Therapists in Dudley, MA

Photo of Paige Hartmann, MA, Counselor
Paige Hartmann
Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Dudley, MA 01571
I'm Paige, a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC) and I understand the struggles of managing chaos in your life. I specialize in helping individuals navigate a variety of mental health challenges, including eating disorders, trauma, anxiety, depression, and life transitions. My therapeutic approach is client-centered, meaning I meet each person where they are, tailoring treatment to their unique needs and goals. I draw from evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and trauma-informed care to empower clients on their journey toward healing and self-discovery.
I'm Paige, a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC) and I understand the struggles of managing chaos in your life. I specialize in helping individuals navigate a variety of mental health challenges, including eating disorders, trauma, anxiety, depression, and life transitions. My therapeutic approach is client-centered, meaning I meet each person where they are, tailoring treatment to their unique needs and goals. I draw from evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and trauma-informed care to empower clients on their journey toward healing and self-discovery.
(603) 803-4776 View (603) 803-4776
Photo of Theresa Salonis, LMHC, PMH-C, Counselor
Theresa Salonis
Counselor, LMHC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Reaching out for help and support is often the hardest step to healing. No matter what your struggles are, how tired you are, how many negative thoughts you have, or how hopeless you feel, we will work through these struggles and find a solution that will allow you to live “your very best life”.
Reaching out for help and support is often the hardest step to healing. No matter what your struggles are, how tired you are, how many negative thoughts you have, or how hopeless you feel, we will work through these struggles and find a solution that will allow you to live “your very best life”.
(774) 479-4871 View (774) 479-4871
Photo of Karin E Peterson, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Karin E Peterson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I work with children, adolescents and adults to promote learning, healing and growing. As a Client of mine, we focus on your strengths while we work towards managing your setbacks, pressures, and losses that life presents. I would support you to cope emotionally and rationally with these challenges. To build your resilience and power, I listen openly to who you are and who you want to become while gently pointing out reality .
I work with children, adolescents and adults to promote learning, healing and growing. As a Client of mine, we focus on your strengths while we work towards managing your setbacks, pressures, and losses that life presents. I would support you to cope emotionally and rationally with these challenges. To build your resilience and power, I listen openly to who you are and who you want to become while gently pointing out reality .
(774) 272-4020 View (774) 272-4020
Photo of Kristina Bourgoin, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kristina Bourgoin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about helping people to overcome challenges and live fulfilling lives. If you are struggling with knowing where to start, talking to a therapist can be a great first step towards making positive changes. Whether you are seeking support for personal growth or a couple navigating relationship dynamics, I am here to help you gain insight and work toward your goals.
I am passionate about helping people to overcome challenges and live fulfilling lives. If you are struggling with knowing where to start, talking to a therapist can be a great first step towards making positive changes. Whether you are seeking support for personal growth or a couple navigating relationship dynamics, I am here to help you gain insight and work toward your goals.
(508) 456-5707 View (508) 456-5707
Photo of Becky Howard, MA, CAGS, LMHC, Counselor
Becky Howard
Counselor, MA, CAGS, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Whether you're feeling depressed, anxious, hopeless, or irritable, making that first call for help can be hard. You desperately want to feel better, but you're afraid of what it will be like to share your thoughts with a therapist. I understand. My guiding principles are respect, appreciation of differences, and a balance between acceptance and change. I listen carefully and center the therapy around your needs.
Whether you're feeling depressed, anxious, hopeless, or irritable, making that first call for help can be hard. You desperately want to feel better, but you're afraid of what it will be like to share your thoughts with a therapist. I understand. My guiding principles are respect, appreciation of differences, and a balance between acceptance and change. I listen carefully and center the therapy around your needs.
(508) 815-4137 View (508) 815-4137

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Nevila Weagle, LMHC, LMFT, Counselor
Nevila Weagle
Counselor, LMHC, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Northborough, MA 01532
As a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC) and licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT) and clinical experience of over 20 years , I bring a wealth of experience and expertise in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). My clinical practice focuses on helping individuals navigate anxiety and depression across the lifespan, as well as addressing complex issues such as PTSD and OCD. With a strong foundation in evidence-based therapies, I am committed to empowering clients to achieve optimal functioning and cultivate a life worth living, even when faced with significant challenges.
As a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC) and licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT) and clinical experience of over 20 years , I bring a wealth of experience and expertise in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). My clinical practice focuses on helping individuals navigate anxiety and depression across the lifespan, as well as addressing complex issues such as PTSD and OCD. With a strong foundation in evidence-based therapies, I am committed to empowering clients to achieve optimal functioning and cultivate a life worth living, even when faced with significant challenges.
(774) 458-9970 View (774) 458-9970
Photo of Cassandra DeQuevedo, MS, LMHC
Cassandra DeQuevedo
Mental Health Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Online Only
You’re good at so many things, but you struggle in relationships, with confidence in who you are, or managing grief. Therapy will help you tap into your natural ability for deep connection, inner strength, and healing. Perhaps in Relationships- you struggle with communication, boundaries, or you keep getting stuck in the same patterns? In Identity- you know your worth, but have trouble with your self-esteem? In Grief- you get overwhelmed, and don’t know where to start to feel better? You're ready to master relationships, heal, and be unapologetically yourself.
You’re good at so many things, but you struggle in relationships, with confidence in who you are, or managing grief. Therapy will help you tap into your natural ability for deep connection, inner strength, and healing. Perhaps in Relationships- you struggle with communication, boundaries, or you keep getting stuck in the same patterns? In Identity- you know your worth, but have trouble with your self-esteem? In Grief- you get overwhelmed, and don’t know where to start to feel better? You're ready to master relationships, heal, and be unapologetically yourself.
(339) 300-9460 View (339) 300-9460
Photo of Tammy Weiner - Lexington Behavioral Health, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lexington Behavioral Health
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
We have several years of experience working with the adult population dealing with: Family and couples counseling, dual diagnosis, trauma, psychosis, personality disorders, anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+, and substance use disorder. Together we will work on different treatments such as: coping skills, problem solving, CBT, DBT and remain solution focused. Everyone is individualized, not everyone fits into the same starting point or same modality of treatment.
We have several years of experience working with the adult population dealing with: Family and couples counseling, dual diagnosis, trauma, psychosis, personality disorders, anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+, and substance use disorder. Together we will work on different treatments such as: coping skills, problem solving, CBT, DBT and remain solution focused. Everyone is individualized, not everyone fits into the same starting point or same modality of treatment.
(508) 213-0891 View (508) 213-0891
Photo of Leah Kravette, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leah Kravette
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Whether you are going through a major life transition or could use support managing day-to-day challenges, I would consider it a privilege to hear your story and offer support on your journey. My therapeutic approach is nonjudgmental, pragmatic, and compassionate. I can support you in developing and maintaining self care routines, using healthy tools and self compassion to cope with stress, and learning effective strategies for communication and working through conflict.
Whether you are going through a major life transition or could use support managing day-to-day challenges, I would consider it a privilege to hear your story and offer support on your journey. My therapeutic approach is nonjudgmental, pragmatic, and compassionate. I can support you in developing and maintaining self care routines, using healthy tools and self compassion to cope with stress, and learning effective strategies for communication and working through conflict.
(617) 765-1737 View (617) 765-1737
Photo of John 'Jack' Bonina, MS, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
John 'Jack' Bonina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Worcester, MA 01609
My approach with clients recognizes that most people are looking for tangible help, don't have a lot of time between work and family, and want to feel like they are moving toward a better understanding of solutions to address their difficulties. My work with clients acknowledges these issues. I take a very active role in counseling to explore the options with my clients, provide new knowlege of issues where relevant, and help an individual to reach their potential. Issues related to marital/partner, parenting/child, family,work,school,stress, anxiety, depression, and substance abuse are all areas I work with.
My approach with clients recognizes that most people are looking for tangible help, don't have a lot of time between work and family, and want to feel like they are moving toward a better understanding of solutions to address their difficulties. My work with clients acknowledges these issues. I take a very active role in counseling to explore the options with my clients, provide new knowlege of issues where relevant, and help an individual to reach their potential. Issues related to marital/partner, parenting/child, family,work,school,stress, anxiety, depression, and substance abuse are all areas I work with.
(508) 534-8209 View (508) 534-8209
Photo of Janice M Lundberg - Solutions Mental Health, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Solutions Mental Health
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Northborough, MA 01532
Is depression or anxiety taking over your life? Are you finding communication with your child mission impossible? Just talking with a friend will only be a temporary solution. And enduring a bad situation will not help. I can offer either short or long term collaboraton aimed at meeting your current life challenges which block your realization towards greater life satisfaction. I can help you reduce that anxiety by assisting you to feel more in control over your life. I can help you to gain strength to go forward while bearing sadness. You do not have to take the journey alone.
Is depression or anxiety taking over your life? Are you finding communication with your child mission impossible? Just talking with a friend will only be a temporary solution. And enduring a bad situation will not help. I can offer either short or long term collaboraton aimed at meeting your current life challenges which block your realization towards greater life satisfaction. I can help you reduce that anxiety by assisting you to feel more in control over your life. I can help you to gain strength to go forward while bearing sadness. You do not have to take the journey alone.
(508) 306-1941 View (508) 306-1941
Photo of Gambit Counseling Coaching - Gambit Counseling & Coaching, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Gambit Counseling & Coaching
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Holliston, MA 01746
We are a group of therapists who promote awareness, provide high-quality education, and support to individuals with mental health and substance use needs. We actively promote skills for self-improvement and methods for continued lifelong self-cultivation. Because of years of emergency team experience, we can work with ages of 8 to 88 who are looking for practical, easy to implement plans to address acute and chronic issues currently impacting their daily lives. We seek to assist these individuals in regaining a sense of control over their own lives and help them develop the skills necessary to live fulfilling lives.
We are a group of therapists who promote awareness, provide high-quality education, and support to individuals with mental health and substance use needs. We actively promote skills for self-improvement and methods for continued lifelong self-cultivation. Because of years of emergency team experience, we can work with ages of 8 to 88 who are looking for practical, easy to implement plans to address acute and chronic issues currently impacting their daily lives. We seek to assist these individuals in regaining a sense of control over their own lives and help them develop the skills necessary to live fulfilling lives.
(508) 590-9897 View (508) 590-9897
Photo of Anna Munro, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anna Munro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Northborough, MA 01532
You’ve realized you’re drinking or getting high more than you planned to and more than you want to but don’t know how to stop. The shame is dragging you down and you’re too embarrassed to admit you have a "problem." People in your life are concerned and want to offer help but what they’re offering just isn’t what you think you need. You might be numbing how you feel about letting things get to this point and not being able to change. Maybe someone else thinks your behavior is a problem and as much as you’d rather just get them off your back, there’s a part of you that’s starting to agree and wondering what you can do about it.
You’ve realized you’re drinking or getting high more than you planned to and more than you want to but don’t know how to stop. The shame is dragging you down and you’re too embarrassed to admit you have a "problem." People in your life are concerned and want to offer help but what they’re offering just isn’t what you think you need. You might be numbing how you feel about letting things get to this point and not being able to change. Maybe someone else thinks your behavior is a problem and as much as you’d rather just get them off your back, there’s a part of you that’s starting to agree and wondering what you can do about it.
View
Photo of Beth Calabrese, MA, R-DMT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Beth Calabrese
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, R-DMT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Worcester, MA 01608
Welcome to my page! I'm so glad you found me. My passion is grounded in helping clients find their authentic selves and live life fully. I have professional clinical experience working with children who are medically complex, senior adults struggling with dementia and Alzheimer’s, PHP and IOP patients, and everyone in between. Prior to becoming a therapist, I owned and operated a children’s and adult dance studio for over a decade. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, and mood disorders, and enjoy working with folks with perinatal and postpartum depression and anxiety. My work is trauma-informed and person-centered.
Welcome to my page! I'm so glad you found me. My passion is grounded in helping clients find their authentic selves and live life fully. I have professional clinical experience working with children who are medically complex, senior adults struggling with dementia and Alzheimer’s, PHP and IOP patients, and everyone in between. Prior to becoming a therapist, I owned and operated a children’s and adult dance studio for over a decade. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, and mood disorders, and enjoy working with folks with perinatal and postpartum depression and anxiety. My work is trauma-informed and person-centered.
(508) 474-7046 View (508) 474-7046
Photo of Francy Anderson, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Francy Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
As a Christian therapist, I integrate faith with evidence-based therapeutic practices to offer a holistic approach to mental health. My passion lies in guiding female adults through the challenges of depression, anxiety, life transitions, problems in living, and interpersonal relationship issues. I believe in the power of a compassionate, non-judgmental space where my clients can explore their thoughts and feelings openly. My approach is rooted in empathy, collaboration, and a deep respect for each individual’s unique journey.
As a Christian therapist, I integrate faith with evidence-based therapeutic practices to offer a holistic approach to mental health. My passion lies in guiding female adults through the challenges of depression, anxiety, life transitions, problems in living, and interpersonal relationship issues. I believe in the power of a compassionate, non-judgmental space where my clients can explore their thoughts and feelings openly. My approach is rooted in empathy, collaboration, and a deep respect for each individual’s unique journey.
(774) 855-5343 View (774) 855-5343
Photo of Theresa Smigelski, MHC-I, Pre-Licensed Professional
Theresa Smigelski
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Whether you’re battling anxiety that makes even the smallest tasks feel like major hurdles, struggling to find your place in social situations, facing a big life change that’s knocked you off balance, or trying to move past old habits that no longer serve you, it’s easy to feel like you’re carrying it all by yourself. It’s completely normal to feel stuck or unsure of how to move forward. But I want you to know that you don’t have to figure all of this out alone. There’s support available, and I’m here to help you navigate through these tough times with understanding and guidance.
Whether you’re battling anxiety that makes even the smallest tasks feel like major hurdles, struggling to find your place in social situations, facing a big life change that’s knocked you off balance, or trying to move past old habits that no longer serve you, it’s easy to feel like you’re carrying it all by yourself. It’s completely normal to feel stuck or unsure of how to move forward. But I want you to know that you don’t have to figure all of this out alone. There’s support available, and I’m here to help you navigate through these tough times with understanding and guidance.
(857) 240-5726 View (857) 240-5726
Photo of Lauren Mankus, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lauren Mankus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Note: I am a clinician at a group practice, Lorenzi Health, LLC. Messages sent via Psychology Today go to our practice intake coordinator, who will help connect you to services and answer any questions you may have. I am a licensed clinical social worker with experience working with various diagnoses, including anxiety, autism, adjustment disorder, and learning disabilities. Whether you have a diagnosis or simply need a listening ear, I meet all my clients with empathy, patience and a strength-based mindset.
Note: I am a clinician at a group practice, Lorenzi Health, LLC. Messages sent via Psychology Today go to our practice intake coordinator, who will help connect you to services and answer any questions you may have. I am a licensed clinical social worker with experience working with various diagnoses, including anxiety, autism, adjustment disorder, and learning disabilities. Whether you have a diagnosis or simply need a listening ear, I meet all my clients with empathy, patience and a strength-based mindset.
(413) 216-2831 View (413) 216-2831
Photo of Sheena Mahoney, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sheena Mahoney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have worked the majority of my career in emergency psychiatric medicine. I have spent the last 7 years working alongside law enforcement. Being in these intense situations has helped me to learn how to support people in crisis as well as skills people can use to avoid a crisis. I have a unique perspective into the stressors that law enforcement, first responders and veterans experience in their lines of work and hope to provide support to those who may not traditionally seek it out due to stigma or fear that people won't understand.
I have worked the majority of my career in emergency psychiatric medicine. I have spent the last 7 years working alongside law enforcement. Being in these intense situations has helped me to learn how to support people in crisis as well as skills people can use to avoid a crisis. I have a unique perspective into the stressors that law enforcement, first responders and veterans experience in their lines of work and hope to provide support to those who may not traditionally seek it out due to stigma or fear that people won't understand.
(351) 333-1482 View (351) 333-1482
Photo of Kristen Crossen, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristen Crossen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
As a board certified psychotherapist, I believe prioritizing mental health is key to happiness and stability in life. I've been practicing for 15 years, and my main focus is to help alleviate your pain, whether it be from depression, anxiety, trauma, or dissociation. I've excelled myself in and places great value on serving clients from diverse racial, gender, and sexual backgrounds. I am Deaf and fluent in American Sign Language.
As a board certified psychotherapist, I believe prioritizing mental health is key to happiness and stability in life. I've been practicing for 15 years, and my main focus is to help alleviate your pain, whether it be from depression, anxiety, trauma, or dissociation. I've excelled myself in and places great value on serving clients from diverse racial, gender, and sexual backgrounds. I am Deaf and fluent in American Sign Language.
(774) 345-9506 View (774) 345-9506
Photo of Hannah Derleth, MA, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Hannah Derleth
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed or burned out? I started Safe Haven Counseling Services to help better serve clients in Massachusetts and Indiana. My areas of specialization include OCD, gender dysphoria/LGBTQ issues, anxiety, substance abuse/addiction and recovery, dual diagnosis issues, caregiver burnout, depression and psychotic disorders. I have over 80+ hours of training in OCD/ERP combined. I have experience working in general, OCD-specific and LGBTQ-specific outpatient settings, corrections, a residential DBT program for children and adolescents ages 10-18 and a residential facility for substance use disorders.
Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed or burned out? I started Safe Haven Counseling Services to help better serve clients in Massachusetts and Indiana. My areas of specialization include OCD, gender dysphoria/LGBTQ issues, anxiety, substance abuse/addiction and recovery, dual diagnosis issues, caregiver burnout, depression and psychotic disorders. I have over 80+ hours of training in OCD/ERP combined. I have experience working in general, OCD-specific and LGBTQ-specific outpatient settings, corrections, a residential DBT program for children and adolescents ages 10-18 and a residential facility for substance use disorders.
(978) 404-8384 View (978) 404-8384

See more therapy options for Dudley

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Dudley, MA

< 10

Therapists in Dudley, MA who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Self Esteem
80% Grief
80% Parenting

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
80% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Aetna

How Therapists in Dudley, MA see their clients

60% Online Only
40% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Dudley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.