is it that at work you are absolutely killing it, but at home you can’t seem to complete mundane tasks like doing the dishes? To the world you seem successful and smart, but underneath you question your worth. Deep down you are struggling to love yourself and to care for yourself in the way you know you should. Trying to find a therapist that “gets you” can be challenging. The struggles you face living in today’s demanding world can be stressful, especially if you are living in between two different cultures or two different languages.
(351) 200-4627 View (351) 200-4627
Photo of Betsy Roter, LMHC, MA, MPH, Counselor
Betsy Roter
Counselor, LMHC, MA, MPH
Verified Verified
Haverhill, MA 01835  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you looking for a space to feel seen and heard? To show up as your full, unapologetic, authentic self? Or to discover who that person is or what is serving as a barrier to your wellbeing? With a background in expressive arts therapies, I lean into the arts and other creative therapies, to help individuals navigate life's challenges. I currently work with BIPOC adults to provide a safe space to manage difficult emotions, heal from past hurts, and work towards thriving as your best self. I am committed to providing holistic and culturally competent care, and deeply believe in the interconnectedness of the mind and body.
Are you looking for a space to feel seen and heard? To show up as your full, unapologetic, authentic self? Or to discover who that person is or what is serving as a barrier to your wellbeing? With a background in expressive arts therapies, I lean into the arts and other creative therapies, to help individuals navigate life's challenges. I currently work with BIPOC adults to provide a safe space to manage difficult emotions, heal from past hurts, and work towards thriving as your best self. I am committed to providing holistic and culturally competent care, and deeply believe in the interconnectedness of the mind and body.
(978) 709-2509 View (978) 709-2509
Photo of Shayna Gatautis, LMHC, Counselor
Shayna Gatautis
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01832  (Online Only)
As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) I have over a decade of experience in providing therapy to diverse populations in various settings. I offer individual and couple's psychotherapy for clients dealing with issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, parenting concerns, intimate partner violence, self-esteem, anger management, conflicts within relationships, life changes, and behavior dysregulation. My approach is client-centered, warm, and compassionate, and I use evidence-based practices such as trauma-focused approaches, mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) I have over a decade of experience in providing therapy to diverse populations in various settings. I offer individual and couple's psychotherapy for clients dealing with issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, parenting concerns, intimate partner violence, self-esteem, anger management, conflicts within relationships, life changes, and behavior dysregulation. My approach is client-centered, warm, and compassionate, and I use evidence-based practices such as trauma-focused approaches, mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
(351) 333-1487 View (351) 333-1487
Photo of Craig Campbell, M Ed, LMHC, Counselor
Craig Campbell
Counselor, M Ed, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01832
If you would like to learn how to manage overwhelming emotions, reduce stress or anxiety, change unhealthy behaviors, or feel more satisfied in your relationships, working with a therapist can help. Taking the first steps toward change can be difficult, but you don't have to do it alone.
If you would like to learn how to manage overwhelming emotions, reduce stress or anxiety, change unhealthy behaviors, or feel more satisfied in your relationships, working with a therapist can help. Taking the first steps toward change can be difficult, but you don't have to do it alone.
(351) 777-5482 x107 View (351) 777-5482 x107
Photo of Michael Panza, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Michael Panza
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01835  (Online Only)
**Accepting New Clients-18yrs and older** (No Evening or Weekend Availability) No matter what situation you may find yourself in I want you to know there is hope...hope for a more fulfilled life, relationship, or career. You have the ability to turn your situation around and start feeling satisfied and happy. Maybe you’re depressed. Maybe you’re anxious and worried. Maybe you’re unfulfilled in your relationship or job. Often times people are missing the necessary skills or tools to improve their quality of life or relationship.
**Accepting New Clients-18yrs and older** (No Evening or Weekend Availability) No matter what situation you may find yourself in I want you to know there is hope...hope for a more fulfilled life, relationship, or career. You have the ability to turn your situation around and start feeling satisfied and happy. Maybe you’re depressed. Maybe you’re anxious and worried. Maybe you’re unfulfilled in your relationship or job. Often times people are missing the necessary skills or tools to improve their quality of life or relationship.
(351) 777-8591 View (351) 777-8591
Photo of Jennifer Boyer, LMHC, LADC, LSW, Counselor
Jennifer Boyer
Counselor, LMHC, LADC, LSW
Verified Verified
Haverhill, MA 01832  (Online Only)
*****ACCEPTING NEW INDIVIDUALS***** I see myself as a partner to help individuals find their chosen path. I believe the therapeutic relationship is an ongoing building process that starts right now. I am experienced in treating patients from the age of 18 and older that suffer from a variety of different problems. What I love most about being a therapist is helping people realize their goals and teaching people to solve problems in their life.
*****ACCEPTING NEW INDIVIDUALS***** I see myself as a partner to help individuals find their chosen path. I believe the therapeutic relationship is an ongoing building process that starts right now. I am experienced in treating patients from the age of 18 and older that suffer from a variety of different problems. What I love most about being a therapist is helping people realize their goals and teaching people to solve problems in their life.
(351) 200-3559 View (351) 200-3559
Photo of Rebecca Russell, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Russell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01832
I can help you achieve your goals, such as living a happier, easier, or more fulfilled life. We can work together to implement change in your thought patterns or behaviors in order to reduce distress and improve your quality of life. There are times when you can identify a struggle or obstacle, and you need the right person to support you in order to make changes. Other times you may need support to help you identify what needs to change to reduce distress. We all experience issues beyond our control, but I can help you learn to control how you respond and how your response impacts your wellbeing.
I can help you achieve your goals, such as living a happier, easier, or more fulfilled life. We can work together to implement change in your thought patterns or behaviors in order to reduce distress and improve your quality of life. There are times when you can identify a struggle or obstacle, and you need the right person to support you in order to make changes. Other times you may need support to help you identify what needs to change to reduce distress. We all experience issues beyond our control, but I can help you learn to control how you respond and how your response impacts your wellbeing.
(978) 915-4137 View (978) 915-4137
Photo of Alison MacEachern - Northeast Health Services - Haverhill, LMHC, Counselor
Northeast Health Services - Haverhill
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Haverhill, MA 01835
Northeast Health Services is a group of local outpatient mental health care clinics dedicated to transforming lives by offering quality, easily accessible mental health care. With a commitment to excellence, innovation, and accessibility, we strive to provide personalized care that addresses both the physical and emotional well-being of every one of our clients. Our dedicated team of mental health professionals is driven by a shared mission to make a meaningful impact on the lives we touch, ensuring a healthier, brighter future for all.
Northeast Health Services is a group of local outpatient mental health care clinics dedicated to transforming lives by offering quality, easily accessible mental health care. With a commitment to excellence, innovation, and accessibility, we strive to provide personalized care that addresses both the physical and emotional well-being of every one of our clients. Our dedicated team of mental health professionals is driven by a shared mission to make a meaningful impact on the lives we touch, ensuring a healthier, brighter future for all.
(351) 217-4160 View (351) 217-4160
Photo of Isabelle Berthoud, MA, LMHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Isabelle Berthoud
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Haverhill, MA 01830
Isabelle Berthoud is a talented clinical mental health counselor specializing in EMDR and Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT). With her experience, Isabelle successfully helps clients who have complex PTSD, panic attacks, anxiety, depression, etc. She is dedicated to helping you learn and grown from your past and present. In hopes of creating an enriched future. Isabelle’s approach is warm and compassionate. She strives to build meaningful connections with all her clients so that they feel safe and comfortable to face the uncomfortable. Isabelle’s compassionate and warm approach makes her an invaluable asset in the journey of healing
Isabelle Berthoud is a talented clinical mental health counselor specializing in EMDR and Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT). With her experience, Isabelle successfully helps clients who have complex PTSD, panic attacks, anxiety, depression, etc. She is dedicated to helping you learn and grown from your past and present. In hopes of creating an enriched future. Isabelle’s approach is warm and compassionate. She strives to build meaningful connections with all her clients so that they feel safe and comfortable to face the uncomfortable. Isabelle’s compassionate and warm approach makes her an invaluable asset in the journey of healing
(351) 200-5455 View (351) 200-5455
Photo of Kathleen Sullivan - Nova Initia Counseling, Counselor
Nova Initia Counseling
Counselor
Verified Verified
Haverhill, MA 01832
Life can be challenging under the best of circumstances, but sometimes, we get stuck and need help to move forward, to get back on track or to find peace when times are difficult. I guide my clients in determining their therapeutic goals and support them as we identify their strengths and work through obstacles and ineffective beliefs that are preventing them from moving forward.
Life can be challenging under the best of circumstances, but sometimes, we get stuck and need help to move forward, to get back on track or to find peace when times are difficult. I guide my clients in determining their therapeutic goals and support them as we identify their strengths and work through obstacles and ineffective beliefs that are preventing them from moving forward.
(351) 200-7674 View (351) 200-7674
Photo of Mary Kate Mello, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary Kate Mello
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01832
Currently accepting some daytime appointments. I am a licensed independent clinical social worker currently working with adults only. I have worked in behavioral health centers, schools, and health centers for much of my career. My ideal client is someone who is struggling to deal with the unpredictability of life transitions. They may be experiencing feelings of stress, anxiety and uncertainty as they navigate changes such as starting a new job, ending a relationship, suffering from a loss, relocating, or entering a new phase of life.
Currently accepting some daytime appointments. I am a licensed independent clinical social worker currently working with adults only. I have worked in behavioral health centers, schools, and health centers for much of my career. My ideal client is someone who is struggling to deal with the unpredictability of life transitions. They may be experiencing feelings of stress, anxiety and uncertainty as they navigate changes such as starting a new job, ending a relationship, suffering from a loss, relocating, or entering a new phase of life.
(351) 247-2938 View (351) 247-2938
Photo of Amanda Waters, MEd, LMHC, Counselor
Amanda Waters
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
Haverhill, MA 01830  (Online Only)
Life can get complicated. You or a loved one may feel out of balance and in need of additional support. You may find yourself in crisis and seeking professional counsel to navigate this difficult time. There are so many reasons to begin treatment with a counseling professional. Finding a therapist who is a good match for your needs and can help is a crucial step. My experience allows me to support clients with a wide range of presenting issues.
Life can get complicated. You or a loved one may feel out of balance and in need of additional support. You may find yourself in crisis and seeking professional counsel to navigate this difficult time. There are so many reasons to begin treatment with a counseling professional. Finding a therapist who is a good match for your needs and can help is a crucial step. My experience allows me to support clients with a wide range of presenting issues.
(351) 247-7474 View (351) 247-7474
Photo of Amelia Mercedes Hernandez-Marinez, MEd, LMHC, LPC, SAC, Counselor
Amelia Mercedes Hernandez-Marinez
Counselor, MEd, LMHC, LPC, SAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01830
As a mental health counselor I provide a non-judgmental, safe place to support you through your journey. Life can be challenging and at times all we need is compassion and a safe place to express ourselves. I work with my clients and meet them where they are to help them focus on the areas that they identify that needs improvement. I have extensive experience and have a certificate in Intergenerational Trauma and narrative work with individuals from different backgrounds and life experiences. I am here to help you unlearn and break unhealthy patterns to live and relearn how to grow, nurture and honor yourself.
As a mental health counselor I provide a non-judgmental, safe place to support you through your journey. Life can be challenging and at times all we need is compassion and a safe place to express ourselves. I work with my clients and meet them where they are to help them focus on the areas that they identify that needs improvement. I have extensive experience and have a certificate in Intergenerational Trauma and narrative work with individuals from different backgrounds and life experiences. I am here to help you unlearn and break unhealthy patterns to live and relearn how to grow, nurture and honor yourself.
(351) 300-5924 View (351) 300-5924

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Haverhill, MA

100+

Average cost per session

$146

Therapists in Haverhill, MA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
71% Trauma and PTSD
71% Coping Skills
71% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% BlueCross and BlueShield
74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
74% Optum

How Therapists in Haverhill, MA see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Haverhill?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.