Photo of Emma Taylor, Pre-Licensed Professional in 23185, VA
Emma Taylor
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, EdS
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
My therapeutic style is strengths-based, client-centered, and collaborative. It is my belief that all of us possess skills that can be identified and adapted to serve us for the better. I incorporate emotion-focused, cognitive-behavioral, experiential, and narrative techniques into my counseling. I also find it beneficial to draw upon my background in human development and family systems. Most importantly, I strive to meet each client where they are in their individual journey.
My therapeutic style is strengths-based, client-centered, and collaborative. It is my belief that all of us possess skills that can be identified and adapted to serve us for the better. I incorporate emotion-focused, cognitive-behavioral, experiential, and narrative techniques into my counseling. I also find it beneficial to draw upon my background in human development and family systems. Most importantly, I strive to meet each client where they are in their individual journey.
(757) 844-6750 View (757) 844-6750
Photo of Julie Gamez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 23185, VA
Julie Gamez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Not accepting new clients
Do you need help coping with difficult life experiences? Are you looking to shake depression, anxiety, or low self-esteem that’s keeping you stuck? I want to help you heal from past hurts, overcome fear and worry, and move into a position of personal power and strength. Much of my career has involved working with clients who have experienced trauma and its effects which include post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship issues, and/or addictions.
Do you need help coping with difficult life experiences? Are you looking to shake depression, anxiety, or low self-esteem that’s keeping you stuck? I want to help you heal from past hurts, overcome fear and worry, and move into a position of personal power and strength. Much of my career has involved working with clients who have experienced trauma and its effects which include post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship issues, and/or addictions.
(757) 794-4515 View (757) 794-4515
Photo of Sarah P. Parks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 23185, VA
Sarah P. Parks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Not accepting new clients
Counseling is an opportunity to walk alongside someone struggling with issues that are common to humans, but impacting them in a particular way. I consider it an honor to be invited into another's thought life and I seek to offer perspective, provide encouragement, and nurture growth through difficult circumstances. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia and have additional training in biblical counseling from the Christian Counseling and Educational Foundation (ccef.org). I have 17 years of clinical social work experience.
Counseling is an opportunity to walk alongside someone struggling with issues that are common to humans, but impacting them in a particular way. I consider it an honor to be invited into another's thought life and I seek to offer perspective, provide encouragement, and nurture growth through difficult circumstances. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia and have additional training in biblical counseling from the Christian Counseling and Educational Foundation (ccef.org). I have 17 years of clinical social work experience.
(757) 301-5838 x704 View (757) 301-5838 x704
Photo of Peaceful Mind, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in 23185, VA
Peaceful Mind, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA CMHC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
If you are ready to learn to be joyful and find a new meaning in life, I am here to support you in therapy. Are you currently experiencing challenges in your marriage or family relationships? Are you looking forward to learn better ways of communicating, and how to get along with others? Are you ready to learn better coping skills, get your self-confidence back, and finally put yourself first? I am here to support you on your healing journey. My clinical experience is in individual, couples and family therapy. I specialize in family therapy, and especially families of medical doctors.
If you are ready to learn to be joyful and find a new meaning in life, I am here to support you in therapy. Are you currently experiencing challenges in your marriage or family relationships? Are you looking forward to learn better ways of communicating, and how to get along with others? Are you ready to learn better coping skills, get your self-confidence back, and finally put yourself first? I am here to support you on your healing journey. My clinical experience is in individual, couples and family therapy. I specialize in family therapy, and especially families of medical doctors.
(757) 378-0832 View (757) 378-0832
Photo of B. Jane Siegel, Licensed Professional Counselor in 23185, VA
B. Jane Siegel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT, Coach
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
I am ‘uniquely' qualified as both a Counselor and a Life Coach. I can help you bring clarity and focus to your life. Contact me for a free consultation......If you're going through a difficult time, a time of change and transition I can definitely help! Divorce, marriage, separation, career/job change, empty nest, midlife, college graduation, and Covid-19 related life changes, are a few of the many transitions we can experience. Check out my website www.yournextchaptercoach.com
I am ‘uniquely' qualified as both a Counselor and a Life Coach. I can help you bring clarity and focus to your life. Contact me for a free consultation......If you're going through a difficult time, a time of change and transition I can definitely help! Divorce, marriage, separation, career/job change, empty nest, midlife, college graduation, and Covid-19 related life changes, are a few of the many transitions we can experience. Check out my website www.yournextchaptercoach.com
(757) 695-4586 View (757) 695-4586
Photo of Marion B Swanson, Psychologist in 23185, VA
Marion B Swanson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
College Students: Do you need strategies and support for increased confidence and calm in your life? We'll work at your pace, on what is most important to you. For over 20 years, I've worked with people from diverse backgrounds to address anxiety, stress, depression, self-esteem, relationships, attention deficit disorders, learning disabilities, executive functioning skills, and academic strategies. I use a variety of approaches (ex: cognitive-behavioral therapy, solution-focused, etc) although sessions are always based on your goals, needs, and preferences.
College Students: Do you need strategies and support for increased confidence and calm in your life? We'll work at your pace, on what is most important to you. For over 20 years, I've worked with people from diverse backgrounds to address anxiety, stress, depression, self-esteem, relationships, attention deficit disorders, learning disabilities, executive functioning skills, and academic strategies. I use a variety of approaches (ex: cognitive-behavioral therapy, solution-focused, etc) although sessions are always based on your goals, needs, and preferences.
(757) 603-3240 View (757) 603-3240
Photo of Dr. Stephanie White, Licensed Professional Counselor in 23185, VA
Dr. Stephanie White
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
I am an LPC, specializing in adolescents and young adults, as well as families in crisis. I have experience working with addictions as well as severe mental health diagnoses. It is my role to stimulate dialogue and create an environment that allows for meaningful change through gaining awareness and improving insight. My goal in session is for all those affected to be heard and feel safe. Mental health issues affect the entire family.
I am an LPC, specializing in adolescents and young adults, as well as families in crisis. I have experience working with addictions as well as severe mental health diagnoses. It is my role to stimulate dialogue and create an environment that allows for meaningful change through gaining awareness and improving insight. My goal in session is for all those affected to be heard and feel safe. Mental health issues affect the entire family.
(757) 903-2406 View (757) 903-2406
Photo of Elsa Beck, Licensed Professional Counselor in 23185, VA
Elsa Beck
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC(S), RPT-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Not accepting new clients
NOTE: I Am Not Taking New Clients. I am a bilingual (Spanish & English) Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) (Supervisor) and Registered Play Therapist-Supervisor (RPT-S). I use a variety of approaches in my clinical work with children and adults including Play Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Approaches are selected and adapted to fit the client's age, interests, and treatment needs. I work with individual children and families, individual adults and couples, and offer parenting consultation.
NOTE: I Am Not Taking New Clients. I am a bilingual (Spanish & English) Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) (Supervisor) and Registered Play Therapist-Supervisor (RPT-S). I use a variety of approaches in my clinical work with children and adults including Play Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Approaches are selected and adapted to fit the client's age, interests, and treatment needs. I work with individual children and families, individual adults and couples, and offer parenting consultation.
(757) 517-2892 View (757) 517-2892
Photo of Ashley Ruggerio, Licensed Professional Counselor in 23185, VA
Ashley Ruggerio
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC, MS
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Board Certified Registered Art Therapist. I enjoy working with children ages 3+, teens, and young adult women. Specializing in domestic violence and sexual assault, childhood trauma, and grief and loss with children, I work with clients of various ages through individual therapy sessions including some parent-child therapy.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Board Certified Registered Art Therapist. I enjoy working with children ages 3+, teens, and young adult women. Specializing in domestic violence and sexual assault, childhood trauma, and grief and loss with children, I work with clients of various ages through individual therapy sessions including some parent-child therapy.
(757) 210-6731 View (757) 210-6731
Photo of Diane J Green, Licensed Professional Counselor in 23185, VA
Diane J Green
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSATP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
“You can’t go back and change the beginning, but you can start where you are and change the ending.”– C.S. Lewis. Are you struggling to be your best self? Are you stuck in a cycle of alcohol or drug addiction? Are you feeling sad, anxious, depressed, or stressed? Do others see you as bad or broken when all you need is help to bridge the gap and become the person you desire to be? If you answered yes to any of those questions, and you are ready to change your ending, I would love to help you learn skills to discover your strengths, connect with your core goodness, and bridge the gap so you can be the best version of you again.
“You can’t go back and change the beginning, but you can start where you are and change the ending.”– C.S. Lewis. Are you struggling to be your best self? Are you stuck in a cycle of alcohol or drug addiction? Are you feeling sad, anxious, depressed, or stressed? Do others see you as bad or broken when all you need is help to bridge the gap and become the person you desire to be? If you answered yes to any of those questions, and you are ready to change your ending, I would love to help you learn skills to discover your strengths, connect with your core goodness, and bridge the gap so you can be the best version of you again.
(757) 997-7645 View (757) 997-7645
Photo of Jamie G Shawn, Licensed Professional Counselor in 23185, VA
Jamie G Shawn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Jamie is a Licensed Professional Counselor with experience in a variety of settings and populations. In individual counseling, Jamie has assisted clients to manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorder. He has provided mental health services to youth in many contexts including schools, homes, residential facilities, and outpatient environments, and has helped many couples and families find improved communication, cooperation, and closeness.
Jamie is a Licensed Professional Counselor with experience in a variety of settings and populations. In individual counseling, Jamie has assisted clients to manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorder. He has provided mental health services to youth in many contexts including schools, homes, residential facilities, and outpatient environments, and has helped many couples and families find improved communication, cooperation, and closeness.
(757) 982-2368 View (757) 982-2368
Photo of Prosperity Behavioral Healthcare, PLLC, Psychologist in 23185, VA
Prosperity Behavioral Healthcare, PLLC
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
My focus is to help individuals heal, become aware of their inner strengths, and prosper. Though I work with all, I specialize in the treatment of BIPOC adults with issues related to perinatal mental health, trauma, adjustment, anxiety, depression, and suicide. I have a passion for enhancing the psychological wellbeing and functioning of historically underserved, stigmatized, and oppressed groups. My therapeutic style is direct but empathic, inclusive, and professional. I strive for a safe, strength-based and collaborative treatment setting where cultural components are integrated and respected, and treatment is tailored to fit.
My focus is to help individuals heal, become aware of their inner strengths, and prosper. Though I work with all, I specialize in the treatment of BIPOC adults with issues related to perinatal mental health, trauma, adjustment, anxiety, depression, and suicide. I have a passion for enhancing the psychological wellbeing and functioning of historically underserved, stigmatized, and oppressed groups. My therapeutic style is direct but empathic, inclusive, and professional. I strive for a safe, strength-based and collaborative treatment setting where cultural components are integrated and respected, and treatment is tailored to fit.
(757) 210-7172 View (757) 210-7172
Photo of Kristie R Wynn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 23185, VA
Kristie R Wynn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Change is inevitable. I meet my clients where they are in life and help them to embrace the changes that they have experienced, are currently transforming their life and will surely develop in the future. I am here to help clients learn to develop a greater sense of confidence in their own ability to understand and solve their problems.
Change is inevitable. I meet my clients where they are in life and help them to embrace the changes that they have experienced, are currently transforming their life and will surely develop in the future. I am here to help clients learn to develop a greater sense of confidence in their own ability to understand and solve their problems.
(757) 505-7989 View (757) 505-7989
Photo of Eric R Ward, Marriage & Family Therapist in 23185, VA
Eric R Ward
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Through an authentic and acceptance-based relationship, I empower clients to address depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, marriage and family concerns, and parenting challenges. I also specialize in issues specific to men such as sex, identity, fidelity, and fatherhood. I would love to join with you on your journey towards wellness. My passion is helping and empowering families, couples, and individuals. Often life will give us situations that seem hopeless, but together I join with my clients in restoring that hope.I love working with families to heal and create stronger, more unified bonds.
Through an authentic and acceptance-based relationship, I empower clients to address depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, marriage and family concerns, and parenting challenges. I also specialize in issues specific to men such as sex, identity, fidelity, and fatherhood. I would love to join with you on your journey towards wellness. My passion is helping and empowering families, couples, and individuals. Often life will give us situations that seem hopeless, but together I join with my clients in restoring that hope.I love working with families to heal and create stronger, more unified bonds.
(757) 279-7359 View (757) 279-7359
Photo of Contemplation and Healing Institute in 23185, VA
Contemplation and Healing Institute
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Welcome to Contemplation and Healing Institute (CHI). We consist of a diverse staff of counselors who are currently accepting new clients. At CHI, we are dedicated to helping individuals achieve wholeness and healing. We are a nonprofit organization that offers outpatient counseling services to the Williamsburg community. Our team of counselors is committed to creating a warm and inviting environment where individuals can feel supported and understood.
Welcome to Contemplation and Healing Institute (CHI). We consist of a diverse staff of counselors who are currently accepting new clients. At CHI, we are dedicated to helping individuals achieve wholeness and healing. We are a nonprofit organization that offers outpatient counseling services to the Williamsburg community. Our team of counselors is committed to creating a warm and inviting environment where individuals can feel supported and understood.
(757) 255-7891 View (757) 255-7891
Photo of Christina L Knight, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 23185, VA
Christina L Knight
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Many are called to the profession of counseling, but very few are chosen. I have been chosen to guide others in finding direction, insight, and purpose. I am confident, compassionate, and unwavering in my desire to help clients see the light in the face of darkness. While my general philosophy is that therapy should be interpersonal, client-centered, and support based, I also believe in asking tough questions that challenge my client's existing mental conceptions and problem solving methodologies. My personal motto is "Challenge the thinking; change the behavior." Your mind is the battlefield of your life. Let me help you win!
Many are called to the profession of counseling, but very few are chosen. I have been chosen to guide others in finding direction, insight, and purpose. I am confident, compassionate, and unwavering in my desire to help clients see the light in the face of darkness. While my general philosophy is that therapy should be interpersonal, client-centered, and support based, I also believe in asking tough questions that challenge my client's existing mental conceptions and problem solving methodologies. My personal motto is "Challenge the thinking; change the behavior." Your mind is the battlefield of your life. Let me help you win!
(757) 209-2631 View (757) 209-2631
Photo of OCD Associates, Psychologist in 23185, VA
OCD Associates
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
We specialize in Rumination-Focused ERP for OCD and anxiety disorders. This approach focuses on treating compulsive rumination, and provides a highly systematic yet gentler approach to exposure therapy. RF-ERP can be helpful to patients who have not made significant progress in other types of treatment, including individuals with Pure O or Sensorimotor OCD.
We specialize in Rumination-Focused ERP for OCD and anxiety disorders. This approach focuses on treating compulsive rumination, and provides a highly systematic yet gentler approach to exposure therapy. RF-ERP can be helpful to patients who have not made significant progress in other types of treatment, including individuals with Pure O or Sensorimotor OCD.
(757) 529-8305 View (757) 529-8305
Photo of Louisa Bennitt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 23185, VA
Louisa Bennitt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Waitlist for new clients
I work with adolescents and adults who are seeking help in addressing your unique challenges, including mood and personality disorders, trauma, autism, and other diagnosable conditions. Everyday stressors can cause difficulties for everyone, but I find it important to understand the impact on you as an individual. I am trained in EMDR Therapy and additionally use a combination of approaches and techniques from CBT, DBT, IFS, mindfulness, psychodynamic, play, art, solution-focused, and client-centered, and I will help you address what is important to you in a way that is as unique as you are.
I work with adolescents and adults who are seeking help in addressing your unique challenges, including mood and personality disorders, trauma, autism, and other diagnosable conditions. Everyday stressors can cause difficulties for everyone, but I find it important to understand the impact on you as an individual. I am trained in EMDR Therapy and additionally use a combination of approaches and techniques from CBT, DBT, IFS, mindfulness, psychodynamic, play, art, solution-focused, and client-centered, and I will help you address what is important to you in a way that is as unique as you are.
(757) 345-6428 View (757) 345-6428
Photo of Christine Coenen, Resident in Counseling in 23185, VA
Christine Coenen
Resident in Counseling, MA CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Are you experiencing emotional and mental challenges from life changes, trauma, anxiety, Autism Level 1 (Asperger’s), ADHD, or depression? Are you looking to create peace in your life? If so, I can provide a safe and empathetic space to help you work through your struggles. I believe that my clients are the experts in their lives and work collaboratively with my clients to identify their needs and develop a therapeutic approach that will help them reach their goals. Providing Autism Assessment for Adults & Adolescents.
Are you experiencing emotional and mental challenges from life changes, trauma, anxiety, Autism Level 1 (Asperger’s), ADHD, or depression? Are you looking to create peace in your life? If so, I can provide a safe and empathetic space to help you work through your struggles. I believe that my clients are the experts in their lives and work collaboratively with my clients to identify their needs and develop a therapeutic approach that will help them reach their goals. Providing Autism Assessment for Adults & Adolescents.
(757) 760-3509 View (757) 760-3509
Photo of Felicia R Black, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 23185, VA
Felicia R Black
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTS
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
My name is Felicia Black, a clinical therapist practicing statewide through Telehealth in the State of Virginia to meet the therapeutic needs of the community. I am excited and grateful to help you on your journey to wellness. My desire is to provide a safe space, healing environment, and attentive care to all I come into contact with. I hold credentials as a LCSW, Certified Clinical Trauma Specialist, and Parent Educator based in attachment, attunement, and emotional regulation.
My name is Felicia Black, a clinical therapist practicing statewide through Telehealth in the State of Virginia to meet the therapeutic needs of the community. I am excited and grateful to help you on your journey to wellness. My desire is to provide a safe space, healing environment, and attentive care to all I come into contact with. I hold credentials as a LCSW, Certified Clinical Trauma Specialist, and Parent Educator based in attachment, attunement, and emotional regulation.
(757) 794-4537 View (757) 794-4537

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 23185

100+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in 23185 who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
75% Coping Skills
72% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
64% Trauma and PTSD
64% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Anthem | Elevance
71% BlueCross and BlueShield
69% Optima

How Therapists in 23185 see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
19% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 23185?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.