Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Amanda Stranko, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Amanda Stranko
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55101  (Online Only)
Since entering the field five years ago, I have worked with clients around general mental health concerns and healthy sexuality, especially the impacts this can have on a person's mental health. Our goals will be to discover healthy and appropriate coping skills to managing mental health concerns. In doing so, you will have a better understanding of yourself and the concerns that bought you to see me.
Since entering the field five years ago, I have worked with clients around general mental health concerns and healthy sexuality, especially the impacts this can have on a person's mental health. Our goals will be to discover healthy and appropriate coping skills to managing mental health concerns. In doing so, you will have a better understanding of yourself and the concerns that bought you to see me.
(651) 427-1137 x100 View (651) 427-1137 x100
Photo of Thomas M. Ellis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Thomas M. Ellis
Marriage & Family Therapist, Emeritu, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Not accepting new clients
While I am no longer providing therapy services, I've had the privilege to work with individuals, couples, families and groups since 1999. I've had 2 books published; "This Thing Called Grief: New Understandings of Loss," and "Enzo Isn't There," a childrens book. They can be found in most libraries, amazon.com and local book stores.
While I am no longer providing therapy services, I've had the privilege to work with individuals, couples, families and groups since 1999. I've had 2 books published; "This Thing Called Grief: New Understandings of Loss," and "Enzo Isn't There," a childrens book. They can be found in most libraries, amazon.com and local book stores.
(651) 433-6294 View (651) 433-6294
Photo of Katie Mohr, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Katie Mohr
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Not accepting new clients
***Katie is not taking new clients at this time*** Katie brings a warm, friendly, and understanding style in her work. Katie provides encouragement and support to individuals and couples who are coping with a wide variety of life’s changes and challenges. Katie sees her role as a therapist to guide clients through the process of greater self-understanding and help begin to take action toward healing the past, living in the present, and looking toward the future.
***Katie is not taking new clients at this time*** Katie brings a warm, friendly, and understanding style in her work. Katie provides encouragement and support to individuals and couples who are coping with a wide variety of life’s changes and challenges. Katie sees her role as a therapist to guide clients through the process of greater self-understanding and help begin to take action toward healing the past, living in the present, and looking toward the future.
(612) 568-0449 View (612) 568-0449
Photo of Katherine Quie, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Katherine Quie
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55108
My goal is to help every child, adolescent, and/or young adult touched by ADHD navigate through their specific challenges, and find their unique areas of brilliance. I have been practicing as a child and adolescent psychologist for over twenty years. I work closely with youth, parents, educators, and families. One of my primary areas of expertise is neuropsychological testing, which has given me great insight into how children and adolescents learn. I founded my own organization, ADHD&U, in 2019 after writing a book about raising my own son with ADHD (Raising Will: Surviving the Brilliance and Blues of ADHD).
My goal is to help every child, adolescent, and/or young adult touched by ADHD navigate through their specific challenges, and find their unique areas of brilliance. I have been practicing as a child and adolescent psychologist for over twenty years. I work closely with youth, parents, educators, and families. One of my primary areas of expertise is neuropsychological testing, which has given me great insight into how children and adolescents learn. I founded my own organization, ADHD&U, in 2019 after writing a book about raising my own son with ADHD (Raising Will: Surviving the Brilliance and Blues of ADHD).
(651) 374-9477 View (651) 374-9477
Photo of Suzanne Kirk, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Suzanne Kirk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, BA
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102  (Online Only)
We are all doing what we can to be healthy. Are you in need of some more emotional support? I specialize in anxiety, depression, and other mental health diagnoses. I will work with you to help develop improved and closer relationships. I treat alcoholism, and their loved ones affected by it. I completed training in trauma informed therapy.
We are all doing what we can to be healthy. Are you in need of some more emotional support? I specialize in anxiety, depression, and other mental health diagnoses. I will work with you to help develop improved and closer relationships. I treat alcoholism, and their loved ones affected by it. I completed training in trauma informed therapy.
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Photo of Glorina S Fruetel, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Glorina S Fruetel
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Glorina earned a multitude of skills, experience, and expertise surrounding issues related to Family and Children services: Child Protection, Foster Care, Intellectual Disabilities, Family Court as well as working with Adults and Children in Mental Health spanning over 20 plus years. Glorina works collaboratively with couples, and families, to uncover individual and collective strengths. She understands that when we embrace our strengths, we can be empowered to create the change that we desire for our life/family/relationships. She is committed in providing culturally attuned services.
Glorina earned a multitude of skills, experience, and expertise surrounding issues related to Family and Children services: Child Protection, Foster Care, Intellectual Disabilities, Family Court as well as working with Adults and Children in Mental Health spanning over 20 plus years. Glorina works collaboratively with couples, and families, to uncover individual and collective strengths. She understands that when we embrace our strengths, we can be empowered to create the change that we desire for our life/family/relationships. She is committed in providing culturally attuned services.
(651) 504-3063 View (651) 504-3063
Photo of Erica Derifield, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Erica Derifield
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MPS, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102  (Online Only)
Erica is a Pre-Licensed LPCC and a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor in the state of Minnesota and graduated with a Master of Professional Studies in Integrated Behavioral Health from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Erica has experience working with adults, families, couples, and adolescents in the residential, outpatient, community, and academic/school settings. Erica is passionate about providing care from a holistic and trauma-informed lens, ensuring every individual is seen and honored for their unique strengths, experiences, and inner wisdom rather than seen or labeled as a diagnosis.
Erica is a Pre-Licensed LPCC and a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor in the state of Minnesota and graduated with a Master of Professional Studies in Integrated Behavioral Health from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Erica has experience working with adults, families, couples, and adolescents in the residential, outpatient, community, and academic/school settings. Erica is passionate about providing care from a holistic and trauma-informed lens, ensuring every individual is seen and honored for their unique strengths, experiences, and inner wisdom rather than seen or labeled as a diagnosis.
(651) 538-2872 View (651) 538-2872
Photo of Savanna Hooley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Savanna Hooley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Waitlist for new clients
Availability update: Waitlist for new clients! Hello! Asking for help and finding a therapist is not easy and I am so glad you’re here. You may be feeling like your thoughts, experiences, and emotions are too much or too painful and you deserve a nonjudgmental space to be heard. You may also feel like your relationships, school/work, and home life are being negatively impacted by how you feel inside and you wish you could speak to yourself with more kindness. So if the ways in which you've learned to keep yourself safe aren't working in the same way that they used to, let's talk about it.
Availability update: Waitlist for new clients! Hello! Asking for help and finding a therapist is not easy and I am so glad you’re here. You may be feeling like your thoughts, experiences, and emotions are too much or too painful and you deserve a nonjudgmental space to be heard. You may also feel like your relationships, school/work, and home life are being negatively impacted by how you feel inside and you wish you could speak to yourself with more kindness. So if the ways in which you've learned to keep yourself safe aren't working in the same way that they used to, let's talk about it.
(651) 401-8608 x117 View (651) 401-8608 x117
Photo of Allison Ward, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Allison Ward
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
You are likely seeking therapy because of distress and confusion around difficult emotional experiences that you are struggling to understand and resolve. This distress and confusion can result in anxiety, relationship issues and depression. Through our work together, we can help resolve these struggles by building an understanding of where they come from and how to respond to them.
You are likely seeking therapy because of distress and confusion around difficult emotional experiences that you are struggling to understand and resolve. This distress and confusion can result in anxiety, relationship issues and depression. Through our work together, we can help resolve these struggles by building an understanding of where they come from and how to respond to them.
(612) 230-8299 View (612) 230-8299
Photo of Michael Sadowsky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Michael Sadowsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, MAHS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Waitlist for new clients
I am a clinical social worker with an integrative and holistic approach to psychotherapy. My therapy practice is rooted in mindfulness, CBT and DBT approaches, EMDR, and contemporary Psychodynamic therapy. I also draw from the mind-body connection, spirituality, social/cultural influences, neuroscience, and compassion. My background is in social work, which gives me a social justice lens and awareness of how societal factors like inequality and discrimination can affect mental health. I primarily provide psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy/Ketamine assisted psychotherapy at Intero Psychedelic Therapy in St. Paul, MN.
I am a clinical social worker with an integrative and holistic approach to psychotherapy. My therapy practice is rooted in mindfulness, CBT and DBT approaches, EMDR, and contemporary Psychodynamic therapy. I also draw from the mind-body connection, spirituality, social/cultural influences, neuroscience, and compassion. My background is in social work, which gives me a social justice lens and awareness of how societal factors like inequality and discrimination can affect mental health. I primarily provide psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy/Ketamine assisted psychotherapy at Intero Psychedelic Therapy in St. Paul, MN.
(651) 299-6577 View (651) 299-6577
Photo of Erin O'Gara, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Erin O'Gara
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
I believe strongly in person centered care, meaning your goals for healing and growth will be placed at the core of our work together. You are the expert in your life and I am honored to walk your journey and co-create therapy sessions with you! I operate from a strength based perspective and trauma informed lens, and work to create a welcoming and calming environment for all clients. I believe the relationship between the client and therapist is essential to growth and healing and I will bring kindness, understanding, and humor to our work together. I enjoy working with adolescents, adults, aging adults, and couples.
I believe strongly in person centered care, meaning your goals for healing and growth will be placed at the core of our work together. You are the expert in your life and I am honored to walk your journey and co-create therapy sessions with you! I operate from a strength based perspective and trauma informed lens, and work to create a welcoming and calming environment for all clients. I believe the relationship between the client and therapist is essential to growth and healing and I will bring kindness, understanding, and humor to our work together. I enjoy working with adolescents, adults, aging adults, and couples.
(651) 240-2137 View (651) 240-2137
Photo of Alaina McNallie, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Alaina McNallie
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55109  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
You may feel like you will never find a therapist you connect with, or that no one could understand what you are going through. The pain of struggle and daily life, especially now, can be overwhelming. You may feel alone in this world struggling with daily life tasks. My passion is helping couples who feel completely stuck in their relationship learn how to communicate effectively, as well as individuals seeking therapy who need support to find themselves again. I have competency in all types of relationships, people with physical &/or intellectual disabilities, OCD and anxiety, parenting, sexual orientation, and addiction.
You may feel like you will never find a therapist you connect with, or that no one could understand what you are going through. The pain of struggle and daily life, especially now, can be overwhelming. You may feel alone in this world struggling with daily life tasks. My passion is helping couples who feel completely stuck in their relationship learn how to communicate effectively, as well as individuals seeking therapy who need support to find themselves again. I have competency in all types of relationships, people with physical &/or intellectual disabilities, OCD and anxiety, parenting, sexual orientation, and addiction.
(651) 360-2613 View (651) 360-2613
Photo of Beth Johnson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Beth Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55112
I have over 15 years experience working with individuals as they navigate life’s ups and downs. I am a seasoned therapist in helping clients emerge from feeling discontent and not quite sure knowing what to do to finding direction and feeling empowered. Maybe you feel like the familiar roles that once provided comfort are now holding you back from embracing your true self. Or maybe you’re going through a big transition and what is next feels scary and overwhelming. Divorce? Midlife? Menopause? Empty nest? These can be scary transitions that are full of potential and growth!
I have over 15 years experience working with individuals as they navigate life’s ups and downs. I am a seasoned therapist in helping clients emerge from feeling discontent and not quite sure knowing what to do to finding direction and feeling empowered. Maybe you feel like the familiar roles that once provided comfort are now holding you back from embracing your true self. Or maybe you’re going through a big transition and what is next feels scary and overwhelming. Divorce? Midlife? Menopause? Empty nest? These can be scary transitions that are full of potential and growth!
(952) 955-9331 View (952) 955-9331
Photo of Anna Sterk, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Anna Sterk
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Not accepting new clients
We never stop growing and evolving as people, but sometimes we all need help knowing the best way to move forward. I believe that one of the most important aspects of our evolution is to learn how to be in relationship with ourselves and those around us. Consequently, my therapeutic perspective is deeply based in thinking about the systems and context that my clients are in currently, as well as those that they have come from, and that shape their experiences. I am committed to supporting individuals, couples, and families in this process, and in learning more about themselves.
We never stop growing and evolving as people, but sometimes we all need help knowing the best way to move forward. I believe that one of the most important aspects of our evolution is to learn how to be in relationship with ourselves and those around us. Consequently, my therapeutic perspective is deeply based in thinking about the systems and context that my clients are in currently, as well as those that they have come from, and that shape their experiences. I am committed to supporting individuals, couples, and families in this process, and in learning more about themselves.
(612) 260-7591 View (612) 260-7591
Photo of David Swirnoff, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
David Swirnoff
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I work with adult individuals from diverse backgrounds and all walks of life. My specialty is helping people with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, life transition, and relational issues. Because I do not believe that one size fits all, therapy begins by getting to know you in whatever way feels comfortable for you, and working together, collaboratively, to find a direction that feels right to begin moving forward. Our lives – and where we are at any given moment – are fluid and ever-changing; therapy should reflect that.
I work with adult individuals from diverse backgrounds and all walks of life. My specialty is helping people with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, life transition, and relational issues. Because I do not believe that one size fits all, therapy begins by getting to know you in whatever way feels comfortable for you, and working together, collaboratively, to find a direction that feels right to begin moving forward. Our lives – and where we are at any given moment – are fluid and ever-changing; therapy should reflect that.
(612) 979-1278 View (612) 979-1278
Photo of Leigh Rosenberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Leigh Rosenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
The power of relationship and being present and embodied guide my work in supporting people dealing with trauma, anxiety, depression, life-transitions, grief, health issues, or other challenges. My approach is built on compassion, care and respect for the experiences and identities that make you who you are. If you have suffered traumatic or difficult experience, from birth till now, want to be at home in yourself and with others; if you are trying to navigate a world that too easily permits oppression, or you want to grow the kernels of wholeness (even if hidden) within you, I hope to explore working together.
The power of relationship and being present and embodied guide my work in supporting people dealing with trauma, anxiety, depression, life-transitions, grief, health issues, or other challenges. My approach is built on compassion, care and respect for the experiences and identities that make you who you are. If you have suffered traumatic or difficult experience, from birth till now, want to be at home in yourself and with others; if you are trying to navigate a world that too easily permits oppression, or you want to grow the kernels of wholeness (even if hidden) within you, I hope to explore working together.
(612) 446-0933 View (612) 446-0933
Photo of Joseph Graves, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Joseph Graves
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I believe that the more we try to change ourselves, the more we become stuck. My goal in our therapeutic process is to understand, as best as I can, what it’s like to be you. By exploring and understanding the obstacles that have hindered your growth a spontaneous process of change and healing emerges. I aim to support you on your unique journey of self-discovery as you navigate life’s challenges and the existential dilemmas we all face.
I believe that the more we try to change ourselves, the more we become stuck. My goal in our therapeutic process is to understand, as best as I can, what it’s like to be you. By exploring and understanding the obstacles that have hindered your growth a spontaneous process of change and healing emerges. I aim to support you on your unique journey of self-discovery as you navigate life’s challenges and the existential dilemmas we all face.
(651) 661-2519 View (651) 661-2519
Photo of Kari Scott, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Kari Scott
Counselor, MS, LPCC, LADC, CAMS-II
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104  (Online Only)
I bring an integrated approach to the therapeutic process and seek to meet individuals where they are currently at. I strive to provide an empathetic, non-judgmental, secure environment for clients to safely explore all aspects of life. With over 10 years of experience advocating, counseling and teaching I am comfortable working with a broad range of clientele. I am trained in a variety of therapeutic modalities, including EMDR. I am experienced working with cultural and gender minorities. Having successfully worked with client's to reduce/resolve adjustment and phase of life issues, addiction, anger/emotional dysregulation, anxiety, attachment, depression, grief/loss, stress, and trauma.
I bring an integrated approach to the therapeutic process and seek to meet individuals where they are currently at. I strive to provide an empathetic, non-judgmental, secure environment for clients to safely explore all aspects of life. With over 10 years of experience advocating, counseling and teaching I am comfortable working with a broad range of clientele. I am trained in a variety of therapeutic modalities, including EMDR. I am experienced working with cultural and gender minorities. Having successfully worked with client's to reduce/resolve adjustment and phase of life issues, addiction, anger/emotional dysregulation, anxiety, attachment, depression, grief/loss, stress, and trauma.
(612) 261-0612 View (612) 261-0612
Photo of Sonja Walker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Sonja Walker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
My name is Sonja Walker. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have been working within clinical practice for over 12 years. My experiences are with clients dealing with grief and ambiguous loss, mental health, trauma, divorce, attachment with relationships, parenting, crisis management, inpatient mental health, outpatient/inpatient addiction treatment, transitional services for families dealing with incarceration or legal issues, sexuality concerns and multicultural family systems.
My name is Sonja Walker. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have been working within clinical practice for over 12 years. My experiences are with clients dealing with grief and ambiguous loss, mental health, trauma, divorce, attachment with relationships, parenting, crisis management, inpatient mental health, outpatient/inpatient addiction treatment, transitional services for families dealing with incarceration or legal issues, sexuality concerns and multicultural family systems.
(651) 374-9173 View (651) 374-9173
Photo of Miriam Itzkowitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Miriam Itzkowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105  (Online Only)
Therapy, like life, happens in the context of relationships. Our first task will be to form our own. During this time I’ll hear from you about what’s going well in your life as well as what is feeling difficult or overwhelming. Our work can take several forms, but in all of them I value connection, humor, and authenticity.
Therapy, like life, happens in the context of relationships. Our first task will be to form our own. During this time I’ll hear from you about what’s going well in your life as well as what is feeling difficult or overwhelming. Our work can take several forms, but in all of them I value connection, humor, and authenticity.
(651) 505-5262 View (651) 505-5262

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.