Therapists in Berkeley, CA

Photo of Natalya Kuzmicheva, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Natalya Kuzmicheva
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703  (Online Only)
Every patient is unique, and so is every therapist. I have lived and practiced therapy in two very different cultures, which has given me insight into culturally specific and universal issues that underlie personal and interpersonal conflicts. I approach every client with acceptance and understanding, providing them with a compassionate space for exploring challenges and obstacles to happiness in themselves and their relationships. I enjoy working with people of all ages and backgrounds, seeking to understand each client's worldview and to help them to discover their own solutions to the difficulties they face, including anxiety, depression, and relationship conflicts.
Every patient is unique, and so is every therapist. I have lived and practiced therapy in two very different cultures, which has given me insight into culturally specific and universal issues that underlie personal and interpersonal conflicts. I approach every client with acceptance and understanding, providing them with a compassionate space for exploring challenges and obstacles to happiness in themselves and their relationships. I enjoy working with people of all ages and backgrounds, seeking to understand each client's worldview and to help them to discover their own solutions to the difficulties they face, including anxiety, depression, and relationship conflicts.
(858) 352-7322 View (858) 352-7322
Photo of Lauren Massell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Lauren Massell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Connecting with your inner compass does not have to be an abstract concept. When you've survived difficult circumstances - learning trust your body's messages is challenging - but also how you can cultivate clarity in relationships, jobs, and everyday decisions. Somatic therapy offers the opportunity to bring awareness and compassion to your nervous system's response to your environment and integrate a greater sense of safety. From this place, your own wisdom becomes easier to hear and follow.
Connecting with your inner compass does not have to be an abstract concept. When you've survived difficult circumstances - learning trust your body's messages is challenging - but also how you can cultivate clarity in relationships, jobs, and everyday decisions. Somatic therapy offers the opportunity to bring awareness and compassion to your nervous system's response to your environment and integrate a greater sense of safety. From this place, your own wisdom becomes easier to hear and follow.
(510) 405-4241 View (510) 405-4241
Photo of Dennis Thatcher, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Dennis Thatcher
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Are you having conflicts in a current relationship and not feeling supported or loved by your partner? Or have you recently lost a relationship and are going through painful feelings of grief or loss? I help individuals (not couples) process these feelings to better understand what is happening, become more aware of patterns you may have and how to improve your current or future relationships. I emphasize creating a safe environment to share your thoughts and feelings and encourage feedback to meet your individual needs.
Are you having conflicts in a current relationship and not feeling supported or loved by your partner? Or have you recently lost a relationship and are going through painful feelings of grief or loss? I help individuals (not couples) process these feelings to better understand what is happening, become more aware of patterns you may have and how to improve your current or future relationships. I emphasize creating a safe environment to share your thoughts and feelings and encourage feedback to meet your individual needs.
(415) 742-1982 View (415) 742-1982
Photo of Sam Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Sam Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
I am a trans Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in working with trans, queer, genderqueer, and gender-nonconforming teens and adults. I have a non-pathologizing approach and deeply value identities outside the "norm." I have fifteen years of experience as a mental health provider, including support groups with teens and adults, individual therapy, and crisis work. I am a Bay Area activist who has fought for transgender rights by organizing provider trainings and public demonstrations. I am a visual artist and storyteller who believes that underrepresented individuals expressing themselves creatively and authentically is powerful and important.
I am a trans Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in working with trans, queer, genderqueer, and gender-nonconforming teens and adults. I have a non-pathologizing approach and deeply value identities outside the "norm." I have fifteen years of experience as a mental health provider, including support groups with teens and adults, individual therapy, and crisis work. I am a Bay Area activist who has fought for transgender rights by organizing provider trainings and public demonstrations. I am a visual artist and storyteller who believes that underrepresented individuals expressing themselves creatively and authentically is powerful and important.
(781) 417-5129 View (781) 417-5129
Photo of Susan J Murray, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Susan J Murray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94702
I support clients to find, expand, and honor their voice in difficult circumstances. I work to assist clients who have been hurt and traumatized reclaim their feelings of safety and vitality. Whether you are ambivalent in a relationship, in pain due to trauma or hurt, struggling with a dilemma, unhappy about your own behavior, facing significant loss, or feeling stuck, together we can create a comfortable place for you to work.
I support clients to find, expand, and honor their voice in difficult circumstances. I work to assist clients who have been hurt and traumatized reclaim their feelings of safety and vitality. Whether you are ambivalent in a relationship, in pain due to trauma or hurt, struggling with a dilemma, unhappy about your own behavior, facing significant loss, or feeling stuck, together we can create a comfortable place for you to work.
(510) 662-6463 View (510) 662-6463
Photo of Brittan Chow, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Brittan Chow
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
I work with clients of all ages to find a unique path through the difficulties they are seeking help with and in their efforts to live fully. My approach is relational, depth-oriented, playful, and based in compassion. Psychotherapy can be a deeply personal and enlivening process, through which you may notice an emerging sense of self and find greater internal freedom. With adults, this involves creating a space where you feel recognized, understood, and safe enough to explore the depths and complexity of your emotional experiences as well as the forces (internal and external) impacting the areas of life most concerning to you now.
I work with clients of all ages to find a unique path through the difficulties they are seeking help with and in their efforts to live fully. My approach is relational, depth-oriented, playful, and based in compassion. Psychotherapy can be a deeply personal and enlivening process, through which you may notice an emerging sense of self and find greater internal freedom. With adults, this involves creating a space where you feel recognized, understood, and safe enough to explore the depths and complexity of your emotional experiences as well as the forces (internal and external) impacting the areas of life most concerning to you now.
(510) 983-7410 View (510) 983-7410
Photo of Genevieve Vidal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Genevieve Vidal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
Many people seek therapy to alleviate painful symptoms and suffering. In my experience, insight about oneself can often be the best healer. And while therapy can lead to change, it can also bring the satisfaction of becoming even more fully oneself. My approach is warm, interactive, and non-judgmental. I strive to help you understand the meaning of your troubles and their origins, which may be familiar or altogether new to you. I welcome many forms of communication - although talking may be the primary vehicle for our explorations, much can be learned from the body sensations, images, and fantasies that appear in your sessions.
Many people seek therapy to alleviate painful symptoms and suffering. In my experience, insight about oneself can often be the best healer. And while therapy can lead to change, it can also bring the satisfaction of becoming even more fully oneself. My approach is warm, interactive, and non-judgmental. I strive to help you understand the meaning of your troubles and their origins, which may be familiar or altogether new to you. I welcome many forms of communication - although talking may be the primary vehicle for our explorations, much can be learned from the body sensations, images, and fantasies that appear in your sessions.
(341) 888-6304 View (341) 888-6304
Photo of Steve Kanofsky, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Steve Kanofsky
Psychologist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
I work best with clients who are looking for a safe and caring therapy relationship in order to pursue goals that have previously seemed too difficult to achieve alone. These goals typically range from wanting to experience life more fully, including a fuller range of emotions, to having more rewarding relationships and more fulfilling work lives. I have been practicing psychotherapy for 33 years, have been teaching it for almost as long, and feel comfortable assisting with a very wide range of issues, including depression, anxiety, parenting challenges and other relationship and family conflicts.
I work best with clients who are looking for a safe and caring therapy relationship in order to pursue goals that have previously seemed too difficult to achieve alone. These goals typically range from wanting to experience life more fully, including a fuller range of emotions, to having more rewarding relationships and more fulfilling work lives. I have been practicing psychotherapy for 33 years, have been teaching it for almost as long, and feel comfortable assisting with a very wide range of issues, including depression, anxiety, parenting challenges and other relationship and family conflicts.
(925) 350-8269 View (925) 350-8269
Photo of Liz DeJong, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Liz DeJong
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
My approach is interactive and relational and I will meet you where you are with a great deal of warmth, respect and patience. I see therapy as a collaborative process and I am dedicated to providing a welcoming, non-judgmental space where we can address your hopes for therapy together. I enjoy working with individual adults, adolescents and couples.
My approach is interactive and relational and I will meet you where you are with a great deal of warmth, respect and patience. I see therapy as a collaborative process and I am dedicated to providing a welcoming, non-judgmental space where we can address your hopes for therapy together. I enjoy working with individual adults, adolescents and couples.
(341) 667-5411 View (341) 667-5411
Photo of Chloe Jhangiani, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Chloe Jhangiani
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94702
Do you have the sense that you could be happier, more creative, and more confident? You are probably looking for a therapist because you are experiencing some degree of emotional pain: conflict, loss, stress, or sadness. I’ll help you tap into your internal strength to navigate life’s difficulties and grow. I’ll help you attend to some of the old wounds (big or small) or entrenched patterns that aren’t serving you. Life gets easier when you have a non-judgmental, caring person to walk alongside you instead of handling life on your own.
Do you have the sense that you could be happier, more creative, and more confident? You are probably looking for a therapist because you are experiencing some degree of emotional pain: conflict, loss, stress, or sadness. I’ll help you tap into your internal strength to navigate life’s difficulties and grow. I’ll help you attend to some of the old wounds (big or small) or entrenched patterns that aren’t serving you. Life gets easier when you have a non-judgmental, caring person to walk alongside you instead of handling life on your own.
(510) 216-1801 View (510) 216-1801
Photo of Tom Westin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Tom Westin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Psychotherapy is an opportunity for you to explore your experience in a space that is nonjudgmental, open, and supportive, and through this to discover more ease, as well as solutions to the challenges you are facing. It is a chance for you to look at thoughts, emotions, and conditioned responses to life and life events; untangle the knots of old beliefs and patterns that are no longer helpful; and take action to live a freer, more satisfying, and more authentic life. My approach is collaborative and experiential, and makes use of your already-existing strengths.
Psychotherapy is an opportunity for you to explore your experience in a space that is nonjudgmental, open, and supportive, and through this to discover more ease, as well as solutions to the challenges you are facing. It is a chance for you to look at thoughts, emotions, and conditioned responses to life and life events; untangle the knots of old beliefs and patterns that are no longer helpful; and take action to live a freer, more satisfying, and more authentic life. My approach is collaborative and experiential, and makes use of your already-existing strengths.
(925) 392-3361 View (925) 392-3361
Photo of Annie Wright, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Annie Wright
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
However you are, no matter what’s going on in your life right now, the fact that you’re here on this page says to me that a part of you is hopeful that things can be different for you. That healing is possible. That you’re ready for something better. That part of you is so wise. Something better IS possible, no matter where you’re starting from in life. This is a strong conviction of mine and the reason why I’m a clinician. Because I believe with every cell in my body that, until our last breath, no matter where we’re starting from, change is possible. And it’s my job to help you achieve that change.
However you are, no matter what’s going on in your life right now, the fact that you’re here on this page says to me that a part of you is hopeful that things can be different for you. That healing is possible. That you’re ready for something better. That part of you is so wise. Something better IS possible, no matter where you’re starting from in life. This is a strong conviction of mine and the reason why I’m a clinician. Because I believe with every cell in my body that, until our last breath, no matter where we’re starting from, change is possible. And it’s my job to help you achieve that change.
(341) 222-3807 View (341) 222-3807
Photo of Erica Feldman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Erica Feldman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My focus is on assisting those clients with issues they need greater support on, grief, chronic illness, chronic pain and Highly Sensitive Persons (HSP). The misunderstood nature of health issues such as fibromyalgia, lupus, headaches, can lead to disruption in clients' lives and relationships, and grieving the healthy self is not unusual. HSPs experience the world with a heightened perspective, often finding interactions and sensory stimulation difficult as well as health challenges. Navigating such a world often requires more support and validation, which psychotherapy can provide.
My focus is on assisting those clients with issues they need greater support on, grief, chronic illness, chronic pain and Highly Sensitive Persons (HSP). The misunderstood nature of health issues such as fibromyalgia, lupus, headaches, can lead to disruption in clients' lives and relationships, and grieving the healthy self is not unusual. HSPs experience the world with a heightened perspective, often finding interactions and sensory stimulation difficult as well as health challenges. Navigating such a world often requires more support and validation, which psychotherapy can provide.
(341) 999-2821 View (341) 999-2821
Photo of Linsay Preston, LMHC, LPCC, Counselor in Berkeley, CA
Linsay Preston, LMHC, LPCC
Counselor, LMHC, LPCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Telehealth/online counseling available for residents of Massachusetts, California, and Hawaii. Reactions to life changes and negative self talk can leave us feeling disempowered. Finding a therapist that will work well for you is the first step towards discovering skills to improve your overall quality of life. Through a supportive, holistic approach I empower individuals with the ability to decrease the impact of anxiety or depression. I am compassionate, straight-forward, and encourage collaboration. A somatic approach to Internal Family Systems, IFS, facilitates deep healing and change.
Telehealth/online counseling available for residents of Massachusetts, California, and Hawaii. Reactions to life changes and negative self talk can leave us feeling disempowered. Finding a therapist that will work well for you is the first step towards discovering skills to improve your overall quality of life. Through a supportive, holistic approach I empower individuals with the ability to decrease the impact of anxiety or depression. I am compassionate, straight-forward, and encourage collaboration. A somatic approach to Internal Family Systems, IFS, facilitates deep healing and change.
(415) 418-7848 View (415) 418-7848
Photo of Amy Poppers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Amy Poppers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
I support people throughout pregnancy, birth, the postpartum period and beyond. The process of becoming a mother is a major life change and people are often more overwhelmed, exhausted, and depleted than they ever imagined. Disconnection with oneself, partners and the baby can arise without adequate support. Many new mothers feel a tremendous amount of pressure to appear to be holding everything together, while on the inside they are falling apart. In our work together, I focus on creating a container where you can just be. With my warm, collaborative, compassionate presence, we’ll help you get back in touch with yourself.
I support people throughout pregnancy, birth, the postpartum period and beyond. The process of becoming a mother is a major life change and people are often more overwhelmed, exhausted, and depleted than they ever imagined. Disconnection with oneself, partners and the baby can arise without adequate support. Many new mothers feel a tremendous amount of pressure to appear to be holding everything together, while on the inside they are falling apart. In our work together, I focus on creating a container where you can just be. With my warm, collaborative, compassionate presence, we’ll help you get back in touch with yourself.
(510) 953-4275 View (510) 953-4275
Photo of Stephanie Wise, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Stephanie Wise
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSCP, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
Feeling disconnected and alone? Stuck in a loop of unhappiness? Maybe you aren’t sure how you got here or maybe you know exactly what the issue is, but you don’t know how to get past it. You can see the vision of the life you want so clearly, but it’s like you are wading through mud, struggling to even make it an inch forward towards that vision. And in the meantime, the gap between where you are and where you want to be is so painful.
Feeling disconnected and alone? Stuck in a loop of unhappiness? Maybe you aren’t sure how you got here or maybe you know exactly what the issue is, but you don’t know how to get past it. You can see the vision of the life you want so clearly, but it’s like you are wading through mud, struggling to even make it an inch forward towards that vision. And in the meantime, the gap between where you are and where you want to be is so painful.
(341) 946-4275 View (341) 946-4275
Photo of Madeline Razavi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Madeline Razavi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
Imagine a life experienced fully in which you cultivate hope and curiosity even in times of stress and adversity whether faced with a traumatic event, toxic stress, or everyday challenges this life can be yours, because deep inside of you there is an innate ability to not only survive, but to heal, grow, and thrive.
Imagine a life experienced fully in which you cultivate hope and curiosity even in times of stress and adversity whether faced with a traumatic event, toxic stress, or everyday challenges this life can be yours, because deep inside of you there is an innate ability to not only survive, but to heal, grow, and thrive.
(510) 924-0163 View (510) 924-0163
Photo of Susanna Gilbert, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Susanna Gilbert
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
You may be feeling overwhelmed by a recent turn of events--the death of a loved one, a bad break-up, becoming a parent, changing careers. Or perhaps you're struggling with more longstanding issues--low self-esteem, for instance--that you've tried to resolve on your own but just can't get a handle on. I enjoy helping people weather challenging transitions as well as see their longer term issues with fresh, more hopeful eyes. With support and insight, I've found people can move on and make the changes they want to make in their lives.
You may be feeling overwhelmed by a recent turn of events--the death of a loved one, a bad break-up, becoming a parent, changing careers. Or perhaps you're struggling with more longstanding issues--low self-esteem, for instance--that you've tried to resolve on your own but just can't get a handle on. I enjoy helping people weather challenging transitions as well as see their longer term issues with fresh, more hopeful eyes. With support and insight, I've found people can move on and make the changes they want to make in their lives.
(510) 328-4424 View (510) 328-4424
Mark Francis Dolan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
I work with clients work on a variety of issues including, but not limited to, ways to better manage anxiety, strategies to reduce rumination, and techniques to help when we are feeling overwhelmed or depressed. We may at times question the role of meaning in our lives and so I strive to create a trusting space to reflect on these deeper issues as well.
I work with clients work on a variety of issues including, but not limited to, ways to better manage anxiety, strategies to reduce rumination, and techniques to help when we are feeling overwhelmed or depressed. We may at times question the role of meaning in our lives and so I strive to create a trusting space to reflect on these deeper issues as well.
(510) 916-2460 View (510) 916-2460
Photo of Tali Barr, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Tali Barr
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94708  (Online Only)
I believe that the most effective route to change and healing is through self awareness, I strive to work towards that end in all the therapy I do, both with couples and with individuals. I have found that there is no more powerful tool for breaking old patterns and affecting real change than self knowledge. With people who are curious and willing to look inward, I can help them do deep work and find out who they are and why they do the things they do..
I believe that the most effective route to change and healing is through self awareness, I strive to work towards that end in all the therapy I do, both with couples and with individuals. I have found that there is no more powerful tool for breaking old patterns and affecting real change than self knowledge. With people who are curious and willing to look inward, I can help them do deep work and find out who they are and why they do the things they do..
(510) 408-7798 View (510) 408-7798

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Berkeley, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
72% Grief
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aetna
38% Cigna and Evernorth
38% Other

How Therapists in Berkeley, CA see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.