Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Craig K Polite, Psychologist in New York, NY
Craig K Polite
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
You are more powerful than you realize and often shape the outcomes you experience in life. Sometimes those outcomes are other than what you want; or they don't live up to your expectations. Your contributions may be unconscious, or perhaps rooted in ineffective thinking. I help you understand your contributions to those outcomes. My job: to help you own your power, think through, and shape your outcomes. How long will you be with me? Just long enough to get the job done; my career is in this office, not yours! My thinking is psychodynamic and work style, eclectic.
You are more powerful than you realize and often shape the outcomes you experience in life. Sometimes those outcomes are other than what you want; or they don't live up to your expectations. Your contributions may be unconscious, or perhaps rooted in ineffective thinking. I help you understand your contributions to those outcomes. My job: to help you own your power, think through, and shape your outcomes. How long will you be with me? Just long enough to get the job done; my career is in this office, not yours! My thinking is psychodynamic and work style, eclectic.
(917) 791-3114 View (917) 791-3114
Photo of Paul D. Robinson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Paul D. Robinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
What do you picture when you think of starting therapy? I've found it useful to begin by exploring together at your pace what's brought you here. Maybe it's something that feels unsatisfying or limiting. You may or may not know what you want for yourself, and what keeps you from getting it. Through our work together, we will begin to discover what isn't working for you and why. We will identify goals and begin to experiment with actions to overcome the roadblocks and old ways of being that no longer serve you.
What do you picture when you think of starting therapy? I've found it useful to begin by exploring together at your pace what's brought you here. Maybe it's something that feels unsatisfying or limiting. You may or may not know what you want for yourself, and what keeps you from getting it. Through our work together, we will begin to discover what isn't working for you and why. We will identify goals and begin to experiment with actions to overcome the roadblocks and old ways of being that no longer serve you.
(646) 681-7533 View (646) 681-7533
Photo of Dunya Sullivan- Eating Disorders in New York, NY
Dunya Sullivan- Eating Disorders
MClinPs, CTA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am a clinical psychologist and a TA psychotherapist (transactional analysis). I work with a variety of psychological challenges but I am specialized in working with individuals struggling with eating disorders (bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder). The individuals I work with often come to therapy having tried many behavioral interventions that brought little change (being more disciplined with their diet, exercising more/less, creating plans etc.).
Welcome! I am a clinical psychologist and a TA psychotherapist (transactional analysis). I work with a variety of psychological challenges but I am specialized in working with individuals struggling with eating disorders (bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder). The individuals I work with often come to therapy having tried many behavioral interventions that brought little change (being more disciplined with their diet, exercising more/less, creating plans etc.).
(929) 269-8918 View (929) 269-8918
Photo of Yolanda Demery in New York, NY
Yolanda Demery
LP-MHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
Yolanda Demery has worked in the field of acute Mental Health for 18 years. She has a bachelor’s degree in Psychology and a master’s degree in Mental Health Counseling from Mercy College/ Mercy University. Yolanda is eager to make a positive difference in their lives. She feels that the limitations experienced by individuals can sometimes make them feel isolated if they suffer from depression, stress, and anxiety. However, working with Yolanda helps to dispel these beliefs. Yolanda sees mental health support as an opportunity to address issues and crises head on, whether small or large, in order to have a better quality of life.
Yolanda Demery has worked in the field of acute Mental Health for 18 years. She has a bachelor’s degree in Psychology and a master’s degree in Mental Health Counseling from Mercy College/ Mercy University. Yolanda is eager to make a positive difference in their lives. She feels that the limitations experienced by individuals can sometimes make them feel isolated if they suffer from depression, stress, and anxiety. However, working with Yolanda helps to dispel these beliefs. Yolanda sees mental health support as an opportunity to address issues and crises head on, whether small or large, in order to have a better quality of life.
(332) 895-6453 View (332) 895-6453
Photo of Vlada Levit, Counselor in New York, NY
Vlada Levit
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012
We all have an image of how our life could be, but often have barriers that block us from it. Blocks in the shape of anxiety, low self-esteem, bad habits, and others can keep us from achieving the potential that lies within us. I utilize a warm therapeutic approach to establish an alliance full of empathy and free of judgement to openly explore your challenges while incorporating sustainable techniques to optimize your overall functioning. Through self exploration and the incorporation of various coping strategies, we can address your barriers and help you reach your full potential.
We all have an image of how our life could be, but often have barriers that block us from it. Blocks in the shape of anxiety, low self-esteem, bad habits, and others can keep us from achieving the potential that lies within us. I utilize a warm therapeutic approach to establish an alliance full of empathy and free of judgement to openly explore your challenges while incorporating sustainable techniques to optimize your overall functioning. Through self exploration and the incorporation of various coping strategies, we can address your barriers and help you reach your full potential.
(917) 336-5673 View (917) 336-5673
Photo of Elizabeth Spitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Elizabeth Spitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10028
Have you been feeling worried, overwhelmed, or stuck lately? Do you tend to keep your struggles to yourself because no one really understands? Too often we isolate instead of reaching out when things get tough, but you don’t have to go through it alone. My approach is integrative and rooted in authenticity, trust, and empathy. I specialize in working with young adults who feel anxious, overwhelmed, have trouble managing their ADHD, are going through a life transition, or simply want a non-judgemental safe space to explore their feelings and better understand themselves.
Have you been feeling worried, overwhelmed, or stuck lately? Do you tend to keep your struggles to yourself because no one really understands? Too often we isolate instead of reaching out when things get tough, but you don’t have to go through it alone. My approach is integrative and rooted in authenticity, trust, and empathy. I specialize in working with young adults who feel anxious, overwhelmed, have trouble managing their ADHD, are going through a life transition, or simply want a non-judgemental safe space to explore their feelings and better understand themselves.
(646) 860-0880 View (646) 860-0880
Photo of Molly Morgan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Molly Morgan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RYT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Hope, resilience, renewal, expansion. We all have a fundamental need, and the innate capacity to heal, grow and flourish. It is a sign of your strength and striving for health that you are seeking support from a professional. With a safe, affirming therapeutic relationship as our base we can harness the power of your strengths to transform what may be blocking you from living your full potential.
Hope, resilience, renewal, expansion. We all have a fundamental need, and the innate capacity to heal, grow and flourish. It is a sign of your strength and striving for health that you are seeking support from a professional. With a safe, affirming therapeutic relationship as our base we can harness the power of your strengths to transform what may be blocking you from living your full potential.
(203) 633-4293 View (203) 633-4293
Photo of Katherine Rachlin, Psychologist in New York, NY
Katherine Rachlin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10014  (Online Only)
Are you or your loved-one exploring gender and sexuality? I have decades of experience working with transgender, and gender diverse individuals, their partners and families. I work with adults at all stages of gender exploration and transition. I also support people who have decided not to transition for now or who are post-transition or for whom transition is no longer a central issue. I also specialize in relationship therapy for people of all sexual orientations - therapy for individuals who are in the most traditional of relationships as well as for those exploring Kink and DS lifestyles and nonmonogamy.
Are you or your loved-one exploring gender and sexuality? I have decades of experience working with transgender, and gender diverse individuals, their partners and families. I work with adults at all stages of gender exploration and transition. I also support people who have decided not to transition for now or who are post-transition or for whom transition is no longer a central issue. I also specialize in relationship therapy for people of all sexual orientations - therapy for individuals who are in the most traditional of relationships as well as for those exploring Kink and DS lifestyles and nonmonogamy.
(646) 846-9954 View (646) 846-9954
Photo of Jacqueline C Bonnafous, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jacqueline C Bonnafous
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10028
For the past 30 years, I have worked with clients who have to deal with multitude issues such as depression, interpersonal relationships, losses and grief, family conflict, as well as self-esteem. I am a psychoanalyst. Over the years, I have developed an eclectic approach to treatment. Being in French, I can help individuals and parents to deal with variousl multicultural differences. There is no need to struggle on your own.
For the past 30 years, I have worked with clients who have to deal with multitude issues such as depression, interpersonal relationships, losses and grief, family conflict, as well as self-esteem. I am a psychoanalyst. Over the years, I have developed an eclectic approach to treatment. Being in French, I can help individuals and parents to deal with variousl multicultural differences. There is no need to struggle on your own.
(646) 651-4266 View (646) 651-4266
Photo of Frank Capalbo Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Frank Capalbo Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SIFI, CASAC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Not accepting new clients
If you’re not feeling like yourself lately, you’re not alone. I don’t know many people that have not been affected in some way by the Pandemic and its related stressors. And it's not as if life was stress-free before COVID, either. The world is spinning faster by the minute, and the expectations placed upon us by work, relationships, and family can feel exasperating. We demand a lot of ourselves, and sometimes we feel that we’re not living up to our own standards, or that we’re not where we should be in our lives, that success and happiness are eluding us despite our best efforts. Therapy can help you get back on track.
If you’re not feeling like yourself lately, you’re not alone. I don’t know many people that have not been affected in some way by the Pandemic and its related stressors. And it's not as if life was stress-free before COVID, either. The world is spinning faster by the minute, and the expectations placed upon us by work, relationships, and family can feel exasperating. We demand a lot of ourselves, and sometimes we feel that we’re not living up to our own standards, or that we’re not where we should be in our lives, that success and happiness are eluding us despite our best efforts. Therapy can help you get back on track.
(347) 919-0586 View (347) 919-0586
Photo of Deborah Reider Bazes, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Deborah Reider Bazes
Licensed Psychoanalyst, LCSW-R, LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
I have been in private practice in Westchester and NYC for over thirty years, doing psychodynamic psychotherapy and Jungian analysis. I work with patients on a deep level to increase insight in order to establish a more flexible and integrated personality, which promotes successful relationships, a more satisfying work life, and personal creativity.
I have been in private practice in Westchester and NYC for over thirty years, doing psychodynamic psychotherapy and Jungian analysis. I work with patients on a deep level to increase insight in order to establish a more flexible and integrated personality, which promotes successful relationships, a more satisfying work life, and personal creativity.
(914) 295-0257 View (914) 295-0257
Photo of Maxime Altidor, Mental Health Counselor in New York, NY
Maxime Altidor
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
I have been an LMHC since 2019. I aim to establish a therapeutic haven characterized by honesty and unwavering support. As a seasoned professional, I believe I transcend the role of a traditional therapist, serving as a strategic advisor, imparting wisdom and guidance. Clients selecting me not only benefit from therapeutic expertise but also gain a dedicated ally in their journey towards personal growth and success.
I have been an LMHC since 2019. I aim to establish a therapeutic haven characterized by honesty and unwavering support. As a seasoned professional, I believe I transcend the role of a traditional therapist, serving as a strategic advisor, imparting wisdom and guidance. Clients selecting me not only benefit from therapeutic expertise but also gain a dedicated ally in their journey towards personal growth and success.
(347) 808-4807 View (347) 808-4807
Photo of Embracing Joy Psychotherapy , Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Embracing Joy Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10018
Appearances can sometimes be misleading. Even if you appear to have it all together, we understand that beneath the surface, you might be facing your own unique challenges. You're not alone, and we're here to offer our support. As the proud owner of a small group practice, we specialize in providing caring and compassionate guidance to adults and couples in their 20s through their 40s. We help individuals navigate a wide range of life's complexities, from relationship concerns and anxiety to grief, frustration, life transitions, interpersonal conflicts, trauma, and depression.
Appearances can sometimes be misleading. Even if you appear to have it all together, we understand that beneath the surface, you might be facing your own unique challenges. You're not alone, and we're here to offer our support. As the proud owner of a small group practice, we specialize in providing caring and compassionate guidance to adults and couples in their 20s through their 40s. We help individuals navigate a wide range of life's complexities, from relationship concerns and anxiety to grief, frustration, life transitions, interpersonal conflicts, trauma, and depression.
(646) 679-6953 View (646) 679-6953
Photo of Verda Tuzer, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Verda Tuzer
Licensed Psychoanalyst, LP, MD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Psychoanalysis has been a lifetime passion and dedication in my understanding of our journey in our lives. I believe psychoanalysis gives us space to think, understand, and be able to tolerate what seems to be unbearable, frustrating, and hopeless as well as relief from interpersonal difficulties or obstacles to achieving professional and personal goals. Creating a safe, trusted, and nonjudgmental atmosphere helps talk freely about thoughts, feelings, memories, hopes, and wishes. Gradually one acquires a deeper awareness and understanding of repeating patterns and develops new ways of thinking.
Psychoanalysis has been a lifetime passion and dedication in my understanding of our journey in our lives. I believe psychoanalysis gives us space to think, understand, and be able to tolerate what seems to be unbearable, frustrating, and hopeless as well as relief from interpersonal difficulties or obstacles to achieving professional and personal goals. Creating a safe, trusted, and nonjudgmental atmosphere helps talk freely about thoughts, feelings, memories, hopes, and wishes. Gradually one acquires a deeper awareness and understanding of repeating patterns and develops new ways of thinking.
(646) 883-8864 View (646) 883-8864
Photo of Pamela Pucci, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Pamela Pucci
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
Hello! I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 6 years of counseling experience. My specialties include working with depression, anxiety, substance use, mood disorders, bipolar and borderline personality disorders, and more. My top modalities are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and motivational interviewing. My behavioral health background includes case management, vocational case management, and social work for individuals with mental health and or substance use diagnosis. I use a person-centered, strengths-based approach to support you in making your desired changes.
Hello! I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 6 years of counseling experience. My specialties include working with depression, anxiety, substance use, mood disorders, bipolar and borderline personality disorders, and more. My top modalities are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and motivational interviewing. My behavioral health background includes case management, vocational case management, and social work for individuals with mental health and or substance use diagnosis. I use a person-centered, strengths-based approach to support you in making your desired changes.
(716) 466-0449 View (716) 466-0449
Photo of Jessica Cigale, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jessica Cigale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
I love helping people live their best lives. For some people, that means managing anxiety or depression, starting a relationship, or ending one. Sometimes we need some help navigating the feelings that come along with life changes related to parenting, work, and finding meaning. I use a cognitive approach to increase insight and understanding about who we are and why we do what we do.
I love helping people live their best lives. For some people, that means managing anxiety or depression, starting a relationship, or ending one. Sometimes we need some help navigating the feelings that come along with life changes related to parenting, work, and finding meaning. I use a cognitive approach to increase insight and understanding about who we are and why we do what we do.
(929) 207-5540 View (929) 207-5540
Michla Ekstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
I work with clients (individuals and couples) seeking therapeutic support regarding relationship goals, and have specific training in intimacy challenges and how previous experiences affect our current relationships. I bring a sensitive therapeutic approach and utilize various methods to provide my clients with strategies and tools for understanding themselves. I create a safe and supportive space for non-judgmental and reflective growth. I feel that successful therapy involves identifying and bridging gaps between where we are and where we want to be.
I work with clients (individuals and couples) seeking therapeutic support regarding relationship goals, and have specific training in intimacy challenges and how previous experiences affect our current relationships. I bring a sensitive therapeutic approach and utilize various methods to provide my clients with strategies and tools for understanding themselves. I create a safe and supportive space for non-judgmental and reflective growth. I feel that successful therapy involves identifying and bridging gaps between where we are and where we want to be.
(929) 207-9296 View (929) 207-9296
Photo of Scott Gortikov, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Scott Gortikov
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW, MBA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024  (Online Only)
Feeling STUCK? People come to therapy when they feel burdened, suffering, or passing through a life transition that shocks or baffles them. People come for help to learn to accept themselves or make changes in their lives. But, old habits get in the way of attaining goals, connecting with people, and enjoying the richness of life. There is therapeutic magic in understanding and expressing the internal parts of ourselves that feel in conflict. Here, you learn ways to quiet the inner dialogue enough so that you can feel free to listen and take action to promote your own well-being.
Feeling STUCK? People come to therapy when they feel burdened, suffering, or passing through a life transition that shocks or baffles them. People come for help to learn to accept themselves or make changes in their lives. But, old habits get in the way of attaining goals, connecting with people, and enjoying the richness of life. There is therapeutic magic in understanding and expressing the internal parts of ourselves that feel in conflict. Here, you learn ways to quiet the inner dialogue enough so that you can feel free to listen and take action to promote your own well-being.
(646) 779-8582 View (646) 779-8582
Photo of Sari Trungold, Psychologist in New York, NY
Sari Trungold
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
If you have found your way here, chances are you are feeling unhappy, lonely, worried, misunderstood or even mistreated. As a clinical psychologist, I believe that no one should feel alone with such painful feelings. I invite you to contact me, so that together we can address the difficulties that are causing you distress and interfering with your well-being. Although the decision to begin therapy can be difficult, I aim to help you feel as comfortable as possible.
If you have found your way here, chances are you are feeling unhappy, lonely, worried, misunderstood or even mistreated. As a clinical psychologist, I believe that no one should feel alone with such painful feelings. I invite you to contact me, so that together we can address the difficulties that are causing you distress and interfering with your well-being. Although the decision to begin therapy can be difficult, I aim to help you feel as comfortable as possible.
(646) 759-2697 View (646) 759-2697
Photo of Barbara Distler, Psychologist in New York, NY
Barbara Distler
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
I have over 20 years of experience helping clients navigate difficult times, get clarity, build confidence, and move their lives forward. I am down-to-earth and have a direct, compassionate, and collaborative style. I have much experience with diverse populations and understand the importance of considering gender, sexuality, lifestyle, culture, and spirituality. I work with "the whole person", not just the part that is struggling. My style is eclectic and integrated, including cognitive behavioral therapy and insight-oriented, and utilizing what is best for you and your concerns. My approach is strength-based, active, and supportive. My clients report feeling respected, valued, and comfortable.
I have over 20 years of experience helping clients navigate difficult times, get clarity, build confidence, and move their lives forward. I am down-to-earth and have a direct, compassionate, and collaborative style. I have much experience with diverse populations and understand the importance of considering gender, sexuality, lifestyle, culture, and spirituality. I work with "the whole person", not just the part that is struggling. My style is eclectic and integrated, including cognitive behavioral therapy and insight-oriented, and utilizing what is best for you and your concerns. My approach is strength-based, active, and supportive. My clients report feeling respected, valued, and comfortable.
(646) 392-7287 View (646) 392-7287

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.