Therapists in Deerfield, MA

Photo of Katherine Fischer, Psychologist, MS, PsyD
Katherine Fischer
Psychologist, MS, PsyD
Online Only
I provide psychoeducational assessments for students who are having difficulty in school. Currently I am only providing assessments through an online platform. Striving to help these students understand their strengths and weaknesses, as well as gaining skills to help school become easier is my number one goal. Often my clients have teachers or parents who believe that the student might have a psychological, attention, or learning difference, which is preventing them from learning to the best of their abilities.
I provide psychoeducational assessments for students who are having difficulty in school. Currently I am only providing assessments through an online platform. Striving to help these students understand their strengths and weaknesses, as well as gaining skills to help school become easier is my number one goal. Often my clients have teachers or parents who believe that the student might have a psychological, attention, or learning difference, which is preventing them from learning to the best of their abilities.
(650) 409-2599 View (650) 409-2599
Photo of Krista Giordano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Krista Giordano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Krista is a Licensed Certified Social Worker with over 7 years of experience working with children, families, adults and couples. She has had the privilege to work in many settings including schools, in-home therapy, out-patient therapy, in hospitals, and within the criminal justice system. Krista specializes in trauma informed services, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, with an emphasis on motivational interviewing.  The majority of her work has been with individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, PTSD, anger management, relationship/family challenges and more.
Krista is a Licensed Certified Social Worker with over 7 years of experience working with children, families, adults and couples. She has had the privilege to work in many settings including schools, in-home therapy, out-patient therapy, in hospitals, and within the criminal justice system. Krista specializes in trauma informed services, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, with an emphasis on motivational interviewing.  The majority of her work has been with individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, PTSD, anger management, relationship/family challenges and more.
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Photo of Jessica Kuttner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Jessica Kuttner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
For over 20 years, I have accompanied people and groups healing from the suffering that arises from the interplay between life experiences and systemic injustice. My approach is curious, collaborative, and warm, supporting you to move through pain toward resilience and transformation. I hold your self-determination with reverence, honoring what real healing and wellness means for you. The tools and frameworks I offer, including EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing,) Flash Technique, Ego State Therapy and Somatic Therapy, support exploration toward self-understanding and your own path to wellbeing.
For over 20 years, I have accompanied people and groups healing from the suffering that arises from the interplay between life experiences and systemic injustice. My approach is curious, collaborative, and warm, supporting you to move through pain toward resilience and transformation. I hold your self-determination with reverence, honoring what real healing and wellness means for you. The tools and frameworks I offer, including EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing,) Flash Technique, Ego State Therapy and Somatic Therapy, support exploration toward self-understanding and your own path to wellbeing.
(413) 553-1281 View (413) 553-1281
Photo of Susan Hayes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Susan Hayes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Prioritizing your mental health by entering psychotherapy provides an invaluable opportunity for growth and healing. Through therapy, you can explore and address life’s challenges, gaining insight into your emotions and behaviors. This journey can help you uncover the root causes of your struggles and create meaningful change. As your therapist, I work collaboratively with you to help manage difficulties such as relationship issues, depression, anxiety, and identity concerns. I specialize in supporting clients through past trauma, offering strategies and guidance to improve emotional well-being.
Prioritizing your mental health by entering psychotherapy provides an invaluable opportunity for growth and healing. Through therapy, you can explore and address life’s challenges, gaining insight into your emotions and behaviors. This journey can help you uncover the root causes of your struggles and create meaningful change. As your therapist, I work collaboratively with you to help manage difficulties such as relationship issues, depression, anxiety, and identity concerns. I specialize in supporting clients through past trauma, offering strategies and guidance to improve emotional well-being.
(413) 992-3447 View (413) 992-3447
Photo of Serena Torrey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Serena Torrey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Serves Area
Welcome! I currently have space in my Internal Family Systems (IFS) Practice Groups, and occasional openings for couples. In spring 2025 I am offering more outdoor work, with garden-based sessions, and forest-based IFS groups. I approach couples and group work with the intention of exploring each person's complexity. IFS lets us view conflicting parts with open-hearted curiosity. The groups offer hands-on IFS activities to strengthen your relationship with all parts of you. To learn more, contact me via the email link. After completing an IFS group, new clients have the option of intermittent short-term individual IFS sessions.
Welcome! I currently have space in my Internal Family Systems (IFS) Practice Groups, and occasional openings for couples. In spring 2025 I am offering more outdoor work, with garden-based sessions, and forest-based IFS groups. I approach couples and group work with the intention of exploring each person's complexity. IFS lets us view conflicting parts with open-hearted curiosity. The groups offer hands-on IFS activities to strengthen your relationship with all parts of you. To learn more, contact me via the email link. After completing an IFS group, new clients have the option of intermittent short-term individual IFS sessions.
(413) 314-2546 View (413) 314-2546
Photo of Scott Dunaisky, Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Scott Dunaisky
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Serves Area
I work with children, adolescents, adults, and couples using an empathic, mindfulness based approach that is aimed at helping individuals move towards their goals. I help people work through a range of challenges including processing trauma, living with anxiety, living with depression, living with anger/rage, and working through interpersonal or family conflict. In addition, I also support people who may be struggling to achieve a balance and a feeling of control in their world. I offer a relaxed and supportive space that allows individuals to make their own choices in their process of moving towards their specific goals.
I work with children, adolescents, adults, and couples using an empathic, mindfulness based approach that is aimed at helping individuals move towards their goals. I help people work through a range of challenges including processing trauma, living with anxiety, living with depression, living with anger/rage, and working through interpersonal or family conflict. In addition, I also support people who may be struggling to achieve a balance and a feeling of control in their world. I offer a relaxed and supportive space that allows individuals to make their own choices in their process of moving towards their specific goals.
(413) 666-1578 View (413) 666-1578
Photo of Alessia Doss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Alessia Doss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Serves Area
My clients are typically between the ages of 18 - 35, navigating college or the beginning of their professional career. They often experience immense pressure around expectations they have set for themselves or someone else has set for them. They may experience anxiety or depression and are eager to explore coping skills and treatment options. They are interested in identifying the ways in which their relationships, responsibilities, family culture and current life stage plays a role in how they function in the world around them.
My clients are typically between the ages of 18 - 35, navigating college or the beginning of their professional career. They often experience immense pressure around expectations they have set for themselves or someone else has set for them. They may experience anxiety or depression and are eager to explore coping skills and treatment options. They are interested in identifying the ways in which their relationships, responsibilities, family culture and current life stage plays a role in how they function in the world around them.
(518) 757-9228 View (518) 757-9228
Photo of Carolyn Wallace, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Carolyn Wallace
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
Do you feel stuck in patterns that no longer serve you? Are you struggling with anxiety, past trauma, or relationships that feel unfulfilling? You don’t have to navigate this alone. I work with adults of all ages and provide a safe, compassionate space where you can explore your challenges, heal emotional wounds, and rediscover your strength, self-efficacy and right to be happy. With over twenty years of experience, my practice is eclectic, relationship-based and trauma informed. I blend evidence-based techniques with deep, intuitive, heart-centered work to help you shift from surviving to thriving.
Do you feel stuck in patterns that no longer serve you? Are you struggling with anxiety, past trauma, or relationships that feel unfulfilling? You don’t have to navigate this alone. I work with adults of all ages and provide a safe, compassionate space where you can explore your challenges, heal emotional wounds, and rediscover your strength, self-efficacy and right to be happy. With over twenty years of experience, my practice is eclectic, relationship-based and trauma informed. I blend evidence-based techniques with deep, intuitive, heart-centered work to help you shift from surviving to thriving.
(413) 267-6530 View (413) 267-6530
Photo of Heather Kuhn, Counselor, MA, LMHC, MSMT
Heather Kuhn
Counselor, MA, LMHC, MSMT
Serves Area
I work with adults from many diverse backgrounds and with a wide variety of therapeutic goals. I specialize in working with people who struggle with low self-esteem, those who suffered childhood abuse and/or neglect, who are interested in healing their ancestral and intergenerational trauma patterns, relational and attachment issues, and codependent tendencies. I also support clients who are becoming leaders or need help navigating the tricky waters of being a leader, are wanting to step into their creative potential, or are interested in living life outside the box.
I work with adults from many diverse backgrounds and with a wide variety of therapeutic goals. I specialize in working with people who struggle with low self-esteem, those who suffered childhood abuse and/or neglect, who are interested in healing their ancestral and intergenerational trauma patterns, relational and attachment issues, and codependent tendencies. I also support clients who are becoming leaders or need help navigating the tricky waters of being a leader, are wanting to step into their creative potential, or are interested in living life outside the box.
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Photo of Yvette Chalifoux, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Yvette Chalifoux
Counselor, MA, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Behind your "I've got it all together" smile, are you secretly overwhelmed? Whether you're navigating anxiety, codependency, everyday stress, perfectionism, life changes, or drowning in everyone else's needs but your own, you deserve more than just surviving to keep it all together. Therapy honors your resilience while creating space to breathe—without having to pretend that everything is okay. In our sessions together, you'll discover what becomes possible when you no longer carry every burden alone. Reach out today, you don't have to do this alone!
Behind your "I've got it all together" smile, are you secretly overwhelmed? Whether you're navigating anxiety, codependency, everyday stress, perfectionism, life changes, or drowning in everyone else's needs but your own, you deserve more than just surviving to keep it all together. Therapy honors your resilience while creating space to breathe—without having to pretend that everything is okay. In our sessions together, you'll discover what becomes possible when you no longer carry every burden alone. Reach out today, you don't have to do this alone!
(508) 876-3580 View (508) 876-3580

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Jean Rahbar, PsyaD, LMHC, LPC
Jean Rahbar
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have been working therapeutically with adolescents, adults and couples for the past 15 years. I provide a therapeutic space where clients' feel safe, experiencing me as someone of whom can be trusted with their deeper thoughts. A client's feelings and goals are of the utmost importance to me. My wish is that that from the moment you meet me, you experience my highly analytical approach, coupled with genuine care and warmth.
I have been working therapeutically with adolescents, adults and couples for the past 15 years. I provide a therapeutic space where clients' feel safe, experiencing me as someone of whom can be trusted with their deeper thoughts. A client's feelings and goals are of the utmost importance to me. My wish is that that from the moment you meet me, you experience my highly analytical approach, coupled with genuine care and warmth.
(781) 912-3476 View (781) 912-3476
Photo of Bruno Trindade, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Bruno Trindade
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Northampton, MA 01060
You don't have to do this alone. Do you feel overwhelmed with sadness or anxiety? Do you find yourself repeating the same patterns, over and over, no matter how much you want something different? Are you lonely, feeling disconnected from others or even yourself? You're here on this page because you want something different for yourself, but it's hard feeling like it's all up to you. It's time to ask for help, maybe for the first time, or maybe it's "once again". Either way, you are welcome here, you are accepted here, come as you are, in the here-and-now, in this moment, and let's see what unfolds together.
You don't have to do this alone. Do you feel overwhelmed with sadness or anxiety? Do you find yourself repeating the same patterns, over and over, no matter how much you want something different? Are you lonely, feeling disconnected from others or even yourself? You're here on this page because you want something different for yourself, but it's hard feeling like it's all up to you. It's time to ask for help, maybe for the first time, or maybe it's "once again". Either way, you are welcome here, you are accepted here, come as you are, in the here-and-now, in this moment, and let's see what unfolds together.
(413) 666-1290 View (413) 666-1290
Photo of Alexandra Lucey, Psychologist, PsyD
Alexandra Lucey
Psychologist, PsyD
Amherst, MA 01002
Waitlist for new clients
Are you noticing that you or a loved one is struggling with procrastination, time management, or following through on tasks? Have you received a diagnosis of ADHD or ADD or has it been suggested that you might meet criteria for these disorders? I am a licensed psychologist working at The Haffey Center in Amherst, MA specializing in both ADHD assessment and treatment. I am able to conduct an ADHD assessment battery and write a comprehensive report based on the results of that testing. I am also able to provide ADHD coaching and ADHD-informed psychotherapy based on the latest research in ADHD and symptom management.
Are you noticing that you or a loved one is struggling with procrastination, time management, or following through on tasks? Have you received a diagnosis of ADHD or ADD or has it been suggested that you might meet criteria for these disorders? I am a licensed psychologist working at The Haffey Center in Amherst, MA specializing in both ADHD assessment and treatment. I am able to conduct an ADHD assessment battery and write a comprehensive report based on the results of that testing. I am also able to provide ADHD coaching and ADHD-informed psychotherapy based on the latest research in ADHD and symptom management.
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Photo of Anna Hogeland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MFA
Anna Hogeland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MFA
Northampton, MA 01060
I believe the therapist's role is to be authentic and compassionate, as well as an active participant in helping you to overcome whatever concern brings you to therapy. In addition to listening to what you are struggling with in the moment, I try to help you find ways to manage the distress and more fully engage in your life. I use a combination of traditional talk therapy and skill-building, primarily drawing from CBT, DBT, and ACT.
I believe the therapist's role is to be authentic and compassionate, as well as an active participant in helping you to overcome whatever concern brings you to therapy. In addition to listening to what you are struggling with in the moment, I try to help you find ways to manage the distress and more fully engage in your life. I use a combination of traditional talk therapy and skill-building, primarily drawing from CBT, DBT, and ACT.
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Photo of Paulina Christina Franco, Counselor, LMHC
Paulina Christina Franco
Counselor, LMHC
Westfield, MA 01085
Hello, I am a Licensed Mental Health Professional with a private practice in Westfield, MA. And I now accept people from Maine. I specialize in co-morbid disorders, such as; anxiety, depression, women's transitional issues, and trauma. Assisting with transitional and family issues, such as; divorce, parenting, and grief. Providing supportive coaching, CBT, Gestalt, and self- empowerment. I am Trained in ART, Accelerated Resolution Therapy, which has been very successful with PTSD, self-esteem, & anxiety. I encompass a holistic approach towards mind, body, and soul development. Connect with me for an appointment 413-336-1998.
Hello, I am a Licensed Mental Health Professional with a private practice in Westfield, MA. And I now accept people from Maine. I specialize in co-morbid disorders, such as; anxiety, depression, women's transitional issues, and trauma. Assisting with transitional and family issues, such as; divorce, parenting, and grief. Providing supportive coaching, CBT, Gestalt, and self- empowerment. I am Trained in ART, Accelerated Resolution Therapy, which has been very successful with PTSD, self-esteem, & anxiety. I encompass a holistic approach towards mind, body, and soul development. Connect with me for an appointment 413-336-1998.
(413) 336-1998 View (413) 336-1998
Photo of Emma Bedford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Emma Bedford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Online Only
Let's be real - nobody prepared us for 'gestures at everything.' But that doesn't mean you have to figure it out alone. I help you navigate the stuff that matters—career pivots, relationships, identity, and that constant pressure to have your shit together—so you can build a life that actually feels authentic to you. I believe everyone deserves a life full of joy, connection, and a solid sense of self. We’ll work through the uncomfortable feelings, the doubts, and the unknowns—together. Because real growth doesn’t come from comfort zones, and I’m here to help you become the person you’re meant to be.
Let's be real - nobody prepared us for 'gestures at everything.' But that doesn't mean you have to figure it out alone. I help you navigate the stuff that matters—career pivots, relationships, identity, and that constant pressure to have your shit together—so you can build a life that actually feels authentic to you. I believe everyone deserves a life full of joy, connection, and a solid sense of self. We’ll work through the uncomfortable feelings, the doubts, and the unknowns—together. Because real growth doesn’t come from comfort zones, and I’m here to help you become the person you’re meant to be.
(857) 371-4328 View (857) 371-4328
Photo of Kate Villard-Pichierri, Counselor
Kate Villard-Pichierri
Counselor
Online Only
I have an undergraduate degree in political science with a focus on human rights from Simon's Rock College of Bard. I earned a masters in counseling with a focus on trauma studies and marginalized communities from Lesley University. I am currently licensed in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as a LMHC. I began my career in human services as a teenager and have worked as a tutor, coach, big sister, caseworker, clinician and program coordinator in various agencies. I have experience in both urban and rural communities. In the past decade, I have worked in schools, residential programs, detention facilities, outpatient clinics,
I have an undergraduate degree in political science with a focus on human rights from Simon's Rock College of Bard. I earned a masters in counseling with a focus on trauma studies and marginalized communities from Lesley University. I am currently licensed in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as a LMHC. I began my career in human services as a teenager and have worked as a tutor, coach, big sister, caseworker, clinician and program coordinator in various agencies. I have experience in both urban and rural communities. In the past decade, I have worked in schools, residential programs, detention facilities, outpatient clinics,
(413) 614-6367 View (413) 614-6367
Photo of Sandra L Kelly, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Sandra L Kelly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Online Only
Do you want to make change but are feeling unmotivated, stuck, anxious, unfilled, or depressed? Change is both challenging and rewarding. My role is to help you identify these feelings and to help provide additional perspective, support, and help you to live a more fulfilling, authentic existence. Using a variety of therapeutic approaches, I can help you to clarify and connect with your core values (what matters most), and take action to move in the direction of fulfillment.
Do you want to make change but are feeling unmotivated, stuck, anxious, unfilled, or depressed? Change is both challenging and rewarding. My role is to help you identify these feelings and to help provide additional perspective, support, and help you to live a more fulfilling, authentic existence. Using a variety of therapeutic approaches, I can help you to clarify and connect with your core values (what matters most), and take action to move in the direction of fulfillment.
(413) 842-8500 View (413) 842-8500
Photo of Jeston Sussman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Jeston Sussman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I specialize in helping people cope with past and current traumas, depression, and anxiety, often using art as a medium for self-expression and storytelling.
I specialize in helping people cope with past and current traumas, depression, and anxiety, often using art as a medium for self-expression and storytelling.
(413) 269-5585 View (413) 269-5585
Photo of Sarah Shube - Creative Art Therapies and Wellness, LLC, Counselor
Creative Art Therapies and Wellness, LLC is a collaborative group practice that supports individuals, couples, and families through high-quality, client-centered care. At the heart of our mission is the well-being and professional growth of our clinicians. We are deeply committed to creating a safe, empowering, and inclusive environment where therapists, social workers, supervisors, and staff feel heard, supported, and valued. Our practice is built on the belief that when clinicians thrive, clients receive the best possible care. We prioritize clinician safety as a core value—emotionally, professionally, and creatively.
Creative Art Therapies and Wellness, LLC is a collaborative group practice that supports individuals, couples, and families through high-quality, client-centered care. At the heart of our mission is the well-being and professional growth of our clinicians. We are deeply committed to creating a safe, empowering, and inclusive environment where therapists, social workers, supervisors, and staff feel heard, supported, and valued. Our practice is built on the belief that when clinicians thrive, clients receive the best possible care. We prioritize clinician safety as a core value—emotionally, professionally, and creatively.
(413) 307-4649 View (413) 307-4649

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Deerfield, MA

10+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Deerfield, MA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
90% Coping Skills
90% Self Esteem
80% Relationship Issues
80% Depression
80% Stress
80% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
86% Optum
57% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Deerfield, MA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

88% Female
12% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Deerfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.