Therapists in Great Barrington, MA

Photo of Amy Taylor, PhD, ABPP, Psychologist
Amy Taylor
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
I am a licensed and board certified psychologist and psychoanalyst. I take a developmental standpoint and work with my patients around where they have become stuck in their lives. My treatments are highly individualized based on what my patients wish to work on and what we negotiate together as treatment goals. I have experience working with a diverse range of people confronting issues such as major life transitions, experiences of adversity and trauma, and cultural adjustment.
I am a licensed and board certified psychologist and psychoanalyst. I take a developmental standpoint and work with my patients around where they have become stuck in their lives. My treatments are highly individualized based on what my patients wish to work on and what we negotiate together as treatment goals. I have experience working with a diverse range of people confronting issues such as major life transitions, experiences of adversity and trauma, and cultural adjustment.
(413) 298-6513 View (413) 298-6513
Photo of Arthur Kraamwinkel, LMHC, LADC, Counselor
Arthur Kraamwinkel
Counselor, LMHC, LADC
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
Do you need a listening ear? Find ways to save a relationship? Grow beyond your past and create a new you? Manage your feelings or an addiction that consumes your life? I can support you in taking charge of your situation and reaching the solutions and destinations you wish for. In our sessions you can face your challenges and grow to meet them; bringing order, stability and success in your life. My clients appreciate my respectful, compassionate and straightforward approach. I believe in my clients and leave you free to choose the way you walk your path of life while offering encouragement and support.
Do you need a listening ear? Find ways to save a relationship? Grow beyond your past and create a new you? Manage your feelings or an addiction that consumes your life? I can support you in taking charge of your situation and reaching the solutions and destinations you wish for. In our sessions you can face your challenges and grow to meet them; bringing order, stability and success in your life. My clients appreciate my respectful, compassionate and straightforward approach. I believe in my clients and leave you free to choose the way you walk your path of life while offering encouragement and support.
(413) 650-6623 View (413) 650-6623
Photo of Joanne Galatea Boelke, MSW, LCSWr, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joanne Galatea Boelke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWr, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
My desire is to help clients create a more positive and productive life experience in order to transform their lives and break the cycle of self-defeating behaviors. Life is not meant to be just endured, but enjoyed. We all deserve a chance to reach our fullest potential despite experiences which have created limited core beliefs and hold us back in self- destructive patterns of depression, anxiety, fear, and guilt. I believe that therapy should be a collaborative experience.
My desire is to help clients create a more positive and productive life experience in order to transform their lives and break the cycle of self-defeating behaviors. Life is not meant to be just endured, but enjoyed. We all deserve a chance to reach our fullest potential despite experiences which have created limited core beliefs and hold us back in self- destructive patterns of depression, anxiety, fear, and guilt. I believe that therapy should be a collaborative experience.
(413) 300-6106 View (413) 300-6106
Photo of Susan B Winston, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Susan B Winston
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
SHIFT HAPPENS. You cannot stop the changing tide . Follow your passion, change your career, rebuild self-esteem, strengthen relationships, control addiction, delete stress, find balance in your life. You need a therapist who has first hand experience and empathic approach to make you successful. There is no SINGLE method that works for all people. I focus on the individual needs and responses of my clients to ensure that they are free of cookie-cutter therapeutic approaches or psyhchobabble, where the individual always counts first. You owe it to yourself to experience the strength you can gain from the right guide.
SHIFT HAPPENS. You cannot stop the changing tide . Follow your passion, change your career, rebuild self-esteem, strengthen relationships, control addiction, delete stress, find balance in your life. You need a therapist who has first hand experience and empathic approach to make you successful. There is no SINGLE method that works for all people. I focus on the individual needs and responses of my clients to ensure that they are free of cookie-cutter therapeutic approaches or psyhchobabble, where the individual always counts first. You owe it to yourself to experience the strength you can gain from the right guide.
(818) 293-0114 View (818) 293-0114
Photo of Kari J Amdahl, LMHC, Counselor
Kari J Amdahl
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Scared, anxious, depressed, frustrated, stuck...? Looking to deepen your relationships and resolve on-going conflicts? Experiencing painful loss, a difficult transition, or trauma? I help shed light on unconscious motives, patterns, and beliefs that are no longer serving you in order to allow healing and positive changes to occur. Just as importantly I focus on utilizing your strengths so they better support you in this process. I listen deeply and compassionately in a safe, relaxing setting. And always with absolute positive regard. I work with individuals, couples and families.
Scared, anxious, depressed, frustrated, stuck...? Looking to deepen your relationships and resolve on-going conflicts? Experiencing painful loss, a difficult transition, or trauma? I help shed light on unconscious motives, patterns, and beliefs that are no longer serving you in order to allow healing and positive changes to occur. Just as importantly I focus on utilizing your strengths so they better support you in this process. I listen deeply and compassionately in a safe, relaxing setting. And always with absolute positive regard. I work with individuals, couples and families.
(413) 418-3847 View (413) 418-3847
Photo of Jesse Carter - Jesse Carter, Movement Matters Psychotherapy, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jesse Carter, Movement Matters Psychotherapy
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Great Barrington, MA 01230
Feeling disconnected or weighed down? As men, we’re often expected to have everything together - whether it's success at work, strong relationships, or a steady sense of confidence. But that’s not always the reality. Maybe work stress is piling up, you’re struggling in your relationships, or you feel like you’ve lost touch with yourself. Men can also experience emotional or mental health issues differently. Depression or anxiety may not look the same in men as in women. There’s still a lot of stigma around men asking for help, but the truth is, it’s a real strength to face your challenges and get the support you need.
Feeling disconnected or weighed down? As men, we’re often expected to have everything together - whether it's success at work, strong relationships, or a steady sense of confidence. But that’s not always the reality. Maybe work stress is piling up, you’re struggling in your relationships, or you feel like you’ve lost touch with yourself. Men can also experience emotional or mental health issues differently. Depression or anxiety may not look the same in men as in women. There’s still a lot of stigma around men asking for help, but the truth is, it’s a real strength to face your challenges and get the support you need.
(413) 305-2958 x4 View (413) 305-2958 x4
Photo of Peter Nicholas Sholley - Peter N. Sholley, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Peter N. Sholley, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, grief, chronic pain, disability, and life transitions. I have openings in my practice for children, adults and couples, for brief or long-term work.
I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, grief, chronic pain, disability, and life transitions. I have openings in my practice for children, adults and couples, for brief or long-term work.
(415) 669-8734 View (415) 669-8734
Photo of Tanya Beecher, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tanya Beecher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
Not accepting new clients
In my experience as a therapist, I have seen many people "right" themselves during critical and painful times of their lives. People often come to therapy in distress and confusion, unsure how to manage their current life circumstances or overwhelmed by symptoms related to emotional pain. Sometimes there are signs quietly trying to get your attention and other times it comes as a crisis. Sometimes it is others in your life that are calling for you to change. We will work together to develop clarity, identify solutions and improve your overall life satisfaction.
In my experience as a therapist, I have seen many people "right" themselves during critical and painful times of their lives. People often come to therapy in distress and confusion, unsure how to manage their current life circumstances or overwhelmed by symptoms related to emotional pain. Sometimes there are signs quietly trying to get your attention and other times it comes as a crisis. Sometimes it is others in your life that are calling for you to change. We will work together to develop clarity, identify solutions and improve your overall life satisfaction.
(413) 623-3156 View (413) 623-3156
Photo of Michael Guthrie, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michael Guthrie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Great Barrington, MA 01230
Men and women who appear to benefit the most from working with me are those who arrive via their own motivation. They are clear that something is not working for them and they are open to investigating what might move them forward. Having curiosity as well as a willingness to expand their "comfort zone" contributes to a successful outcome. It is my intention to assist a client in expanding their understanding of their situation, others and themselves. Being "mindful" is more than a slogan; learning to be with things as they are or make changes adds greatly to well-being.
Men and women who appear to benefit the most from working with me are those who arrive via their own motivation. They are clear that something is not working for them and they are open to investigating what might move them forward. Having curiosity as well as a willingness to expand their "comfort zone" contributes to a successful outcome. It is my intention to assist a client in expanding their understanding of their situation, others and themselves. Being "mindful" is more than a slogan; learning to be with things as they are or make changes adds greatly to well-being.
(413) 931-3185 View (413) 931-3185
Photo of Jacob Nyman, Jacob Nyman, PhD, Psychologist
Jacob Nyman
Psychologist, Jacob Nyman, PhD
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
The best psychotherapy helps transform life’s toughest challenges into deep and meaningful growth. So often our greatest healing actually begins in the pain of everyday living whether it shows up in loneliness, anxiety, depression, relationship conflict, family drama, anger, fear, shame or desperation. Gaining new perspectives on self, critically examining what isn’t working, and tapping into our natural strengths can be the most powerful way to get unstuck, develop a deeper sense of self, and cultivate more happiness.
The best psychotherapy helps transform life’s toughest challenges into deep and meaningful growth. So often our greatest healing actually begins in the pain of everyday living whether it shows up in loneliness, anxiety, depression, relationship conflict, family drama, anger, fear, shame or desperation. Gaining new perspectives on self, critically examining what isn’t working, and tapping into our natural strengths can be the most powerful way to get unstuck, develop a deeper sense of self, and cultivate more happiness.
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Photo of Lucian M Schloss, MA, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lucian M Schloss
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Great Barrington, MA 01230
Are you stuck in repetitive, negative patterns in life and relationships? Do stress and coping strategies often leave you feeling drained and disconnected from your well-being? What if these challenges and symptoms were guiding you toward growth and self-awareness? If you’re ready for a deeper understanding of yourself, your relationships, and your life purpose, you’re in the right place. I utilize innovative approaches like Internal Family Systems, Systemic Constellations, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
Are you stuck in repetitive, negative patterns in life and relationships? Do stress and coping strategies often leave you feeling drained and disconnected from your well-being? What if these challenges and symptoms were guiding you toward growth and self-awareness? If you’re ready for a deeper understanding of yourself, your relationships, and your life purpose, you’re in the right place. I utilize innovative approaches like Internal Family Systems, Systemic Constellations, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
(413) 327-0006 View (413) 327-0006
Photo of Shera Weintraub, LMHC, ATR-BC, Counselor
Shera Weintraub
Counselor, LMHC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
Welcome to my practice! I work with children and adults in-person in Great Barrington, MA. I love working with all ages to help support you with anxiety, depression, life transitions, and reaching your full potential! I am also able to see teens and adults virtually across MA! I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and a Board Certified Art Therapist (ATR-BC). I have a background in anthropology and studio art, and am passionate about merging my interests into a positive and creative therapeutic practice.
Welcome to my practice! I work with children and adults in-person in Great Barrington, MA. I love working with all ages to help support you with anxiety, depression, life transitions, and reaching your full potential! I am also able to see teens and adults virtually across MA! I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and a Board Certified Art Therapist (ATR-BC). I have a background in anthropology and studio art, and am passionate about merging my interests into a positive and creative therapeutic practice.
(617) 996-7145 View (617) 996-7145
Photo of Dr. Derek Neaz-Nibur, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Derek Neaz-Nibur
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Online Only
When things aren't going well, we all need different things. Sometimes we need to vent, sometimes we need someone to tell us it'll all be okay, and, sometimes we just need to someone to help us figure out what to do next. When done right, therapy can be all of those things for us. My primary goal is to ensure everyone I work with feels like there is someone here to help them through life's many trials and tribulations by focusing on creating a warm and trusting therapeutic relationship. It's through this relationship that I am able to make interpretations and suggestions that can lead to the change that you are seeking.
When things aren't going well, we all need different things. Sometimes we need to vent, sometimes we need someone to tell us it'll all be okay, and, sometimes we just need to someone to help us figure out what to do next. When done right, therapy can be all of those things for us. My primary goal is to ensure everyone I work with feels like there is someone here to help them through life's many trials and tribulations by focusing on creating a warm and trusting therapeutic relationship. It's through this relationship that I am able to make interpretations and suggestions that can lead to the change that you are seeking.
(413) 613-4412 View (413) 613-4412
Photo of Karolina Kowarz, PsyD, Psychologist
Karolina Kowarz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
Waitlist for new clients
It takes courage to enter therapy and engage in the process of emotional healing. I am dedicated to respecting and honoring that courage by providing clients with a safe and nonjudgmental space within which deep self-exploration and personal growth can occur. Through this compassionate process clients rediscover their inner wisdom/strengths and reconnect with values-consistent living.
It takes courage to enter therapy and engage in the process of emotional healing. I am dedicated to respecting and honoring that courage by providing clients with a safe and nonjudgmental space within which deep self-exploration and personal growth can occur. Through this compassionate process clients rediscover their inner wisdom/strengths and reconnect with values-consistent living.
(413) 216-4789 View (413) 216-4789
Photo of Emily Shaw - Emily Shaw LICSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emily Shaw LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
I am a licensed clinical social worker in private practice working in person and virtually in Massachusetts and New York. I work with adolescents, adults, and couples struggling with a range of emotional and relational/interpersonal issues. My orientation is primarily Psychodynamic and Relational, and I am an EMDR therapist. I work collaboratively to help you make sense of what is going on- to identify the problem and why you are feeling the way you are feeling, and use this knowledge to consider how to shift things.
I am a licensed clinical social worker in private practice working in person and virtually in Massachusetts and New York. I work with adolescents, adults, and couples struggling with a range of emotional and relational/interpersonal issues. My orientation is primarily Psychodynamic and Relational, and I am an EMDR therapist. I work collaboratively to help you make sense of what is going on- to identify the problem and why you are feeling the way you are feeling, and use this knowledge to consider how to shift things.
(413) 854-1349 View (413) 854-1349
Photo of Andrew D Blechman, MS, MFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Andrew D Blechman
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Welcome to my therapy page. Chances are you're here because you're feeling anxious or depressed, navigating an acute crisis, or simply living day-to-day with a nagging sense that things aren't as fulfilling as they could be. Perhaps you're feeling stymied at work, having difficulty communicating with your life partner or kiddos, or frustrated and exhausted from trying to juggle all of the above and more.... Navigating life can be a challenge. Particularly when there's no real rule book and many of the behaviors modeled for us growing up have turned out to be less-than helpful.
Welcome to my therapy page. Chances are you're here because you're feeling anxious or depressed, navigating an acute crisis, or simply living day-to-day with a nagging sense that things aren't as fulfilling as they could be. Perhaps you're feeling stymied at work, having difficulty communicating with your life partner or kiddos, or frustrated and exhausted from trying to juggle all of the above and more.... Navigating life can be a challenge. Particularly when there's no real rule book and many of the behaviors modeled for us growing up have turned out to be less-than helpful.
(413) 486-5689 View (413) 486-5689
Photo of Emily Maple, PhD, MPH, Psychologist
Emily Maple
Psychologist, PhD, MPH
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
Waitlist for new clients
With a warm, practical style, aimed to enhance and maintain both short- and long-term change, I collaborate with individuals to help navigate life’s challenges. I focus on collaboration and fostering a nonjudgmental relationship by meeting clients where they are and adapting treatment to fit individual needs.
With a warm, practical style, aimed to enhance and maintain both short- and long-term change, I collaborate with individuals to help navigate life’s challenges. I focus on collaboration and fostering a nonjudgmental relationship by meeting clients where they are and adapting treatment to fit individual needs.
(413) 935-8283 View (413) 935-8283
Claire Rosenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
I work with clients age 18 and up who suffer from major mental illness as well as depression, trauma histories, eating disorders, anxiety disorders and relational problems. I have a long background in individual, couples and family therapy, having spent 13 years on the social work staff at the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, MA. My practice is now centrally located in Great Barrington, MA. I studied at the Smith College School for Social Work and The Menniger Clinic in Topeka, KS before joining the staff at Austen Riggs. I have been in solo private practice since 2005.
I work with clients age 18 and up who suffer from major mental illness as well as depression, trauma histories, eating disorders, anxiety disorders and relational problems. I have a long background in individual, couples and family therapy, having spent 13 years on the social work staff at the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, MA. My practice is now centrally located in Great Barrington, MA. I studied at the Smith College School for Social Work and The Menniger Clinic in Topeka, KS before joining the staff at Austen Riggs. I have been in solo private practice since 2005.
(413) 642-1949 View (413) 642-1949
Photo of Elizabeth V. Young, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth V. Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Great Barrington, MA 01230
I see therapy as an opportunity for you to explore the meaning of your life experiences, and how those experiences affect your current situation. I focus first on establishing a comfortable therapeutic relationship where you can feel safe and supported as you investigate new ways of being. I want to help you explore and learn from your history and feelings: I typically ask questions, note patterns, encourage you to interpret events, and reflect your strengths and successes. In the process, you will gain insight, and be able to make deliberate choices that lead to positive changes in your life.
I see therapy as an opportunity for you to explore the meaning of your life experiences, and how those experiences affect your current situation. I focus first on establishing a comfortable therapeutic relationship where you can feel safe and supported as you investigate new ways of being. I want to help you explore and learn from your history and feelings: I typically ask questions, note patterns, encourage you to interpret events, and reflect your strengths and successes. In the process, you will gain insight, and be able to make deliberate choices that lead to positive changes in your life.
(413) 347-4863 View (413) 347-4863
Photo of Michael Lipson, PhD, Psychologist
Michael Lipson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Great Barrington, MA 01230
Waitlist for new clients
We're only on Earth for a little while: too short a time to spend it indulging bad habits, ignoring our talents, suffering inadequate relationships. Personal Coaching has two main goals. First, it helps you to notice and release your fear, resentment, self-destructive sorrow -- the whole range of negative habits in thought, feeling and behavior. Second, it helps you to give your gifts to the world: your talents, your capacities, your joy. On every level, coaching enhances your relationships: with family, partner, co-workers and friends, with this amazing Earth, and with your own sense of yourself as fully alive.
We're only on Earth for a little while: too short a time to spend it indulging bad habits, ignoring our talents, suffering inadequate relationships. Personal Coaching has two main goals. First, it helps you to notice and release your fear, resentment, self-destructive sorrow -- the whole range of negative habits in thought, feeling and behavior. Second, it helps you to give your gifts to the world: your talents, your capacities, your joy. On every level, coaching enhances your relationships: with family, partner, co-workers and friends, with this amazing Earth, and with your own sense of yourself as fully alive.
(413) 296-8976 View (413) 296-8976
1

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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Great Barrington, MA

100+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Great Barrington, MA who prioritize treating:

95% Depression
95% Anxiety
86% Relationship Issues
84% Self Esteem
79% Trauma and PTSD
74% Grief
62% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% BlueCross and BlueShield
57% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
48% Optum

How Therapists in Great Barrington, MA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

65% Female
34% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Great Barrington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.