Trauma and PTSD Therapists in Louisville, KY

Photo of Kristi Collier Thompson, MS, LMHC, LPCC
Kristi Collier Thompson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LMHC, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40223
I am a trauma-informed, licensed counselor specializing in children, teenagers, adults and families who are experiencing anxiety, depression, anger, trauma, relational trauma (adoption, foster care, chronic illness, abuse or neglect), chronic illness and chronic pain. With over 20 years of experience, I am certified in EMDR, and trained in Theraplay, internal family systems (IFS), DBT, Trust-Based Relational Intervention, solution-focused brief counseling, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), Prepare-Enrich and mindfulness.
I am a trauma-informed, licensed counselor specializing in children, teenagers, adults and families who are experiencing anxiety, depression, anger, trauma, relational trauma (adoption, foster care, chronic illness, abuse or neglect), chronic illness and chronic pain. With over 20 years of experience, I am certified in EMDR, and trained in Theraplay, internal family systems (IFS), DBT, Trust-Based Relational Intervention, solution-focused brief counseling, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), Prepare-Enrich and mindfulness.
(502) 287-0133 View (502) 287-0133
Photo of Sharekia Tunstull, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sharekia Tunstull
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40216
Are you battling with depression or struggling with anxiety? Is childhood trauma weighing heavy or getting in the way of you achieving your goals? Are you experiencing low self-esteem or just simply need someone to talk to? If so, then maybe it’s time to begin your healing journey. My goal is to help you, help yourself. I will do this by encouraging you to step outside your comfort zone and support you along the way. Stepping outside your comfort zone may sound scary, but it is important for change and well worth the effort.
Are you battling with depression or struggling with anxiety? Is childhood trauma weighing heavy or getting in the way of you achieving your goals? Are you experiencing low self-esteem or just simply need someone to talk to? If so, then maybe it’s time to begin your healing journey. My goal is to help you, help yourself. I will do this by encouraging you to step outside your comfort zone and support you along the way. Stepping outside your comfort zone may sound scary, but it is important for change and well worth the effort.
(502) 747-9158 View (502) 747-9158
Photo of Robin Jordan, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robin Jordan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am trained in various evidence-based practices including Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Motivational Interviewing, & Nurturing Parenting.
***ONLY ACCEPTING TELEHEALTH (FLORIDA, KENTUCKY, & INDIANA) CLIENTS AT THIS TIME*** Do you want to get to a place in your life where you are not as stressed, depressed, anxious, or overwhelmed? I am here to help you process what is currently going on in your life and determine how to help improve those situations or relationships. My experience is in helping children, teens, families, couples, and adults work through issues such as anxiety, depression, behavioral problems, family dynamics, self-esteem, communication, relationship stress, problem solving, and recovering from traumatic events.
I am trained in various evidence-based practices including Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Motivational Interviewing, & Nurturing Parenting.
***ONLY ACCEPTING TELEHEALTH (FLORIDA, KENTUCKY, & INDIANA) CLIENTS AT THIS TIME*** Do you want to get to a place in your life where you are not as stressed, depressed, anxious, or overwhelmed? I am here to help you process what is currently going on in your life and determine how to help improve those situations or relationships. My experience is in helping children, teens, families, couples, and adults work through issues such as anxiety, depression, behavioral problems, family dynamics, self-esteem, communication, relationship stress, problem solving, and recovering from traumatic events.
(502) 890-9617 View (502) 890-9617
Photo of William Biddle, LCP, Psychologist
William Biddle
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Online Only
William Biddle, I am a Psychologist with over 30 years of experience doing psychotherapy and psychological evaluations. I have extensive experience in treating PTSD, anxiety, depression, and existential issues (finding meaning and purpose in life).
William Biddle, I am a Psychologist with over 30 years of experience doing psychotherapy and psychological evaluations. I have extensive experience in treating PTSD, anxiety, depression, and existential issues (finding meaning and purpose in life).
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Parker Bowling, LCSW, MSSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Parker Bowling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling stuck in your healing journey, progress in therapy or life in general? I specialize in supporting people who are ready to take a different approach to therapy that gets to the root causes of your symptoms, including internal struggles like depression, anxiety, relationship challenges and trauma, as well as their intersection with external stressors like political instability and climate change. Rather than focusing solely on a diagnosis, we will work together to understand the origins of your suffering and then co-create an actionable path towards both healing and living a more meaningful life.
Are you feeling stuck in your healing journey, progress in therapy or life in general? I specialize in supporting people who are ready to take a different approach to therapy that gets to the root causes of your symptoms, including internal struggles like depression, anxiety, relationship challenges and trauma, as well as their intersection with external stressors like political instability and climate change. Rather than focusing solely on a diagnosis, we will work together to understand the origins of your suffering and then co-create an actionable path towards both healing and living a more meaningful life.
(502) 218-4255 View (502) 218-4255
Photo of Mary Clay Edinger, MAMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Mary Clay Edinger
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MAMFT
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40207
I am a marriage and family therapy associate with a creative, collaborative, client-centered, and compassionate approach to therapy. I journey with clients and families of all ages as they navigate anxiety, perfectionism, eating disorders, depression, addiction, trauma, grief/loss, parenting issues, and life transitions. I have found that I work exceptionally well with children of all ages, as well as with children and their families who have experienced the loss of a parent or a sibling. I also enjoy working with teachers. I look forward to using animal-assisted therapy with my dog, Pippi, once she is fully trained.
I am a marriage and family therapy associate with a creative, collaborative, client-centered, and compassionate approach to therapy. I journey with clients and families of all ages as they navigate anxiety, perfectionism, eating disorders, depression, addiction, trauma, grief/loss, parenting issues, and life transitions. I have found that I work exceptionally well with children of all ages, as well as with children and their families who have experienced the loss of a parent or a sibling. I also enjoy working with teachers. I look forward to using animal-assisted therapy with my dog, Pippi, once she is fully trained.
(502) 323-4439 View (502) 323-4439
Photo of Alisha Blais, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alisha Blais
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you ready to make changes? No matter what’s bringing you to therapy, it’s safe to say something’s not going the way you’d like. You might be feeling frustrated or overwhelmed, unmotivated, confused, riddled with dread, depressed or anxious. I specialize in treating Eating Disorders, Trauma/ PTSD, BPD, anxiety, and depression. I work with each client to understand their symptoms and the problems that impact their mood, and then create a holistic approach to develop a unique treatment plan that is tailored to address the individual's needs. I offer a free 15-minute consultation call if you have any questions.
Are you ready to make changes? No matter what’s bringing you to therapy, it’s safe to say something’s not going the way you’d like. You might be feeling frustrated or overwhelmed, unmotivated, confused, riddled with dread, depressed or anxious. I specialize in treating Eating Disorders, Trauma/ PTSD, BPD, anxiety, and depression. I work with each client to understand their symptoms and the problems that impact their mood, and then create a holistic approach to develop a unique treatment plan that is tailored to address the individual's needs. I offer a free 15-minute consultation call if you have any questions.
(270) 747-3417 View (270) 747-3417
Photo of Stephanie Clemmons, MEd, LPCC, LPAT, ATR-BC, Art Therapist
Stephanie Clemmons
Art Therapist, MEd, LPCC, LPAT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40207
Waitlist for new clients
I am trained in EMDR which has made a significant impact on my theoretical orientation overall and strengthens my approach to therapy to help individuals overcome and heal from trauma.
Art therapy processes connect the heart, mind, body, and soul to promote healing, becoming, and knowing. Art therapy is for all ages and there is no right or wrong way. Art therapy is unique because it goes beyond traditional talk therapy by promoting your inner voice, inner wisdom, and inner psyche to emerge through a variety of creative techniques incorporating, symbols, pictures, line, shape, color, movement, drama, music, and metaphor. When it is difficult to put words to our thoughts and emotions, art therapy helps bypass these barriers.
I am trained in EMDR which has made a significant impact on my theoretical orientation overall and strengthens my approach to therapy to help individuals overcome and heal from trauma.
Art therapy processes connect the heart, mind, body, and soul to promote healing, becoming, and knowing. Art therapy is for all ages and there is no right or wrong way. Art therapy is unique because it goes beyond traditional talk therapy by promoting your inner voice, inner wisdom, and inner psyche to emerge through a variety of creative techniques incorporating, symbols, pictures, line, shape, color, movement, drama, music, and metaphor. When it is difficult to put words to our thoughts and emotions, art therapy helps bypass these barriers.
(502) 754-3525 View (502) 754-3525
Photo of Jill Willoughby, MSW, CSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jill Willoughby
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, CSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I specialize in trauma-informed therapy delivered through telehealth, with a focus on EMDR.
In the brevity of life, enduring emotional anguish and feeling disconnected from ourselves seems like an unnecessary burden. Recognizing the challenge of vulnerability, I am committed to providing my clients with empathy, dignity, warmth, and understanding, devoid of judgment or reproach. Allow me to accompany you on your journey towards healing by creating a secure and supportive environment where we can collaborate at your pace, exploring past wounds and finding meaning in life. ​
I specialize in trauma-informed therapy delivered through telehealth, with a focus on EMDR.
In the brevity of life, enduring emotional anguish and feeling disconnected from ourselves seems like an unnecessary burden. Recognizing the challenge of vulnerability, I am committed to providing my clients with empathy, dignity, warmth, and understanding, devoid of judgment or reproach. Allow me to accompany you on your journey towards healing by creating a secure and supportive environment where we can collaborate at your pace, exploring past wounds and finding meaning in life. ​
(502) 503-4891 View (502) 503-4891
Photo of Troy Fessel, LPCC
Troy Fessel
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
I work with adults, adolescents, children, and families to address complex life issues, such as: depression, anxiety, PTSD, trauma, adverse life events, ADHD, grief and loss, relationship issues, oppositional defiance, and disruptive behaviors. I specialize in utilizing EMDR and Trauma Focused CBT to address many of these concerns. I have over 10 years of clinical experience.
I work with adults, adolescents, children, and families to address complex life issues, such as: depression, anxiety, PTSD, trauma, adverse life events, ADHD, grief and loss, relationship issues, oppositional defiance, and disruptive behaviors. I specialize in utilizing EMDR and Trauma Focused CBT to address many of these concerns. I have over 10 years of clinical experience.
(502) 532-2632 View (502) 532-2632
Photo of Samantha Coots, LPCC
Samantha Coots
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
This often takes the form of anxiety, depression, stress, and PTSD.
Hello, I’m Samantha My name is Samantha Coots, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, and I am based in Eastern Ky with clients statewide via Telehealth. I have 5 years’ experience working with children, youth and young adults. I have worked with many different behavioral health conditions with specialized training in trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy. I also have experience working with adults with many different behavioral health conditions and substance use.
This often takes the form of anxiety, depression, stress, and PTSD.
Hello, I’m Samantha My name is Samantha Coots, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, and I am based in Eastern Ky with clients statewide via Telehealth. I have 5 years’ experience working with children, youth and young adults. I have worked with many different behavioral health conditions with specialized training in trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy. I also have experience working with adults with many different behavioral health conditions and substance use.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Dru Rawlings Kemp, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dru Rawlings Kemp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40207
Waitlist for new clients
My special areas of interest are: individuals and families affected by addictions, resolving conflict with couples, those affected by trauma and violence, and grief issues .
I have an eight-week waitlist. I recognize that going to counseling can be intimidating, and it is also an important first step in making life changes that you can't seem to make on your own. Are disappointment and hurts a regular part of your life? If you have difficulty standing up for yourself, or if you are waiting for your life to happen, then I encourage you to call. I have 30 years of experience with couples, co-occurring disorders, and EMDR experience. I feel honored that my clients have chosen to walk this life journey with me and welcome your call.
My special areas of interest are: individuals and families affected by addictions, resolving conflict with couples, those affected by trauma and violence, and grief issues .
I have an eight-week waitlist. I recognize that going to counseling can be intimidating, and it is also an important first step in making life changes that you can't seem to make on your own. Are disappointment and hurts a regular part of your life? If you have difficulty standing up for yourself, or if you are waiting for your life to happen, then I encourage you to call. I have 30 years of experience with couples, co-occurring disorders, and EMDR experience. I feel honored that my clients have chosen to walk this life journey with me and welcome your call.
(502) 317-1878 View (502) 317-1878
Photo of Tera Buerkle, MS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tera Buerkle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40204
Seeking clarity? Therapy can allow you to identify and remove blocks inhibiting change, help you make more intentional choices by offering deeper awareness of your perspective, and/or help you construct coherency or a different view of issues that are plaguing you. While I enjoy working with clients of varying backgrounds and ages (and all are welcome in my practice), I specialize in working with those who are suffering from anxiety, complex trauma, sex- and sexuality-related concerns, and who are aged 16+. You can expect me to be observant, empathic, professional, ethical, responsive, and LGBTQ+ affirming.
Seeking clarity? Therapy can allow you to identify and remove blocks inhibiting change, help you make more intentional choices by offering deeper awareness of your perspective, and/or help you construct coherency or a different view of issues that are plaguing you. While I enjoy working with clients of varying backgrounds and ages (and all are welcome in my practice), I specialize in working with those who are suffering from anxiety, complex trauma, sex- and sexuality-related concerns, and who are aged 16+. You can expect me to be observant, empathic, professional, ethical, responsive, and LGBTQ+ affirming.
(859) 217-4649 View (859) 217-4649
Photo of Dr. Kate LaJoie, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Kate LaJoie
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40206
I am excited to work with motivated, older adolescents and adults, who want to transcend chronic anxiety, trauma and depression.
No matter what has brought you to therapy, your experience is valid. I believe that even the most unlikeable, confusing, extreme parts of you have a wisdom to be understood, a protectiveness to be thanked, and a vulnerability to be seen and heard. In my practice, I will seek to meet you exactly where you are, and together we can tend to the unique challenges in your life. My ultimate goal is for clients to uncover their essential self—to rediscover their own innate wisdom and strength that can face whatever life brings. We will work together to create a life where you feel more aware and in charge of your journey.
I am excited to work with motivated, older adolescents and adults, who want to transcend chronic anxiety, trauma and depression.
No matter what has brought you to therapy, your experience is valid. I believe that even the most unlikeable, confusing, extreme parts of you have a wisdom to be understood, a protectiveness to be thanked, and a vulnerability to be seen and heard. In my practice, I will seek to meet you exactly where you are, and together we can tend to the unique challenges in your life. My ultimate goal is for clients to uncover their essential self—to rediscover their own innate wisdom and strength that can face whatever life brings. We will work together to create a life where you feel more aware and in charge of your journey.
(502) 236-9156 View (502) 236-9156
Photo of Demetria T January, MEd, LPCC, NCC, Counselor
Demetria T January
Counselor, MEd, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am trained in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and trauma-informed care.
Demetria specializes in depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma disorders. She works with ages 12 and up. My ideal client is ready to evolve. We will talk, laugh, and uncover some challenging topics. It is my goal to assist you with challenging yourself to evolve into your ideal, healed version of yourself. Let's chat!
I am trained in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and trauma-informed care.
Demetria specializes in depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma disorders. She works with ages 12 and up. My ideal client is ready to evolve. We will talk, laugh, and uncover some challenging topics. It is my goal to assist you with challenging yourself to evolve into your ideal, healed version of yourself. Let's chat!
(502) 289-6336 View (502) 289-6336
Photo of Josh Swetnam - Haven Family Counseling, MSW, LCSW
Haven Family Counseling
MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40218
Haven Family Services is the outpatient behavioral health division of Boys & Girls Haven, an organization that has served the Louisville community for more than 70 years. We specialize in meeting the emotional and behavioral needs of individuals of all ages. We provide intensive in-home therapy and case management as well as counseling and medication management in our outpatient office. Our professionals utilize effective, compassionate interventions that help our clients heal from past trauma, build on their strengths and achieve their therapeutic goals. We also actively involve caregivers and support systems in the treatment planning process.
Haven Family Services is the outpatient behavioral health division of Boys & Girls Haven, an organization that has served the Louisville community for more than 70 years. We specialize in meeting the emotional and behavioral needs of individuals of all ages. We provide intensive in-home therapy and case management as well as counseling and medication management in our outpatient office. Our professionals utilize effective, compassionate interventions that help our clients heal from past trauma, build on their strengths and achieve their therapeutic goals. We also actively involve caregivers and support systems in the treatment planning process.
(502) 465-8687 x103 View (502) 465-8687 x103
Photo of Dr. Whitley Paden, PsyD, HSPP, Psychologist
Dr. Whitley Paden
Psychologist, PsyD, HSPP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40243
I received supervision and training during my APA accredited internship at Robley Rex VA treating PTSD and addiction.
I specialize in providing research-based treatment to adults with a range of struggles, including trauma/ post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD), eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), substance use disorders, and anxiety disorders. In order to help individuals reach their treatment goals, I use evidence-based interventions and measure progress using short assessments. Furthermore, I recognize the importance of providing genuine warmth and caring to all clients to promote their own self-compassion, acceptance, and growth. “The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change” – Carl Rogers.
I received supervision and training during my APA accredited internship at Robley Rex VA treating PTSD and addiction.
I specialize in providing research-based treatment to adults with a range of struggles, including trauma/ post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD), eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), substance use disorders, and anxiety disorders. In order to help individuals reach their treatment goals, I use evidence-based interventions and measure progress using short assessments. Furthermore, I recognize the importance of providing genuine warmth and caring to all clients to promote their own self-compassion, acceptance, and growth. “The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change” – Carl Rogers.
(502) 230-5422 x104 View (502) 230-5422 x104
Photo of Sarah Cunningham Allen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Cunningham Allen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40222
I am trained and specialize in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and EMDR to address trauma, anxiety, grief and difficult life experiences.
I work with children, adolescents, families and adults to address a wide range of emotional, behavioral and interpersonal problems such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss, PTSD, trauma, and ADHD. I work with my clients to gain insight, break patterns and thrive. Please check out: www.lifesjourneyky.com/
I am trained and specialize in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and EMDR to address trauma, anxiety, grief and difficult life experiences.
I work with children, adolescents, families and adults to address a wide range of emotional, behavioral and interpersonal problems such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss, PTSD, trauma, and ADHD. I work with my clients to gain insight, break patterns and thrive. Please check out: www.lifesjourneyky.com/
(502) 305-3879 View (502) 305-3879
Photo of Nathan Jones, MA, LPCA
Nathan Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate , MA, LPCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40217
My therapeutic services (through North Star Counseling and Consulting) are customized and client-centered. Whatever you want to address is the focus and care of the treatment provided. Whether it be learning to cope with life’s stresses, optimizing sport performance, developing leadership qualities, managing a mental health diagnosis or working through significant trauma - Nathan’s clinical counseling can assist you in actualizing your goal(s) and developing compassion towards yourself in the process.
My therapeutic services (through North Star Counseling and Consulting) are customized and client-centered. Whatever you want to address is the focus and care of the treatment provided. Whether it be learning to cope with life’s stresses, optimizing sport performance, developing leadership qualities, managing a mental health diagnosis or working through significant trauma - Nathan’s clinical counseling can assist you in actualizing your goal(s) and developing compassion towards yourself in the process.
(502) 218-3717 View (502) 218-3717
Photo of Brett Hammond, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brett Hammond
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
I provide specialized therapy for OCD, trauma, and anxiety using effective, proven techniques. You've figured out who you are and how you see the world, but it's always changing. When you dive into your current issues and work through them, you might realize you're different from who you used to be. This is your chance to redefine yourself in a way that feels more authentic to who you are now. At the heart of my approach is the belief that healing and growth happen through meaningful relationships, while feelings of disconnection or isolation can lead to distress.
I provide specialized therapy for OCD, trauma, and anxiety using effective, proven techniques. You've figured out who you are and how you see the world, but it's always changing. When you dive into your current issues and work through them, you might realize you're different from who you used to be. This is your chance to redefine yourself in a way that feels more authentic to who you are now. At the heart of my approach is the belief that healing and growth happen through meaningful relationships, while feelings of disconnection or isolation can lead to distress.
(502) 334-0250 View (502) 334-0250
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Trauma and PTSD Therapists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.