Therapists in Madison, NJ

Photo of Lauri O'Brien LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Lauri O'Brien LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
Not accepting new clients
Lauri is not accepting new Clients at this time. I provide a space of acceptance for wherever you are right now in your process. My primary focus is working with individual adult women at all stages of life, and a special interest in working with mothers. My trauma-attuned approach is influenced by my training in the ARC (Attachment, Regulation and Competency) framework. My training and experience working in trauma and relationship issues have prepared me to help you to identify and change old patterns. I help adults to navigate the obstacles that get in the way of happiness.
Lauri is not accepting new Clients at this time. I provide a space of acceptance for wherever you are right now in your process. My primary focus is working with individual adult women at all stages of life, and a special interest in working with mothers. My trauma-attuned approach is influenced by my training in the ARC (Attachment, Regulation and Competency) framework. My training and experience working in trauma and relationship issues have prepared me to help you to identify and change old patterns. I help adults to navigate the obstacles that get in the way of happiness.
(973) 577-9218 View (973) 577-9218
Photo of Meredith M Pierson, Psychologist in Madison, NJ
Meredith M Pierson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Madison, NJ 07940  (Online Only)
Life is filled with transitions that can challenge us in unique and unfamiliar ways. My work as a therapist centers upon the understanding that how we approach and overcome these challenges greatly impacts not only the quality of our daily lives, but the type of person we become. One of my main goals as a therapist is to help my clients better understand instances where they may get in their own way when navigating transitions and to use this new knowledge for personal growth.
Life is filled with transitions that can challenge us in unique and unfamiliar ways. My work as a therapist centers upon the understanding that how we approach and overcome these challenges greatly impacts not only the quality of our daily lives, but the type of person we become. One of my main goals as a therapist is to help my clients better understand instances where they may get in their own way when navigating transitions and to use this new knowledge for personal growth.
(973) 841-4263 View (973) 841-4263
Photo of Caitlin Northern, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Caitlin Northern
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
Caitlin is a seasoned therapist with over a decade of experience who is dedicated to help guide you on your journey to healing and personal growth. She specializes in helping children, adults, and families to not only address issues like anxiety, depression, OCD, ADHD, behavioral problems (child/teen), and autism, but to find their overall path towards happiness and well-being. Her expertise further extends to complex trauma and loss with a deep understanding of attachment-related issues. Her understanding of Child and Family Studies makes her exceptionally well-prepared to address issues at the individual and environmental levels.
Caitlin is a seasoned therapist with over a decade of experience who is dedicated to help guide you on your journey to healing and personal growth. She specializes in helping children, adults, and families to not only address issues like anxiety, depression, OCD, ADHD, behavioral problems (child/teen), and autism, but to find their overall path towards happiness and well-being. Her expertise further extends to complex trauma and loss with a deep understanding of attachment-related issues. Her understanding of Child and Family Studies makes her exceptionally well-prepared to address issues at the individual and environmental levels.
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Photo of Anna Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Anna Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Madison, NJ 07940  (Online Only)
Being a young professional in the NYC-area can be utterly stressful. Are you finding it hard to concentrate? Do you lack motivation to complete tasks in various areas of your life? I will create a safe space to explore these challenges and promote healthier coping skills and tips. I believe if you can gain skills in one area of your life, they can be transferred to personal relationships, social life, and more. With my focus on ADHD, I can work with you to properly diagnose and provide treatment to best manage in your daily life.
Being a young professional in the NYC-area can be utterly stressful. Are you finding it hard to concentrate? Do you lack motivation to complete tasks in various areas of your life? I will create a safe space to explore these challenges and promote healthier coping skills and tips. I believe if you can gain skills in one area of your life, they can be transferred to personal relationships, social life, and more. With my focus on ADHD, I can work with you to properly diagnose and provide treatment to best manage in your daily life.
(973) 721-9874 View (973) 721-9874
Photo of Tara McSorley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Tara McSorley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA, MSW
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
Everyone faces challenges and obstacles in their lives. These times are often an opportunity for change, growth and healing. Seeking professional support and guidance can help you move through these difficult moments and experiences to a healthier place in your life. I believe in a holistic approach with each unique client. We will create a plan together to address your goals and purpose for therapy. I have specialized training in trauma treatment, CBT/ DBT, and family interventions.
Everyone faces challenges and obstacles in their lives. These times are often an opportunity for change, growth and healing. Seeking professional support and guidance can help you move through these difficult moments and experiences to a healthier place in your life. I believe in a holistic approach with each unique client. We will create a plan together to address your goals and purpose for therapy. I have specialized training in trauma treatment, CBT/ DBT, and family interventions.
(973) 718-9489 View (973) 718-9489
Photo of Clorinda Bulfamante, Psychologist in Madison, NJ
Clorinda Bulfamante
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
I am a clinical psychologist providing therapy and assessment services in Scarsdale and Greenwich. I treat various conditions, such as depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, social anxiety, and school/work issues. I also focus on life transitions, whether that be a recent move, transition from college, changes in family dynamics, or changes in significant relationships. Furthermore, I have extensive experience in conducting psychological assessments. Therapeutically, I focus on developing teens and adults, where as I provide assessments for all ages.
I am a clinical psychologist providing therapy and assessment services in Scarsdale and Greenwich. I treat various conditions, such as depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, social anxiety, and school/work issues. I also focus on life transitions, whether that be a recent move, transition from college, changes in family dynamics, or changes in significant relationships. Furthermore, I have extensive experience in conducting psychological assessments. Therapeutically, I focus on developing teens and adults, where as I provide assessments for all ages.
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Photo of Joe Vernic, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Joe Vernic
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I work with adults, including students, artists, immigrants, and people from the LGBTQ community. I am good at getting attuned to all parts of my patients. Together we can work on helping you gain a greater awareness of your inner life, including your energy, thoughts, feelings, conflicts, and your core beliefs about yourself and others. I want to help you challenge and change your unhelpful and self-sabotaging ways of thinking and behaving that tend to originate in the past and that can keep you stuck in the past and to replace them with healthier and more appropriate alternatives.
I work with adults, including students, artists, immigrants, and people from the LGBTQ community. I am good at getting attuned to all parts of my patients. Together we can work on helping you gain a greater awareness of your inner life, including your energy, thoughts, feelings, conflicts, and your core beliefs about yourself and others. I want to help you challenge and change your unhelpful and self-sabotaging ways of thinking and behaving that tend to originate in the past and that can keep you stuck in the past and to replace them with healthier and more appropriate alternatives.
(973) 845-4256 View (973) 845-4256
Photo of Nancy Begin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Nancy Begin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Madison, NJ 07940
Are you currently experiencing anxiety, prolonged sadness, inability to enjoy life, difficulty with interpersonal relationships or a desire to grow in your knowledge of self understanding? Have you experienced a traumatic event that is interferring with daily life? If so you might benefit from time spent with a compassionate and caring therapist. As a clinician I have assisted others in their personal journey toward wholeness and self discovery.
Are you currently experiencing anxiety, prolonged sadness, inability to enjoy life, difficulty with interpersonal relationships or a desire to grow in your knowledge of self understanding? Have you experienced a traumatic event that is interferring with daily life? If so you might benefit from time spent with a compassionate and caring therapist. As a clinician I have assisted others in their personal journey toward wholeness and self discovery.
(973) 355-6444 View (973) 355-6444
Photo of Debra Haverson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Debra Haverson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I bring a calm, non-judgmental presence to our sessions while remaining direct about the ways in which your own perceptions and actions may be keeping you from enjoying life more fully. I also recognize that sometimes there's just a need to problem-solve and tackle challenging circumstances from a practical perspective. It is possible for people to feel more joy and contentment from their lives and their relationships. Difficult feelings such as sadness and worry, as well as problematic behavior patterns, usually arise from a combination of the typical pressures of life and our own personal histories.
I bring a calm, non-judgmental presence to our sessions while remaining direct about the ways in which your own perceptions and actions may be keeping you from enjoying life more fully. I also recognize that sometimes there's just a need to problem-solve and tackle challenging circumstances from a practical perspective. It is possible for people to feel more joy and contentment from their lives and their relationships. Difficult feelings such as sadness and worry, as well as problematic behavior patterns, usually arise from a combination of the typical pressures of life and our own personal histories.
(973) 679-7424 View (973) 679-7424
Photo of Flora DeGeorge, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Flora DeGeorge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
Whether you're dealing with relationships, anxiety, depression, bipolar, or family problems, when we meet, I care about what you share and listen patiently without judgment. Together, we can look at any feelings or problems and put them into context. Therapy can alleviate stress, inform your decisions, and build strength. I work with adults and adolescents on a variety of issues.
Whether you're dealing with relationships, anxiety, depression, bipolar, or family problems, when we meet, I care about what you share and listen patiently without judgment. Together, we can look at any feelings or problems and put them into context. Therapy can alleviate stress, inform your decisions, and build strength. I work with adults and adolescents on a variety of issues.
(862) 325-2716 View (862) 325-2716
Photo of Magdalena Brown, Licensed Professional Counselor in Madison, NJ
Magdalena Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSc , LPC, CTP
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with anxiety, OCD, depression, relationship issues or a difficult life transition? Have you been affected by trauma or multiple traumatic experiences? Would you like to regain control of your thoughts, emotions and begins to live a meaningful and enjoyable life? I can help you heal by providing research based coping skills, supporting you in cultivating feelings of healthy connection with yourself and others, and offering a safe space to explore, process and overcome difficult issues and past traumas.
Are you struggling with anxiety, OCD, depression, relationship issues or a difficult life transition? Have you been affected by trauma or multiple traumatic experiences? Would you like to regain control of your thoughts, emotions and begins to live a meaningful and enjoyable life? I can help you heal by providing research based coping skills, supporting you in cultivating feelings of healthy connection with yourself and others, and offering a safe space to explore, process and overcome difficult issues and past traumas.
(973) 657-5664 View (973) 657-5664
Photo of Donna P O'Connor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Donna P O'Connor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCADC, LLC
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
Life is difficult and we are not supposed to know how to handle all that comes our way. Psychotherapy is one way to address life's difficulties. My work is with individuals, couples and families which includes a specialization in communication, relationship issues, shame, vulnerability, self-esteem issues, anxiety/depression, addiction and any barrier to fulfilling one's full potential. Families are systems that can heal, and change is always possible. I am a certified ARISE@ Substance and Mental Health Interventionist. I bring the experience of 33 years of marriage as well as raising five adult children to my practice.
Life is difficult and we are not supposed to know how to handle all that comes our way. Psychotherapy is one way to address life's difficulties. My work is with individuals, couples and families which includes a specialization in communication, relationship issues, shame, vulnerability, self-esteem issues, anxiety/depression, addiction and any barrier to fulfilling one's full potential. Families are systems that can heal, and change is always possible. I am a certified ARISE@ Substance and Mental Health Interventionist. I bring the experience of 33 years of marriage as well as raising five adult children to my practice.
(973) 440-2358 View (973) 440-2358
Photo of Jen Ellis Walters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Jen Ellis Walters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
Thank you for taking the time to read my profile. The “right fit” in therapy is crucial for success. I am told I am an approachable and knowledgeable therapist and listed below are my areas of specialty. I offer in-office therapy, in-home consultation, training and family/community support meetings aimed at providing an integrative approach to you or your child’s emotional health. For my work with children, I specialize in high functioning autism, ADHD, anxiety and other childhood behavioral concerns. With adults, I focus on how life changes/losses have changed your path and work to help you get back to where you want to be.
Thank you for taking the time to read my profile. The “right fit” in therapy is crucial for success. I am told I am an approachable and knowledgeable therapist and listed below are my areas of specialty. I offer in-office therapy, in-home consultation, training and family/community support meetings aimed at providing an integrative approach to you or your child’s emotional health. For my work with children, I specialize in high functioning autism, ADHD, anxiety and other childhood behavioral concerns. With adults, I focus on how life changes/losses have changed your path and work to help you get back to where you want to be.
(973) 520-0351 View (973) 520-0351
Photo of Center for Evaluation and Counseling, Inc. (CEC), Licensed Professional Counselor in Madison, NJ
Center for Evaluation and Counseling, Inc. (CEC)
Licensed Professional Counselor, LAC, LSW, LPC, LCSW
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
The Center for Evaluation and Counseling, Inc. (CEC) is a non-profit mental health agency with over 25 years of experience. The staff is comprised of Psychologists, Social Workers, and Counselors each of whom brings to CEC many years of training and experience in working with children, adolescents, and adults.
The Center for Evaluation and Counseling, Inc. (CEC) is a non-profit mental health agency with over 25 years of experience. The staff is comprised of Psychologists, Social Workers, and Counselors each of whom brings to CEC many years of training and experience in working with children, adolescents, and adults.
(862) 210-6063 View (862) 210-6063
Photo of David Dressler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Madison, NJ
David Dressler
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
If you're looking for someone who will actively listen to your concerns and provide insightful feedback that is compassionately helpful to your concerns, you have come to the right place. I provide my clients a safe place to work through their frustrations often related to relationships that seem overwhelming to them. My clients find practical solutions that help them grow as individuals in the midst of such relationships. It is a great joy of mine to see how clients grow through the process of therapy.
If you're looking for someone who will actively listen to your concerns and provide insightful feedback that is compassionately helpful to your concerns, you have come to the right place. I provide my clients a safe place to work through their frustrations often related to relationships that seem overwhelming to them. My clients find practical solutions that help them grow as individuals in the midst of such relationships. It is a great joy of mine to see how clients grow through the process of therapy.
(973) 318-3886 View (973) 318-3886
Photo of Carmen G Vasto, Counselor in Madison, NJ
Carmen G Vasto
Counselor, MA, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Madison, NJ 07940
I believe that building a strong connection with my clients is the most effective tool in the counseling process. The energy I bring to my work and my sincere interest in the well-being of my clients helps to establish trusting relationships that foster growth. My counseling sessions incorporate therapeutic use of humor and creative solutions to help clients create positive and lasting change in their lives.
I believe that building a strong connection with my clients is the most effective tool in the counseling process. The energy I bring to my work and my sincere interest in the well-being of my clients helps to establish trusting relationships that foster growth. My counseling sessions incorporate therapeutic use of humor and creative solutions to help clients create positive and lasting change in their lives.
(201) 897-7080 View (201) 897-7080
Photo of Ranjana Hari, Pre-Licensed Professional in Madison, NJ
Ranjana Hari
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD, NCSP
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
I'm a dedicated psychotherapist with an extensive and diverse background, spanning private practice, schools, college clinics, foster care, and hospitals, including acute care. With a passion for treating individuals of all ages, I specialize in harnessing the power of evidence-based therapies to create long-lasting positive change, focusing on the core of issues, rather than surface change. I take pride in fostering a safe, warm, and compassionate environment that embraces the unique perspectives of clients from diverse backgrounds. Even the most resistant patients find themselves engaged in the therapeutic process under my care.
I'm a dedicated psychotherapist with an extensive and diverse background, spanning private practice, schools, college clinics, foster care, and hospitals, including acute care. With a passion for treating individuals of all ages, I specialize in harnessing the power of evidence-based therapies to create long-lasting positive change, focusing on the core of issues, rather than surface change. I take pride in fostering a safe, warm, and compassionate environment that embraces the unique perspectives of clients from diverse backgrounds. Even the most resistant patients find themselves engaged in the therapeutic process under my care.
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Photo of Hope Eliasof, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Hope Eliasof
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940  (Online Only)
Do you and your partner argue all the time? Do you feel a growing distance from one another? Is there a lack of trust because of cheating or not living up to commitments? For more than 30 years I've helped hundreds of couples and individuals build stronger and healthier relationships. As a licensed couples therapist and certified sex therapist I use a variety of proven techniques to help people solve conflicts, improve communication and ignite a spark in their sex lives. Together, we'll work to decrease anger, blame and defensiveness, replacing them with assertiveness, compassion and mindfulness. I work with diverse couples.
Do you and your partner argue all the time? Do you feel a growing distance from one another? Is there a lack of trust because of cheating or not living up to commitments? For more than 30 years I've helped hundreds of couples and individuals build stronger and healthier relationships. As a licensed couples therapist and certified sex therapist I use a variety of proven techniques to help people solve conflicts, improve communication and ignite a spark in their sex lives. Together, we'll work to decrease anger, blame and defensiveness, replacing them with assertiveness, compassion and mindfulness. I work with diverse couples.
(201) 389-8259 View (201) 389-8259
Photo of Dr. Kelly J Sullivan, Psychologist in Madison, NJ
Dr. Kelly J Sullivan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
Sometimes what we are searching for already exists within us, we just need help finding it. In therapy I help you to reflect and reacquaint yourself with what you need to feel most alive. Through building self-compassion and mindfulness I can help you to feel more present in your life. My treatment approach combines active exploration and practical solutions to aid you in discovering an authentic and meaningful life. I will help you to highlight your personal strengths in order to better adjust to life transitions, improve relationships and better understand emotions/behaviors.
Sometimes what we are searching for already exists within us, we just need help finding it. In therapy I help you to reflect and reacquaint yourself with what you need to feel most alive. Through building self-compassion and mindfulness I can help you to feel more present in your life. My treatment approach combines active exploration and practical solutions to aid you in discovering an authentic and meaningful life. I will help you to highlight your personal strengths in order to better adjust to life transitions, improve relationships and better understand emotions/behaviors.
(201) 292-5034 View (201) 292-5034
Photo of Christine Peters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, NJ
Christine Peters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Madison, NJ 07940
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Madison, NJ

100+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Madison, NJ who prioritize treating:

99% Anxiety
97% Depression
87% Relationship Issues
83% Self Esteem
72% Coping Skills
71% Grief
70% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% Aetna
62% Cigna and Evernorth
60% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Madison, NJ see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

87% Female
13% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Madison?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.