Therapists in Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA

Photo of Maggie Jarmolowski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Maggie Jarmolowski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
"Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" (-Mary Oliver) Hello! I've had the privilege of providing psychotherapy to clients in the Boston/Cambridge area for more than 17 years. In my practice I establish a caring, safe environment where clients can feel comfortable exploring their concerns. Whether you are new to therapy or have found therapy to be helpful in the past, I use a collaborative process that respects your comfort level and your goals for treatment.
"Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" (-Mary Oliver) Hello! I've had the privilege of providing psychotherapy to clients in the Boston/Cambridge area for more than 17 years. In my practice I establish a caring, safe environment where clients can feel comfortable exploring their concerns. Whether you are new to therapy or have found therapy to be helpful in the past, I use a collaborative process that respects your comfort level and your goals for treatment.
(617) 858-6840 View (617) 858-6840
Photo of Lacey Vogel, Counselor, LMHC
Lacey Vogel
Counselor, LMHC
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
Difficult emotions or life circumstances can get in the way of feeling fully present and engaged in life. I hold compassion for the many ways someone may try to find safety and control in a world or situation that feels dangerous. I wholeheartedly believe in the power of connection to heal and my approach is direct, honest, and collaborative while offering a warm, non-judgmental space for my clients. I use anti-diet and HAES (Health At Every Size) principles and strongly believe in reinforcing self-compassion.
Difficult emotions or life circumstances can get in the way of feeling fully present and engaged in life. I hold compassion for the many ways someone may try to find safety and control in a world or situation that feels dangerous. I wholeheartedly believe in the power of connection to heal and my approach is direct, honest, and collaborative while offering a warm, non-judgmental space for my clients. I use anti-diet and HAES (Health At Every Size) principles and strongly believe in reinforcing self-compassion.
(857) 763-5660 View (857) 763-5660
Photo of Barbara R Lewis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MFA, LICSW
Barbara R Lewis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MFA, LICSW
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
It takes courage, curiosity, and commitment to engage in therapy. In my practice, I provide a safe, empathic space for people who are open to self-discovery, and motivated to make changes that can increase their sense of well-being and vitality. I work with adults (23 and older) who struggle with anxiety, depression, perinatal mood disorders, relationship issues, low self-esteem, career/academic stress, parenting support, and challenging life transitions. I also work with couples to improve, heal, or redefine their relationships.
It takes courage, curiosity, and commitment to engage in therapy. In my practice, I provide a safe, empathic space for people who are open to self-discovery, and motivated to make changes that can increase their sense of well-being and vitality. I work with adults (23 and older) who struggle with anxiety, depression, perinatal mood disorders, relationship issues, low self-esteem, career/academic stress, parenting support, and challenging life transitions. I also work with couples to improve, heal, or redefine their relationships.
(339) 674-6976 View (339) 674-6976
Photo of Joshua Mosquera Wilson, Psychologist, PhD
Joshua Mosquera Wilson
Psychologist, PhD
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
I believe relationships are the foundation of mental wellbeing. Are you struggling to maintain healthy, satisfying relationships with friends, partners, or family? Is your relationship with yourself marked by an inner critic, guilt and shame, or emptiness and disconnection? Do scars from previous unhealthy relationships and trauma hold you back from being your genuine self? Therapy can be a place to learn the tools to build a compassionate and authentic relationship with yourself and others, leading to deep, lasting healing from depression, anxiety, and trauma.
I believe relationships are the foundation of mental wellbeing. Are you struggling to maintain healthy, satisfying relationships with friends, partners, or family? Is your relationship with yourself marked by an inner critic, guilt and shame, or emptiness and disconnection? Do scars from previous unhealthy relationships and trauma hold you back from being your genuine self? Therapy can be a place to learn the tools to build a compassionate and authentic relationship with yourself and others, leading to deep, lasting healing from depression, anxiety, and trauma.
(508) 504-1342 View (508) 504-1342
Photo of Susan Stahl, Psychologist, PhD
Susan Stahl
Psychologist, PhD
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
I am a licensed behavioral psychologist with over 20 years of experience specializing in the treatment of anxiety, depression, eating disorders, impulsivity, and Borderline Personality Disorder. I have advanced training in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Through a relational approach that is both eclectic and skill based, a key goal of our therapy will be to provide symptom relief and improved quality of life.
I am a licensed behavioral psychologist with over 20 years of experience specializing in the treatment of anxiety, depression, eating disorders, impulsivity, and Borderline Personality Disorder. I have advanced training in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Through a relational approach that is both eclectic and skill based, a key goal of our therapy will be to provide symptom relief and improved quality of life.
(617) 300-0478 View (617) 300-0478
Photo of Kate Scott, EdD
Kate Scott
Verified Verified
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
My expertise is working with children, adolescents, and adults who struggle with some aspect of learning or who have learning disabilities. Is your child struggling to learn to read? Does your child struggle to work up to her potential? Does your child struggle to complete his school work in the allotted time? Is your child smart, yet, he does not seem to be engaged in school? Does your child struggle to pay attention in school, or when completing homework? Does your child need help in school, but you have been told that she does not qualify for services? Are you in disagreement with the school's evaluation of your child?
My expertise is working with children, adolescents, and adults who struggle with some aspect of learning or who have learning disabilities. Is your child struggling to learn to read? Does your child struggle to work up to her potential? Does your child struggle to complete his school work in the allotted time? Is your child smart, yet, he does not seem to be engaged in school? Does your child struggle to pay attention in school, or when completing homework? Does your child need help in school, but you have been told that she does not qualify for services? Are you in disagreement with the school's evaluation of your child?
(617) 812-4749 View (617) 812-4749
Photo of Jyoti Michele Daniere, Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCMHC
Jyoti Michele Daniere
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCMHC
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
I have over 25 years experience treating depression, anxiety, eating disorders and trauma. I treat adults, adolescents and families. I started The Burlington Eating Disorders Center in Vermont in 1991 and have helped many individuals overcome their eating disorders. I have been a counselor or student affairs officer at several NE colleges including Middlebury College and UVM. I have worked with many survivors of sexual assault, domestic violence, stalking and harassment through my former position at the Office of Sexual Assault Prevention and Response at Harvard University.
I have over 25 years experience treating depression, anxiety, eating disorders and trauma. I treat adults, adolescents and families. I started The Burlington Eating Disorders Center in Vermont in 1991 and have helped many individuals overcome their eating disorders. I have been a counselor or student affairs officer at several NE colleges including Middlebury College and UVM. I have worked with many survivors of sexual assault, domestic violence, stalking and harassment through my former position at the Office of Sexual Assault Prevention and Response at Harvard University.
(617) 841-8427 View (617) 841-8427
Photo of Heather Thompson-Brenner, Psychologist, PhD
Heather Thompson-Brenner
Psychologist, PhD
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02140
Why does therapy work to change lives? The relationship with your therapist is key, and so is the therapist’s experience, skill, and training. I use the therapeutic methods best supported by research, in a warm, supportive environment. I have specialized training in exposure and response prevention (ERP), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), narrative therapy, and psychodynamic psychotherapy. I also offer therapeutic Writing Groups, online and in person. Email for information. Some clients opt for time-limited treatment (3-6 months) while others work with me long-term. I also offer intensive CBT (2-8 weeks) when possible.
Why does therapy work to change lives? The relationship with your therapist is key, and so is the therapist’s experience, skill, and training. I use the therapeutic methods best supported by research, in a warm, supportive environment. I have specialized training in exposure and response prevention (ERP), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), narrative therapy, and psychodynamic psychotherapy. I also offer therapeutic Writing Groups, online and in person. Email for information. Some clients opt for time-limited treatment (3-6 months) while others work with me long-term. I also offer intensive CBT (2-8 weeks) when possible.
(508) 501-6945 View (508) 501-6945
Photo of Mary McDonald, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MBA
Mary McDonald
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MBA
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02140
We may seek treatment to cope with stress, work through a crisis, gain relief from pain, or escape troubling patterns. We can feel stuck, calcified. Therapy can address these issues, and in doing so can can also provide more than expected: greater adaptability and resourcefulness, and a livelier relationship with one’s self and with others.
We may seek treatment to cope with stress, work through a crisis, gain relief from pain, or escape troubling patterns. We can feel stuck, calcified. Therapy can address these issues, and in doing so can can also provide more than expected: greater adaptability and resourcefulness, and a livelier relationship with one’s self and with others.
(857) 256-5223 View (857) 256-5223
Photo of Mimi Yasgur, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Mimi Yasgur
Counselor, MA, LMHC
5 Endorsed
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
Hi, and welcome! As you pursue your mental health journey, I support you to empower yourself in finding clarity that aligns with your values and life goals. I work with adults of all ages, and I specialize in addressing anxiety, depression, and grief. I help you gain an understanding of the underlying roots of your emotions and trauma you may have experienced. I provide you with concrete tools that can improve your mental health and wellbeing, mitigate symptoms of anxiety and depression through nervous system regulation, and help you grow holistically through the complex challenges that come with life transitions.
Hi, and welcome! As you pursue your mental health journey, I support you to empower yourself in finding clarity that aligns with your values and life goals. I work with adults of all ages, and I specialize in addressing anxiety, depression, and grief. I help you gain an understanding of the underlying roots of your emotions and trauma you may have experienced. I provide you with concrete tools that can improve your mental health and wellbeing, mitigate symptoms of anxiety and depression through nervous system regulation, and help you grow holistically through the complex challenges that come with life transitions.
(617) 420-7600 View (617) 420-7600
Photo of Terri Peng, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Terri Peng
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
2 Endorsed
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
I get it, life can throw curveballs. Whether you are a survivor of trauma, or someone fighting against the weight of depression and anxiety, your pain is valid, and you're not alone. I've been in your shoes, and I've seen firsthand the resilience that lies within us. I'm Terri and can be your ally in overcoming life's toughest battles. As a fellow Marine Corps Veteran and Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), I'm dedicated to helping you conquer trauma, PTSD, depression, anger, and anxiety. I also work with couples.
I get it, life can throw curveballs. Whether you are a survivor of trauma, or someone fighting against the weight of depression and anxiety, your pain is valid, and you're not alone. I've been in your shoes, and I've seen firsthand the resilience that lies within us. I'm Terri and can be your ally in overcoming life's toughest battles. As a fellow Marine Corps Veteran and Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), I'm dedicated to helping you conquer trauma, PTSD, depression, anger, and anxiety. I also work with couples.
(339) 356-1807 View (339) 356-1807
Photo of Adeline Dettor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Adeline Dettor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
7 Endorsed
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
Feeling stuck replaying the same painful patterns—whether in your relationships, with anxiety that won't quiet down, or grief that's reshaped your world? I work with couples and individuals who are tired of feeling this way and ready to find a path forward. Maybe you're navigating trauma, depression, a major life transition, or just can't shake the sense that something needs to change. Together we'll explore what's really keeping you stuck and create space for genuine healing. My approach is compassionate and shame-free—a place where you can be honest about what hurts and discover that even small insights can spark deep, lasting cha
Feeling stuck replaying the same painful patterns—whether in your relationships, with anxiety that won't quiet down, or grief that's reshaped your world? I work with couples and individuals who are tired of feeling this way and ready to find a path forward. Maybe you're navigating trauma, depression, a major life transition, or just can't shake the sense that something needs to change. Together we'll explore what's really keeping you stuck and create space for genuine healing. My approach is compassionate and shame-free—a place where you can be honest about what hurts and discover that even small insights can spark deep, lasting cha
(617) 397-3744 View (617) 397-3744
Photo of Wallis Welsh, Counselor, LMHC, ATR-BC
Wallis Welsh
Counselor, LMHC, ATR-BC
1 Endorsed
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
Are you feeling trapped in a cycle of burnout, compassion fatigue, or chronic stress, struggling to find a way forward? I understand the unique challenges that individuals facing these issues encounter on a daily basis. I am committed to providing you with the support and tools to address the emotional and physical toll that these experiences have taken on you, with the goal of rediscovering your passion, resilience, and overall quality of life.
Are you feeling trapped in a cycle of burnout, compassion fatigue, or chronic stress, struggling to find a way forward? I understand the unique challenges that individuals facing these issues encounter on a daily basis. I am committed to providing you with the support and tools to address the emotional and physical toll that these experiences have taken on you, with the goal of rediscovering your passion, resilience, and overall quality of life.
(339) 675-1727 View (339) 675-1727
Neil M Murray
Marriage & Family Therapist
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
After over 25 years experience working with individuals and couples, I have found that it takes more than insight to significantly change one's life. Although insight is certainly helpful, couples and individuals need respectful, caring guidance to move from old stuck positions and beliefs to new paradigms.
After over 25 years experience working with individuals and couples, I have found that it takes more than insight to significantly change one's life. Although insight is certainly helpful, couples and individuals need respectful, caring guidance to move from old stuck positions and beliefs to new paradigms.
(857) 239-0097 View (857) 239-0097
John H Bergeron
Psychologist, PhD
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
I work with individuals ages 13 and older who have anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and PTSD. I also have extensive experience working with couples, families, and parents for parent guidance work. I run an interpersonal process therapy group and this group has openings for adults, if you want to work more directly on how you experience people and increase intimacy.
I work with individuals ages 13 and older who have anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and PTSD. I also have extensive experience working with couples, families, and parents for parent guidance work. I run an interpersonal process therapy group and this group has openings for adults, if you want to work more directly on how you experience people and increase intimacy.
(617) 284-0850 View (617) 284-0850
Photo of Chris Kaplan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Chris Kaplan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02140
Accepting new clients ...Beginning to build a strong rapport begins w/ our initial conversation, allowing for open dialogue. I aim to be as authentic, supportive, and direct as possible; helping you, you and your partner, children, and/or parents, to work on the obstacles standing in the way of reaching your goals. Sometimes this means experiencing an accepting and validating environment or an opportunity to feel safe communicating with your family. My approach depends on your goals for our work together and what degree of challenge you feel ready for. Conflict or connection, I am here to support you.
Accepting new clients ...Beginning to build a strong rapport begins w/ our initial conversation, allowing for open dialogue. I aim to be as authentic, supportive, and direct as possible; helping you, you and your partner, children, and/or parents, to work on the obstacles standing in the way of reaching your goals. Sometimes this means experiencing an accepting and validating environment or an opportunity to feel safe communicating with your family. My approach depends on your goals for our work together and what degree of challenge you feel ready for. Conflict or connection, I am here to support you.
(857) 626-0176 View (857) 626-0176
Photo of Kristin Semmelmeyer, Psychologist, PsyD
Kristin Semmelmeyer
Psychologist, PsyD
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
I am an experienced clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience in clinical practice. I have an empathic, non-judgmental style, and work to gently and clearly understand the feelings and experience of the person who is sitting in front of me. The basis for my work is psychodynamic therapy, a form of "talk therapy" in which the roots of present-day issues are identified by exploring earlier experiences that may be related. Through this processing of early experiences, emotional resolution of the experiences can occur. Through this therapeutic process, my patients live progressively happier, more contented lives.
I am an experienced clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience in clinical practice. I have an empathic, non-judgmental style, and work to gently and clearly understand the feelings and experience of the person who is sitting in front of me. The basis for my work is psychodynamic therapy, a form of "talk therapy" in which the roots of present-day issues are identified by exploring earlier experiences that may be related. Through this processing of early experiences, emotional resolution of the experiences can occur. Through this therapeutic process, my patients live progressively happier, more contented lives.
(617) 410-8771 View (617) 410-8771
Photo of Alice Clark, Psychologist, PhD
Alice Clark
Psychologist, PhD
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02140
It's finally time to make changes... It takes great courage to recognize that you're caught in patterns that keep you stuck and unhappy. And even more courage to reach out for support. I have worked with many people during difficult times to create meaning, ease and clarity in their lives, even in their darkest moments. I specialize in working with people who struggle with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, chronic pain, and eating disorders as well as those who suffer in the aftermath of trauma. I also work with the GLBTQ community.
It's finally time to make changes... It takes great courage to recognize that you're caught in patterns that keep you stuck and unhappy. And even more courage to reach out for support. I have worked with many people during difficult times to create meaning, ease and clarity in their lives, even in their darkest moments. I specialize in working with people who struggle with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, chronic pain, and eating disorders as well as those who suffer in the aftermath of trauma. I also work with the GLBTQ community.
(802) 546-0700 View (802) 546-0700
Photo of Julia Moskowitz, Psychologist, PsyD
Julia Moskowitz
Psychologist, PsyD
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02140
I work with adults with diverse backgrounds and identities who have experienced trauma, loss, difficulties in relationships, or difficulties with self-esteem, anxiety, and stress. I see therapy as an opportunity to enhance joy, spontaneity, meaning, and connection to yourself and others. It’s ideally an inviting, open, and safe place to explore your sense of your identity, and to learn about yourself in the context of a relationship.
I work with adults with diverse backgrounds and identities who have experienced trauma, loss, difficulties in relationships, or difficulties with self-esteem, anxiety, and stress. I see therapy as an opportunity to enhance joy, spontaneity, meaning, and connection to yourself and others. It’s ideally an inviting, open, and safe place to explore your sense of your identity, and to learn about yourself in the context of a relationship.
(508) 469-5861 View (508) 469-5861
Photo of Brent Reynolds, Counselor, LMHC
Brent Reynolds
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138
Entering therapy is courageous. It can be a transformational space, a bridge from suffering to the discovery of choices that enable people to actively engage life. Depression, anxiety, fear and difficult feelings are not indicative of sickness, but rather signals that call for self-care, curiosity and empathy. I believe people's strengths are integral in the therapeutic process; I seek to help people access their humor, resilience, courage, intelligence, sensitivity and honesty throughout the healing process.
Entering therapy is courageous. It can be a transformational space, a bridge from suffering to the discovery of choices that enable people to actively engage life. Depression, anxiety, fear and difficult feelings are not indicative of sickness, but rather signals that call for self-care, curiosity and empathy. I believe people's strengths are integral in the therapeutic process; I seek to help people access their humor, resilience, courage, intelligence, sensitivity and honesty throughout the healing process.
(617) 800-6651 View (617) 800-6651

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA

50+

Average cost per session

$210

Therapists in Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA who prioritize treating:

90% Depression
90% Anxiety
86% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
63% Grief
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% Aetna
43% Harvard Pilgrim

How Therapists in Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge, MA see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
17% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Aggasiz-Harvard, Cambridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.