Medication Management Therapists in Louisville, KY

Photo of Elizabeth Shultz, MEd, CRC, CPRW
Elizabeth Shultz
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40223
I believe everyone can be happy in their career! We dedicate a significant amount of our lives to working. Not only does it impact our overall sense of well-being it is deeply tied to one’s self-image. In specialized counseling sessions, we uncover what you were meant to do and how you can achieve your goals. I believe career counseling is for everyone. I serve clients from the safety of their homes via video chat or calls and offer sliding scale payments and packages for everyone’s budget. I am experienced working with individuals from diverse backgrounds and diagnosis. Call for a free 30 min. consult!
I believe everyone can be happy in their career! We dedicate a significant amount of our lives to working. Not only does it impact our overall sense of well-being it is deeply tied to one’s self-image. In specialized counseling sessions, we uncover what you were meant to do and how you can achieve your goals. I believe career counseling is for everyone. I serve clients from the safety of their homes via video chat or calls and offer sliding scale payments and packages for everyone’s budget. I am experienced working with individuals from diverse backgrounds and diagnosis. Call for a free 30 min. consult!
(502) 305-7405 View (502) 305-7405
Photo of Kendall Turpin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kendall Turpin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Online Only
Hi, I am Kendall and I have a passion to help those who feel that life has become a struggle. I offer an empathic approach to those who are dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, past and present family problems. I understand how we learn coping skills in our past that quit working for us, which creates confusion,
Hi, I am Kendall and I have a passion to help those who feel that life has become a struggle. I offer an empathic approach to those who are dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, past and present family problems. I understand how we learn coping skills in our past that quit working for us, which creates confusion,
(859) 605-3174 View (859) 605-3174
Photo of Alexis A Scott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Alexis A Scott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hello! I'm Alexis. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and I want to help you, as I have helped other individuals to navigate mental health challenges that can often feel scary. You want to feel safe and heard. Together, we can explore your mental health journey, including any shifts in your mood, mindset, or behavior. You will be empowered through education about your mental health, collaboration with other professionals, and support in a non-judgmental and open-minded space. Our goal is to improve and stabilize your overall well-being, and your ability to function as a healthy and confident individual.
Hello! I'm Alexis. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and I want to help you, as I have helped other individuals to navigate mental health challenges that can often feel scary. You want to feel safe and heard. Together, we can explore your mental health journey, including any shifts in your mood, mindset, or behavior. You will be empowered through education about your mental health, collaboration with other professionals, and support in a non-judgmental and open-minded space. Our goal is to improve and stabilize your overall well-being, and your ability to function as a healthy and confident individual.
(502) 399-4535 View (502) 399-4535
Photo of Derek Stegner, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Derek Stegner
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Online Only
I have many years of experience working with early childhood trauma and severe, persistent mental illness, varying from ages of 5 years to 70+. My goal is to empower and advocate for positive change within you, as the individual, and the system as a whole. The place that we will create together is a safe and judgement free space. I work through an Existential foundation, to help those I work with seek meaning and purpose, with skills built from experience with Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, all within the context of a trauma-informed approach.
I have many years of experience working with early childhood trauma and severe, persistent mental illness, varying from ages of 5 years to 70+. My goal is to empower and advocate for positive change within you, as the individual, and the system as a whole. The place that we will create together is a safe and judgement free space. I work through an Existential foundation, to help those I work with seek meaning and purpose, with skills built from experience with Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, all within the context of a trauma-informed approach.
(502) 829-7564 View (502) 829-7564
Photo of Christopher Willis, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Christopher Willis
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Online Only
Welcome! I'm Chris, a DBT therapist specializing in anxiety, addiction, depression, and self-esteem among other mental health issues. My approach is grounded in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), a therapeutic framework that blends cognitive-behavioral techniques with mindfulness practices to help individuals manage their emotions, develop healthier coping strategies, and build a more fulfilling life. I have many years of experience in treating addiction with medication assisted treatment through Suboxone.
Welcome! I'm Chris, a DBT therapist specializing in anxiety, addiction, depression, and self-esteem among other mental health issues. My approach is grounded in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), a therapeutic framework that blends cognitive-behavioral techniques with mindfulness practices to help individuals manage their emotions, develop healthier coping strategies, and build a more fulfilling life. I have many years of experience in treating addiction with medication assisted treatment through Suboxone.
(502) 369-0680 View (502) 369-0680
Photo of Anthony W. LaBraney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Anthony W. LaBraney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Louisville, KY 40212
My goal in life is to utilize my strengths and experience to assist those who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or frustrated by repeating patterns related to stress, relationships, emotional regulation, or substance use to find the serenity that they seek. They may be navigating recovery, legal or life transitions, or struggling to manage anxiety or depression. They are open to honest conversation, practical feedback, and learning skills they can apply outside of sessions. They want therapy to be structured, supportive, and focused on real-life change rather than just talking.
My goal in life is to utilize my strengths and experience to assist those who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or frustrated by repeating patterns related to stress, relationships, emotional regulation, or substance use to find the serenity that they seek. They may be navigating recovery, legal or life transitions, or struggling to manage anxiety or depression. They are open to honest conversation, practical feedback, and learning skills they can apply outside of sessions. They want therapy to be structured, supportive, and focused on real-life change rather than just talking.
(502) 431-3483 View (502) 431-3483
Photo of Terry Hagan - Psychotherapy at Hagan Health, Marriage & Family Therapist, LCSW, LMFT
Psychotherapy at Hagan Health
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCSW, LMFT
Louisville, KY 40207
Welcome to Empowering Encounters—the psychotherapy department at Hagan Health! We have a team of excellent mental health providers who see a wide variety of diagnoses and issues. Our therapists, Colleen, Vern, Suzy, Sheana, & Ervina are trained in a variety of backgrounds including social worker & marriage & family therapy. They are experienced in treating anxiety, depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, PTSD, among other diagnosis. We offer individual, couple and family sessions.
Welcome to Empowering Encounters—the psychotherapy department at Hagan Health! We have a team of excellent mental health providers who see a wide variety of diagnoses and issues. Our therapists, Colleen, Vern, Suzy, Sheana, & Ervina are trained in a variety of backgrounds including social worker & marriage & family therapy. They are experienced in treating anxiety, depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, PTSD, among other diagnosis. We offer individual, couple and family sessions.
(502) 547-9656 View (502) 547-9656
Photo of Kristi S Briscoe, MD
Kristi S Briscoe
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40241
We offer multidisciplinary treatment, including medication management, parent coaching, therapy, and more.
Does your son or daughter struggle because they can't seem to pay attention in school? Or, does your child have trouble completing homework or chores? Or, maybe it seems like your child is always "bouncing off the walls"? Have you been told your child or teen may have ADHD or ADD? Are you concerned that your child may not be receiving an optimal level of care? Perhaps I can help. 𝑮𝒆𝒕 𝑬𝑿𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑻 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝑫𝑯𝑫 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂 𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒐 𝑺𝑷𝑬𝑪𝑰𝑨𝑳𝑰𝒁𝑬𝑺 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝑫𝑯𝑫.
We offer multidisciplinary treatment, including medication management, parent coaching, therapy, and more.
Does your son or daughter struggle because they can't seem to pay attention in school? Or, does your child have trouble completing homework or chores? Or, maybe it seems like your child is always "bouncing off the walls"? Have you been told your child or teen may have ADHD or ADD? Are you concerned that your child may not be receiving an optimal level of care? Perhaps I can help. 𝑮𝒆𝒕 𝑬𝑿𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑻 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝑫𝑯𝑫 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂 𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒐 𝑺𝑷𝑬𝑪𝑰𝑨𝑳𝑰𝒁𝑬𝑺 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝑫𝑯𝑫.
(502) 383-4831 View (502) 383-4831
Photo of Michelle Stillwagon, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CST
Michelle Stillwagon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CST
Online Only
I work with couples and individuals who need a systemic perspective on how problems interact in relationships. Then, with my specialized lens, I am able to help clients get “unstuck” after years of no or low quality sex, desire discrepancies, medical issues that create disconnection, and pent up frustrations between partners. I am skilled, humorous, direct, honest, and loving with my clients. And I’m a welcoming, justice oriented, creative thinker who does not judge and is willing to walk alongside you through it all: fear, trauma, doubt, shame, guilt, sadness, and dark nights of the soul.
I work with couples and individuals who need a systemic perspective on how problems interact in relationships. Then, with my specialized lens, I am able to help clients get “unstuck” after years of no or low quality sex, desire discrepancies, medical issues that create disconnection, and pent up frustrations between partners. I am skilled, humorous, direct, honest, and loving with my clients. And I’m a welcoming, justice oriented, creative thinker who does not judge and is willing to walk alongside you through it all: fear, trauma, doubt, shame, guilt, sadness, and dark nights of the soul.
(502) 660-8256 View (502) 660-8256
Photo of Don Delafield - HopeWell Heights Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PMHNP, LCSW, MSW, M Div
HopeWell Heights Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PMHNP, LCSW, MSW, M Div
Louisville, KY 40222
At HopeWell Heights Counseling, our goal is to guide you towards lasting personal, relational, and spiritual transformation. Our experienced staff provides a safe and compassionate environment where you can find healing and hope. HopeWell has 5 licensed therapists (Don Delafield, Christina Gaspar, Melanie Hubbs, Jason Allen, and Olivia Short) and 1 Marriage and Family Therapy Associate (Kayla Pyron). HopeWell also has a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (Angela Keane) and a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (MaryLynn Crenshaw). Our team has various specialties for you. Hopewell offers student counselors at a reduced rate.
At HopeWell Heights Counseling, our goal is to guide you towards lasting personal, relational, and spiritual transformation. Our experienced staff provides a safe and compassionate environment where you can find healing and hope. HopeWell has 5 licensed therapists (Don Delafield, Christina Gaspar, Melanie Hubbs, Jason Allen, and Olivia Short) and 1 Marriage and Family Therapy Associate (Kayla Pyron). HopeWell also has a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (Angela Keane) and a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (MaryLynn Crenshaw). Our team has various specialties for you. Hopewell offers student counselors at a reduced rate.
(502) 912-1243 View (502) 912-1243
Photo of Hazel D Parrish - Bridge the Gap Addiction and Mental Health Service, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LCADC, LAACD
Bridge the Gap Addiction and Mental Health Service
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LCADC, LAACD
Louisville, KY 40202
We place special emphasis on all addiction disorders moderate and chronic issues. We specialize in non-medical detoxification that place emphasis's on spirituality. We promote abstinence by providing individualized treatment plans, family education, legal resources, local community resources, and Twelve Step groups. We provide other valuable classes court ordered domestic violence (men & women), driver under the influence and marriage/relationship classes. We offer four hour marijuana education classes.
We place special emphasis on all addiction disorders moderate and chronic issues. We specialize in non-medical detoxification that place emphasis's on spirituality. We promote abstinence by providing individualized treatment plans, family education, legal resources, local community resources, and Twelve Step groups. We provide other valuable classes court ordered domestic violence (men & women), driver under the influence and marriage/relationship classes. We offer four hour marijuana education classes.
(502) 385-4219 View (502) 385-4219
Photo of Alexandria Pruitt, Psychologist, PsyD
Alexandria Pruitt
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40243
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has committed my training and practice to helping children, adolescents, and families navigate psychological diagnoses compounded by medical complications. As a Pediatric Psychologist, I deliver evidence-based treatments to individuals, groups, and families in a compassionate and solution focused manner. I also specialize in treating perfectionism, eating disorders including Binge Eating Disorder, Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. I work with individuals who have complex medical conditions such as chronic pain, diabetes, migraines, GI disorders and many others.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has committed my training and practice to helping children, adolescents, and families navigate psychological diagnoses compounded by medical complications. As a Pediatric Psychologist, I deliver evidence-based treatments to individuals, groups, and families in a compassionate and solution focused manner. I also specialize in treating perfectionism, eating disorders including Binge Eating Disorder, Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. I work with individuals who have complex medical conditions such as chronic pain, diabetes, migraines, GI disorders and many others.
(502) 289-1843 View (502) 289-1843
Photo of Nick Bischoff, APRN, PMHNP
Nick Bischoff
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40243
Feeling overmedicated, numb, or stuck? I work with people seeking REAL healing, not just symptom management. My clients have often tried meds or talk therapy, without lasting results. If you feel like deeper healing is possible, you’re right — and you’re not alone. My approach is warm, collaborative, and integrative—focused on healing the root of distress, not just managing symptoms. Together, we unlearn conditioned patterns, reconnect with inner wisdom, and create space for lasting healing and alignment. Whether you’re looking to reduce meds, heal trauma, or come home to yourself—this is a space for real change.
Feeling overmedicated, numb, or stuck? I work with people seeking REAL healing, not just symptom management. My clients have often tried meds or talk therapy, without lasting results. If you feel like deeper healing is possible, you’re right — and you’re not alone. My approach is warm, collaborative, and integrative—focused on healing the root of distress, not just managing symptoms. Together, we unlearn conditioned patterns, reconnect with inner wisdom, and create space for lasting healing and alignment. Whether you’re looking to reduce meds, heal trauma, or come home to yourself—this is a space for real change.
(502) 373-6860 View (502) 373-6860
Photo of Jenneca Dale, Social Worker, LCSW, TCADC
Jenneca Dale
Social Worker, LCSW, TCADC
Online Only
I work best with individuals who are ready to understand themselves more deeply and make meaningful changes in their lives. My ideal clients are people who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected and want support in building stability, confidence, and healthier patterns. Many of the people I work with are navigating life transitions, stress, relationship challenges, or the impact of past experiences and want a space where they can feel heard, supported, and guided. I’m a good fit for clients who appreciate a direct but compassionate approach.
I work best with individuals who are ready to understand themselves more deeply and make meaningful changes in their lives. My ideal clients are people who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected and want support in building stability, confidence, and healthier patterns. Many of the people I work with are navigating life transitions, stress, relationship challenges, or the impact of past experiences and want a space where they can feel heard, supported, and guided. I’m a good fit for clients who appreciate a direct but compassionate approach.
(502) 362-4146 View (502) 362-4146
Photo of Barbara J Martin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSSW, OSW, IIC, ESSE
Barbara J Martin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSSW, OSW, IIC, ESSE
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40207
Lilyheart Integrative Counseling & Wellness provides in-clinic, telehealth and nature-based sessions for individuals, families and caregivers of all ages to cope with the stress and practical challenges of life, as well as for those in need of connection to Community Health Navigation and/or other community-based resources through case management & peer support. We offer patient-centered assessment, diagnosis and counseling services, integrative traditional and modern therapy approaches. We work with patients experiencing stress during sudden or progressive illness, traumatic brain injuries, hearing loss and ear-related disorders
Lilyheart Integrative Counseling & Wellness provides in-clinic, telehealth and nature-based sessions for individuals, families and caregivers of all ages to cope with the stress and practical challenges of life, as well as for those in need of connection to Community Health Navigation and/or other community-based resources through case management & peer support. We offer patient-centered assessment, diagnosis and counseling services, integrative traditional and modern therapy approaches. We work with patients experiencing stress during sudden or progressive illness, traumatic brain injuries, hearing loss and ear-related disorders
(502) 829-6834 View (502) 829-6834
Photo of Tessa Breedlove, Psychologist, Psy.D.
Tessa Breedlove
Psychologist, Psy.D.
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi! I’m Dr. Tessa (or Dr. Breedlove if you’re feeling fancy!). Many of my clients come to me when they’re feeling overwhelmed by aspects of life. Whether you’re navigating health challenges, big life changes, or just trying to find your footing, I’m here to help. I work with kids, teens, and adults who want a "whole person" approach: integrating mind, body, and energy. We collaborate together to build the life you want by focusing on nervous system regulation and your unique strengths.
Hi! I’m Dr. Tessa (or Dr. Breedlove if you’re feeling fancy!). Many of my clients come to me when they’re feeling overwhelmed by aspects of life. Whether you’re navigating health challenges, big life changes, or just trying to find your footing, I’m here to help. I work with kids, teens, and adults who want a "whole person" approach: integrating mind, body, and energy. We collaborate together to build the life you want by focusing on nervous system regulation and your unique strengths.
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Photo of Nicholas Bach - Grace Psychological Services, LLC, PsyD
Grace Psychological Services, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40243
We are psychologists specializing in Couples Counseling (premarital and marital), Individual Counseling, and Christian Counseling. As clinical psychologists, we are committed to the belief that fostering well-being includes paying attention to all parts of the self: physical, emotional, relational, and spiritual. We can help couples rebuild intimacy and repair communication. For individuals, we can assess and provide therapy for anxiety, depression, panic attacks, trauma, relational issues, stress, and many other day-to-day issues. We have a psychiatric provider for med management and a testing psychologist for full psych evals.
We are psychologists specializing in Couples Counseling (premarital and marital), Individual Counseling, and Christian Counseling. As clinical psychologists, we are committed to the belief that fostering well-being includes paying attention to all parts of the self: physical, emotional, relational, and spiritual. We can help couples rebuild intimacy and repair communication. For individuals, we can assess and provide therapy for anxiety, depression, panic attacks, trauma, relational issues, stress, and many other day-to-day issues. We have a psychiatric provider for med management and a testing psychologist for full psych evals.
(502) 513-7428 View (502) 513-7428
Photo of Chandra Denise Williams, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, NCC, LCMHCQS, LPCCS, LPC, LAC, BC-TMH
Chandra Denise Williams
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, NCC, LCMHCQS, LPCCS, LPC, LAC, BC-TMH
Serves Area
I am licensed in Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington, DC, and Vermont. I work with individuals, couples and families seeking counseling both online and in my private practice. Clients attend therapy for several reasons when having difficulty managing the stressors of life.
I am licensed in Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington, DC, and Vermont. I work with individuals, couples and families seeking counseling both online and in my private practice. Clients attend therapy for several reasons when having difficulty managing the stressors of life.
(704) 610-2574 View (704) 610-2574
Photo of Andre Riddick, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC-S
Andre Riddick
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC-S
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I work with individuals, couples, and families facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, relationship conflict, PTSD, anger issues, addiction, dual diagnosis, ADHD, behavioral concerns, and grief. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to manage what they’re going through. Together, we identify patterns, build insight, and develop practical tools to help them regain control, improve relationships, and move forward with confidence.
I work with individuals, couples, and families facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, relationship conflict, PTSD, anger issues, addiction, dual diagnosis, ADHD, behavioral concerns, and grief. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to manage what they’re going through. Together, we identify patterns, build insight, and develop practical tools to help them regain control, improve relationships, and move forward with confidence.
(859) 395-0009 View (859) 395-0009
Photo of Carissa Stallsworth - PsychMind Counseling and Psychiatry, Counselor, LPCA
PsychMind Counseling and Psychiatry
Counselor, LPCA
Serves Area
Whether you benefit from medication management, connecting with community resources, Genesight testing, or meeting with a therapist, the team at PsychMind will help!
Welcome to PsychMind Counseling and Psychiatry, where all the mental health care services that you need are accessible on your phone or computer. Getting appropriate care can be a challenge, especially if it's your first time. Your time is extremely valuable, so we ensure that you are scheduled promptly, making sure to assist with any questions along the way. By working with our PsychMind team, we will offer a gateway to learning how to manage your mental health with confidence. We take the time to educate you on your diagnosis, providing resources to make sure you can take what you learn in session to use in your daily life.
Whether you benefit from medication management, connecting with community resources, Genesight testing, or meeting with a therapist, the team at PsychMind will help!
Welcome to PsychMind Counseling and Psychiatry, where all the mental health care services that you need are accessible on your phone or computer. Getting appropriate care can be a challenge, especially if it's your first time. Your time is extremely valuable, so we ensure that you are scheduled promptly, making sure to assist with any questions along the way. By working with our PsychMind team, we will offer a gateway to learning how to manage your mental health with confidence. We take the time to educate you on your diagnosis, providing resources to make sure you can take what you learn in session to use in your daily life.
(859) 695-3049 View (859) 695-3049

See more therapy options for Louisville

Medication Management Therapists
What are the most effective ways to manage medications?
One of the most effective ways a patient can manage their medications is to keep a list of each drug and dosage they take. Such a list can be helpful in keeping to their schedule and can also be something they bring to their psychiatrist or other physician so that the healthcare provider has a clear picture of what they’re taking and in what quantity. Using a pill organizer can be useful for memory and organization. Patients should discuss their medications and their effects at every appointment.

What are the risks if medications are not managed properly?
A suboptimal approach to medication management can lead to potentially harmful health outcomes. Most psychiatric drugs have side effects, and if a patient is not aware of them, they may seek additional medical help or over the counter or prescription drugs to treat the side effects, which may have its own side effects, a process called “prescription cascade.” Another risk to disorganization is that a psychiatrist without full knowledge of a patient’s regimen could prescribe a medication that should not be mixed with a patient’s existing drugs.

What’s the best way to encourage someone to get help managing their medications?
It’s helpful to express concern and love for the person while framing medication management as a tool for improving their life and avoiding dangerous side effects. Offering specific examples of an individual’s failure to properly manage their medication regimen should be done with compassion and with empathy. It may be useful to break management down into parts, and there are several apps that can be used to organize which drugs are ingested, when they need to be refilled, and how they should be stored.

Are there natural treatments that can replace medications?
While there are many medications that can be vital to mental health, there are some natural lifestyle changes that can help reduce the need for drugs. Regular exercise, good sleep habits, a healthy diet, and therapy can all go a long way in symptom relief. Psychiatric medications typically treat symptoms but do not necessarily treat the cause of the condition. Many clinicians consider medications an adjunct to treatment rather than a treatment in and of itself.