Therapists in Easthampton, MA

Photo of Danielle Martineau - EmbodyMind Clinic: Psychotherapy Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LMHC, MA, CAGS, PhD
EmbodyMind Clinic: Psychotherapy Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LMHC, MA, CAGS, PhD
2 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027
EmbodyMind Clinic, at EmbodyMind Wellness, offers integrative care for the mind, body, and spirit. If you struggle with daily tasks, anxiety, fatigue, low motivation, or interpersonal conflicts, you’re not alone. Unmanaged stress can lead to chronic mental health challenges like anxiety and depression. Life’s challenges can feel overwhelming, but with support, you can build resilience and regain balance. We’re here to help you navigate stress and find a path to well-being.
EmbodyMind Clinic, at EmbodyMind Wellness, offers integrative care for the mind, body, and spirit. If you struggle with daily tasks, anxiety, fatigue, low motivation, or interpersonal conflicts, you’re not alone. Unmanaged stress can lead to chronic mental health challenges like anxiety and depression. Life’s challenges can feel overwhelming, but with support, you can build resilience and regain balance. We’re here to help you navigate stress and find a path to well-being.
(413) 798-8567 View (413) 798-8567
Photo of John E Brelsford, Counselor, PhD, LMHC
John E Brelsford
Counselor, PhD, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027
Not accepting new clients
My practice is based on Motivational Interviewing, a counseling approach that holds the belief that each of us has the capacity to develop solutions to the problems we confront and that the role of a therapist is to collaborate with people to identify goals, and strategies to achieve those goals, that best fit their lives. People who enter therapy with me can expect to experience an empathic, supportive and respectful relationship that aims to help them increase their clarity regarding the choices facing them, their motivation to pursue important life changes, and their confidence in their ability to do so.
My practice is based on Motivational Interviewing, a counseling approach that holds the belief that each of us has the capacity to develop solutions to the problems we confront and that the role of a therapist is to collaborate with people to identify goals, and strategies to achieve those goals, that best fit their lives. People who enter therapy with me can expect to experience an empathic, supportive and respectful relationship that aims to help them increase their clarity regarding the choices facing them, their motivation to pursue important life changes, and their confidence in their ability to do so.
(413) 642-2325 View (413) 642-2325
Photo of Betsy Young - Betsy Young, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Betsy Young, LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Easthampton, MA 01027
Waitlist for new clients
I offer therapeutic support through the many challenges of being a human, while celebrating the successes, beauty and resilience that often grows from our struggles. Together, we will tune into your true voice and natural rhythms to create meaning in your life. I offer a calm presence and a spirit of curiosity and acceptance, while noticing patterns that may or may not be useful in the quest for personal growth and wellness.
I offer therapeutic support through the many challenges of being a human, while celebrating the successes, beauty and resilience that often grows from our struggles. Together, we will tune into your true voice and natural rhythms to create meaning in your life. I offer a calm presence and a spirit of curiosity and acceptance, while noticing patterns that may or may not be useful in the quest for personal growth and wellness.
(413) 456-6408 View (413) 456-6408
Photo of Kara Joseph, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Kara Joseph
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
I’m a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Massachusetts with over 25 years of experience in medical social work and psychotherapy. I’m also a Board-Certified Bariatric Counselor and Poetry Therapist. I provide individual therapy (holistic focus), poetry therapy, and bariatric psychological evaluations and support. I use an eclectic variety of therapeutic approaches, individualized to your needs, goals, and strengths. These may include mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy, journaling, positive psychology, meditation, somatic techniques, and solution-focused work. My holistic style focuses on mind-body-spirit.
I’m a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Massachusetts with over 25 years of experience in medical social work and psychotherapy. I’m also a Board-Certified Bariatric Counselor and Poetry Therapist. I provide individual therapy (holistic focus), poetry therapy, and bariatric psychological evaluations and support. I use an eclectic variety of therapeutic approaches, individualized to your needs, goals, and strengths. These may include mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy, journaling, positive psychology, meditation, somatic techniques, and solution-focused work. My holistic style focuses on mind-body-spirit.
(857) 341-9722 View (857) 341-9722
Photo of Melanie Taub, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Melanie Taub
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027
I work with adults, young adults, and adolescents who feel anxious, self-critical, or disconnected in relationships—often people who are thoughtful, creative, or high-achieving, yet carry a deep sense of responsibility for others. Many of my clients struggle with intrusive worry, guilt, perfectionism, or feeling emotionally exhausted from holding things together. Anxiety, ADHD, and trauma-related patterns often show up in subtle ways, especially in relationships. My work is a good fit for people who are reflective, curious, and ready to understand themselves more deeply rather than just manage symptoms.
I work with adults, young adults, and adolescents who feel anxious, self-critical, or disconnected in relationships—often people who are thoughtful, creative, or high-achieving, yet carry a deep sense of responsibility for others. Many of my clients struggle with intrusive worry, guilt, perfectionism, or feeling emotionally exhausted from holding things together. Anxiety, ADHD, and trauma-related patterns often show up in subtle ways, especially in relationships. My work is a good fit for people who are reflective, curious, and ready to understand themselves more deeply rather than just manage symptoms.
(413) 479-2160 View (413) 479-2160
Photo of Susan Gershwin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Susan Gershwin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Most of my clients are functioning day to day but know that with some focused work they can be doing even better. They are usually seeking EMDR or couple's counseling. Some of the couples I work with identify with LGBTQ, and they need a safe place to get some work done so they can thrive. Physicians or mental health professionals may request short term or adjunct EMDR support with a traumatic event for their patients/clients who are overall stable.
Most of my clients are functioning day to day but know that with some focused work they can be doing even better. They are usually seeking EMDR or couple's counseling. Some of the couples I work with identify with LGBTQ, and they need a safe place to get some work done so they can thrive. Physicians or mental health professionals may request short term or adjunct EMDR support with a traumatic event for their patients/clients who are overall stable.
(413) 266-5371 View (413) 266-5371
Photo of Autumn Porubsky, Psychologist, PsyD
Autumn Porubsky
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
I am a licensed psychologist with over 20 years of experience helping clients cope with significant life events. Whether this was a trauma or a major event that occurred in their everyday life. I help clients learn the skills to cope with these events and return to fully embracing their lives.
I am a licensed psychologist with over 20 years of experience helping clients cope with significant life events. Whether this was a trauma or a major event that occurred in their everyday life. I help clients learn the skills to cope with these events and return to fully embracing their lives.
(413) 414-4510 View (413) 414-4510
Photo of Courtney Morris, Psychologist, PhD
Courtney Morris
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life brings unpredictable challenges... let's work together to uncover what matters most, unlock habits of avoidance, and develop goals align with your values. When we no longer avoid vulnerable emotions, and heal from painful experiences, we can find more meaning, love and acceptance. We will challenge unhealthy self-talk, improve your relationship with yourself, and process unresolved emotions. Moreover, we will collaborate on treatment goals and incorporate research-based interventions well suited for your specific symptoms, and challenges, as appropriate.
Life brings unpredictable challenges... let's work together to uncover what matters most, unlock habits of avoidance, and develop goals align with your values. When we no longer avoid vulnerable emotions, and heal from painful experiences, we can find more meaning, love and acceptance. We will challenge unhealthy self-talk, improve your relationship with yourself, and process unresolved emotions. Moreover, we will collaborate on treatment goals and incorporate research-based interventions well suited for your specific symptoms, and challenges, as appropriate.
(413) 471-8072 View (413) 471-8072
Photo of Rosenthal Beverly, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PPS, CATC-IV
Rosenthal Beverly
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PPS, CATC-IV
Easthampton, MA 01027
Not accepting new clients
Congratulations. Taking initiative to seek therapy is a sign of health as well as an investment in self-care, and wholeness. Our mind can affect every aspect of our health. Exploring a therapeutic option is an important step in gaining motivation to explore your potential. Therapy can help facilitate growth as well as developing skills to manage and cope. I am not able to accept new clients presently. Thank you
Congratulations. Taking initiative to seek therapy is a sign of health as well as an investment in self-care, and wholeness. Our mind can affect every aspect of our health. Exploring a therapeutic option is an important step in gaining motivation to explore your potential. Therapy can help facilitate growth as well as developing skills to manage and cope. I am not able to accept new clients presently. Thank you
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Photo of Althea Somers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Althea Somers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Easthampton, MA 01027
I work with individuals through all stages of adulthood, who are dealing with a variety of emotional or mental health issues. Some of these include anxiety, depression, trauma, chronic health issues, self esteem and confidence issues, and relationship problems. I enjoy helping my clients through the process of setting their goals for therapy, and helping them work toward them, leading to greater life satisfaction. I also work with individuals who have a history of being abused or devalued by others, whether in childhood, adulthood, or continuing into the present day.
I work with individuals through all stages of adulthood, who are dealing with a variety of emotional or mental health issues. Some of these include anxiety, depression, trauma, chronic health issues, self esteem and confidence issues, and relationship problems. I enjoy helping my clients through the process of setting their goals for therapy, and helping them work toward them, leading to greater life satisfaction. I also work with individuals who have a history of being abused or devalued by others, whether in childhood, adulthood, or continuing into the present day.
(413) 613-4705 View (413) 613-4705
Photo of Arielle Jessop-Humpage, Counselor, LMHC, ATR-P
Arielle Jessop-Humpage
Counselor, LMHC, ATR-P
2 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027
Not accepting new clients
Hello! Happy to see you here. Whatever it is you're navigating, let's talk about it! I work primarily with emerging adults and adults. I strive to act as a guide and supportive presence, creating a safe foundation for you to begin this therapeutic adventure. If you are interested in exploring all parts of yourself and finding compassion and resilience within, I would be honored to embark on that journey with you. I enjoy helping people find their path and gain insight into the power they have within themselves to generate change and self-acceptance.
Hello! Happy to see you here. Whatever it is you're navigating, let's talk about it! I work primarily with emerging adults and adults. I strive to act as a guide and supportive presence, creating a safe foundation for you to begin this therapeutic adventure. If you are interested in exploring all parts of yourself and finding compassion and resilience within, I would be honored to embark on that journey with you. I enjoy helping people find their path and gain insight into the power they have within themselves to generate change and self-acceptance.
(413) 779-8718 View (413) 779-8718
Photo of Abby Moore, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Abby Moore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I'm a relational therapist who takes a collaborative, engaged approach to therapy. I specialize in supporting adults struggling with trauma, anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. I am passionate about supporting the LGBTQIA+ community, and folks with chronic illness and disabilities. I draw from psychodynamic, attachment and liberation frameworks and many years of diverse clinical experiences and settings. I offer virtual therapy that is inclusive, sex and body positive and welcoming to adults of all ages, backgrounds, and relationship styles. I also offer clinical consultation and therapy for other therapists.
I'm a relational therapist who takes a collaborative, engaged approach to therapy. I specialize in supporting adults struggling with trauma, anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. I am passionate about supporting the LGBTQIA+ community, and folks with chronic illness and disabilities. I draw from psychodynamic, attachment and liberation frameworks and many years of diverse clinical experiences and settings. I offer virtual therapy that is inclusive, sex and body positive and welcoming to adults of all ages, backgrounds, and relationship styles. I also offer clinical consultation and therapy for other therapists.
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Photo of Sarah Gillio, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Sarah Gillio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Easthampton, MA 01027
I am here to help you embrace your authenticity and find liberation from stories, patterns, habits and ways of being that don’t fit who you want to be. I believe that there is always a good reason that certain ways of relating first developed AND those patterns can have costs that can be painful. My work balances providing education and strategies, with noticing and practicing different ways of relating to yourself, your feelings and others. I particularly enjoy working with parents, pregnant people, young adults, and people in helping professions.
I am here to help you embrace your authenticity and find liberation from stories, patterns, habits and ways of being that don’t fit who you want to be. I believe that there is always a good reason that certain ways of relating first developed AND those patterns can have costs that can be painful. My work balances providing education and strategies, with noticing and practicing different ways of relating to yourself, your feelings and others. I particularly enjoy working with parents, pregnant people, young adults, and people in helping professions.
(413) 414-5771 View (413) 414-5771
Photo of Danielle Martineau, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Danielle Martineau
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027
Do you struggle with managing the challenges of everyday life because of overwhelming stress, anxiety, and/or depression? Are you constantly on edge, struggle to get out of bed due to fatigue, or stay up all night thinking about the past or future? Do you fear that you're not where you want to be in your life, and you're unsure as to how to get there? You're not alone and there is hope. On average, one in five adults and one in six children and adolescents, experience mental health struggles. Left untreated, mental health challenges can lead to financial loss, job instability, and relationship difficulties.
Do you struggle with managing the challenges of everyday life because of overwhelming stress, anxiety, and/or depression? Are you constantly on edge, struggle to get out of bed due to fatigue, or stay up all night thinking about the past or future? Do you fear that you're not where you want to be in your life, and you're unsure as to how to get there? You're not alone and there is hope. On average, one in five adults and one in six children and adolescents, experience mental health struggles. Left untreated, mental health challenges can lead to financial loss, job instability, and relationship difficulties.
(413) 216-4973 View (413) 216-4973
Photo of Coralee Chase, Counselor, MEd, LMHC, CADC
Coralee Chase
Counselor, MEd, LMHC, CADC
Easthampton, MA 01027
Not accepting new clients
My name is Coralee (Cora for short). I have been a professional in the valley for 30 plus years. I believe we all have beliefs, a story that prevents us from living to our greater good. I am here and open to supporting that journey into wellness. My field of expertise is Substance Disorders, Mental Health issues. I also work with individuals around the loss of loved ones, jobs, homes. I am particularly open to working with families that have lost a family member to substance use, ie overdose, alcohol side affects. I also work with families around dealing with an afflicted family member. I look forward to helping with your journey.
My name is Coralee (Cora for short). I have been a professional in the valley for 30 plus years. I believe we all have beliefs, a story that prevents us from living to our greater good. I am here and open to supporting that journey into wellness. My field of expertise is Substance Disorders, Mental Health issues. I also work with individuals around the loss of loved ones, jobs, homes. I am particularly open to working with families that have lost a family member to substance use, ie overdose, alcohol side affects. I also work with families around dealing with an afflicted family member. I look forward to helping with your journey.
(413) 200-3567 View (413) 200-3567
Photo of Aimee Letson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Aimee Letson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My passion has grown out of my experience in offering hope and help to clients struggling with addiction and co-occurring mental health disorders. I help adult clients find and navigate their path in recovery as well support family members as they find ways to maintain connections in difficult situations. I have experience in guiding clients to find the courage and motivation to make changes over time. I believe that mindfulness creates a path to settle the mind and body and that a connection with nature nurtures the spirit.
My passion has grown out of my experience in offering hope and help to clients struggling with addiction and co-occurring mental health disorders. I help adult clients find and navigate their path in recovery as well support family members as they find ways to maintain connections in difficult situations. I have experience in guiding clients to find the courage and motivation to make changes over time. I believe that mindfulness creates a path to settle the mind and body and that a connection with nature nurtures the spirit.
(413) 339-3219 View (413) 339-3219
Photo of Stan Gajda, Counselor, MA, PsyD, LMHC
Stan Gajda
Counselor, MA, PsyD, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I use an approach that is both client-centered and evidence-based. I let the client guide me where they want to go and what they want to achieve through treatment. Everyone has strengths that can be used to better manage their concerns. From my perspective progress in treatment is wholly determined by the individual.
I use an approach that is both client-centered and evidence-based. I let the client guide me where they want to go and what they want to achieve through treatment. Everyone has strengths that can be used to better manage their concerns. From my perspective progress in treatment is wholly determined by the individual.
(413) 277-7047 View (413) 277-7047
Photo of Laura Wallis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Laura Wallis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I believe that the foundation for healing happens within a strong and trusting therapeutic relationship and I am deeply committed to creating a secure and nurturing space for personal growth. I have over 20 years of experience, specializing in providing compassionate and empathic support to adults who experience a wide range of challenges, such as depression, life transitions, loneliness, Insomnia, relationship difficulties, grief and loss (humans and pets), job difficulties including burnout.
I believe that the foundation for healing happens within a strong and trusting therapeutic relationship and I am deeply committed to creating a secure and nurturing space for personal growth. I have over 20 years of experience, specializing in providing compassionate and empathic support to adults who experience a wide range of challenges, such as depression, life transitions, loneliness, Insomnia, relationship difficulties, grief and loss (humans and pets), job difficulties including burnout.
(413) 675-5788 View (413) 675-5788
Photo of Scot Coar, Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, LMFT
Scot Coar
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My 14+ years working in a therapeutic milieu as well as my time in private practice working with individuals, couples and families has contributed to developing an approach that seeks to help clients better navigate their systems (Families, Schools, Jobs, Relationships, Peer groups, etc.) as well as the issues they might be struggling with individually. Incorporating cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic, narrative and mindfulness based techniques, I strive to help the people I work with develop coping skills, improve self esteem/assertiveness, reduce anxiety/depression, cope with loss and trauma as well as improve relationships and overall sense of well being.
My 14+ years working in a therapeutic milieu as well as my time in private practice working with individuals, couples and families has contributed to developing an approach that seeks to help clients better navigate their systems (Families, Schools, Jobs, Relationships, Peer groups, etc.) as well as the issues they might be struggling with individually. Incorporating cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic, narrative and mindfulness based techniques, I strive to help the people I work with develop coping skills, improve self esteem/assertiveness, reduce anxiety/depression, cope with loss and trauma as well as improve relationships and overall sense of well being.
(413) 340-0528 View (413) 340-0528
Photo of Samantha Armer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Samantha Armer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
6 Endorsed
Online Only
These are extraordinary times, and each of us faces what is in front of us differently; my work is to meet you as an individual who is balancing multitudes and support you in your journey. Graduating more than a decade ago with an from University of Albany's School of Social Welfare; earlier graduate work was concentrating in Marriage and Family Therapy. Additionally I spent over ten years working as a birth and postpartum doula and childbirth educator, which has offered me a unique background for working with families, particularly birthing individuals.
These are extraordinary times, and each of us faces what is in front of us differently; my work is to meet you as an individual who is balancing multitudes and support you in your journey. Graduating more than a decade ago with an from University of Albany's School of Social Welfare; earlier graduate work was concentrating in Marriage and Family Therapy. Additionally I spent over ten years working as a birth and postpartum doula and childbirth educator, which has offered me a unique background for working with families, particularly birthing individuals.
(347) 682-4614 View (347) 682-4614

See more therapy options for Easthampton

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Easthampton, MA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Easthampton, MA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
77% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
67% Grief
64% Stress

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% BlueCross and BlueShield
66% Optum
56% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Easthampton, MA see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
20% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Easthampton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.