Therapists in Louisville, KY

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Photo of Angelica Stivers, LPCA, Counselor
Angelica Stivers
Counselor, LPCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
Hello, I'm Angelica! I'd be honored to possibly support you on your journey towards a healthier you. I am a Client-centered Therapist, which means to me, the thoughts & opinions of those I work with are of high value... after all, they are the ones walking in their own shoes! It's my responsibility to listen & gain understanding of what their life-experiences are like for them, and to establish my role in helping them experience life in a healthier, peaceful & more enjoyable way. I received my Masters in Mental Health Counseling from Spalding University, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor Associate.
Hello, I'm Angelica! I'd be honored to possibly support you on your journey towards a healthier you. I am a Client-centered Therapist, which means to me, the thoughts & opinions of those I work with are of high value... after all, they are the ones walking in their own shoes! It's my responsibility to listen & gain understanding of what their life-experiences are like for them, and to establish my role in helping them experience life in a healthier, peaceful & more enjoyable way. I received my Masters in Mental Health Counseling from Spalding University, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor Associate.
(502) 532-2571 View (502) 532-2571
Photo of Tiara Armstrong, MA, LPCC-S, NCC, Counselor
Tiara Armstrong
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40218  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome! My name is Tiara Armstrong and am a holistic-based Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor & Supervisor and an EMDR trained therapist. I specialize in helping women of color overcome intergenerational wounds and cultivate a healthier, more authentic relationship with self. With the use of holistic-based modalities I will cultivate a healing environment for you that leads to self-exploration and growth from within. Addressing the mind-body connection as a focal point of our therapeutic process, I’ll provide you with tools to help you meet your therapeutic wellness goals and create the life you desire.
Hello and welcome! My name is Tiara Armstrong and am a holistic-based Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor & Supervisor and an EMDR trained therapist. I specialize in helping women of color overcome intergenerational wounds and cultivate a healthier, more authentic relationship with self. With the use of holistic-based modalities I will cultivate a healing environment for you that leads to self-exploration and growth from within. Addressing the mind-body connection as a focal point of our therapeutic process, I’ll provide you with tools to help you meet your therapeutic wellness goals and create the life you desire.
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Photo of Dr. Sharae Mansfield, PhD, MAIOP
Dr. Sharae Mansfield
PhD, MAIOP
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40218
I am the Founder and Executive Director of the nonprofit Pivot Psychology Consulting, Inc. I work with individuals and groups that are navigating life after needing to Pivot or change their normal. I help teach them how to cope with any form of change, the transition through it and how to adapt to it, like I have personally. I am a former WNBA and overseas professional basketball player. I have Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). I had to Pivot and find a new identity! Let me help you Pivot successfully and find your new identity as well! Blessings and I look forward to meeting you!
I am the Founder and Executive Director of the nonprofit Pivot Psychology Consulting, Inc. I work with individuals and groups that are navigating life after needing to Pivot or change their normal. I help teach them how to cope with any form of change, the transition through it and how to adapt to it, like I have personally. I am a former WNBA and overseas professional basketball player. I have Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). I had to Pivot and find a new identity! Let me help you Pivot successfully and find your new identity as well! Blessings and I look forward to meeting you!
(502) 461-1730 View (502) 461-1730
Photo of Amanda Newton, MA
Amanda Newton
MA
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40205
Are you tired of feeling stuck in patterns of stress, overwhelm, or anxiety? Do you feel like you have trauma or emotions stuck in your body? Do you long for a deeper sense of connection with yourself and others? Sleep issues? Do you feel numb like you are just going through the motions? Stuck in fight, fight or freeze? Have you experienced traditional talk therapy but feels like something is missing? If any of these sound like you, you've come to the right place. You can also check out my website for more info: wellnesssomaticcenter.com
Are you tired of feeling stuck in patterns of stress, overwhelm, or anxiety? Do you feel like you have trauma or emotions stuck in your body? Do you long for a deeper sense of connection with yourself and others? Sleep issues? Do you feel numb like you are just going through the motions? Stuck in fight, fight or freeze? Have you experienced traditional talk therapy but feels like something is missing? If any of these sound like you, you've come to the right place. You can also check out my website for more info: wellnesssomaticcenter.com
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Photo of Ellyn Abdelghany Ramser, MFTA, BSFS, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Ellyn Abdelghany Ramser
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MFTA, BSFS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40223
We all experience challenges in our life, and sometimes we need support to make the changes we are seeking. I strive to walk side by side through challenging times with my clients, as we move through healing and seek the changes they desire in their lives. My theory of change is rooted in a humanistic approach to therapy that focuses on treating the whole person, and emphasizes the strengths of the client. I have experience working with families, children, adolescents, preteens, teenagers, and adults all with varying issues. I tend to lean into a family systems approach to therapy when working with families and individuals.
We all experience challenges in our life, and sometimes we need support to make the changes we are seeking. I strive to walk side by side through challenging times with my clients, as we move through healing and seek the changes they desire in their lives. My theory of change is rooted in a humanistic approach to therapy that focuses on treating the whole person, and emphasizes the strengths of the client. I have experience working with families, children, adolescents, preteens, teenagers, and adults all with varying issues. I tend to lean into a family systems approach to therapy when working with families and individuals.
(502) 427-7887 View (502) 427-7887
Photo of Jonathan Yussman, LPCA, LCADCA, NCC, Counselor
Jonathan Yussman
Counselor, LPCA, LCADCA, NCC
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40299
I strive to provide the highest possible quality mental health care services at affordable rates. I use an eclectic, strength-based approach when working with clients. I take the time to get to know clients very well, and then choose the best approach from therapies such as client-centered, cognitive behavioral, and reality therapy. I believe the relationship between the therapist and client is one of the most important elements in therapy.
I strive to provide the highest possible quality mental health care services at affordable rates. I use an eclectic, strength-based approach when working with clients. I take the time to get to know clients very well, and then choose the best approach from therapies such as client-centered, cognitive behavioral, and reality therapy. I believe the relationship between the therapist and client is one of the most important elements in therapy.
(502) 677-3601 View (502) 677-3601
Robert J. Veliky, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40218
You don't have to go through this alone; you can get through this fog with some help.
You don't have to go through this alone; you can get through this fog with some help.
(502) 454-8800 View (502) 454-8800
Photo of George W. Cook, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
George W. Cook
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40223
Welcome. You are here, and that’s an important step toward change. Some days it is a matter of taking one step and realizing you can take another step tomorrow. Other days it may feel difficult figuring out the next steps. As a therapist specializing in the unique challenges of depression, anxiety, trauma recovery and situational stress, I am here to help. Whether you are looking for a therapist for yourself or someone you care about, I appreciate the opportunity to get to know you.
Welcome. You are here, and that’s an important step toward change. Some days it is a matter of taking one step and realizing you can take another step tomorrow. Other days it may feel difficult figuring out the next steps. As a therapist specializing in the unique challenges of depression, anxiety, trauma recovery and situational stress, I am here to help. Whether you are looking for a therapist for yourself or someone you care about, I appreciate the opportunity to get to know you.
(502) 427-6421 View (502) 427-6421
Photo of Margaret Brooks Cox, MSSW, LMFT, CSW, Marriage & Family Therapist
Margaret Brooks Cox
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSSW, LMFT, CSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40220  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I work with individuals and adults in their healing journeys, combining clear goals, evidence-based methods for treatment and compassionate care. I am committed to helping my clients achieve their goals and experience the journey of healing within a safe and supportive environment. I lead with curiosity, care, and humility for all cultural/familial backgrounds, spiritual beliefs, and social experiences. I take delight in seeing and celebrating the unique gifts of each of my clients. Therefore, I work with my clients and families to create fluid and clear goals fit to individual needs to support healing.
I work with individuals and adults in their healing journeys, combining clear goals, evidence-based methods for treatment and compassionate care. I am committed to helping my clients achieve their goals and experience the journey of healing within a safe and supportive environment. I lead with curiosity, care, and humility for all cultural/familial backgrounds, spiritual beliefs, and social experiences. I take delight in seeing and celebrating the unique gifts of each of my clients. Therefore, I work with my clients and families to create fluid and clear goals fit to individual needs to support healing.
(502) 825-0235 View (502) 825-0235
Photo of Morgan Davidson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Morgan Davidson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40202  (Online Only)
Hey there! I'm Morgan, and I'm a telehealth therapist. Nice to meet you! I've had the pleasure of working with people from all walks of life, and let me tell you, each and every one of them has been unique in their own way. That's why I strongly believe that therapy shouldn't be a one size fits all approach. When we work together, you won't be talking to a robot—I promise! I make it a point to really get to know my clients on a deep level.
Hey there! I'm Morgan, and I'm a telehealth therapist. Nice to meet you! I've had the pleasure of working with people from all walks of life, and let me tell you, each and every one of them has been unique in their own way. That's why I strongly believe that therapy shouldn't be a one size fits all approach. When we work together, you won't be talking to a robot—I promise! I make it a point to really get to know my clients on a deep level.
(502) 706-4391 View (502) 706-4391
Photo of Angela R Davis, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angela R Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40206
Hello! I'm a child trauma therapist that works with adults and families to manage conflict and reduce stress. I practice using PCIT, EMDR, TF-CBT, CPT, IFS, and I'm trained to treat juvenile sexual offenders. In addition, I work with creatives to help increase creativity and release blockages, and am able to consult with designers to incorporate trauma-informed design. My approach is highly validating, creative, motivating, and personal and I find the gold within each person.
Hello! I'm a child trauma therapist that works with adults and families to manage conflict and reduce stress. I practice using PCIT, EMDR, TF-CBT, CPT, IFS, and I'm trained to treat juvenile sexual offenders. In addition, I work with creatives to help increase creativity and release blockages, and am able to consult with designers to incorporate trauma-informed design. My approach is highly validating, creative, motivating, and personal and I find the gold within each person.
(502) 428-4440 View (502) 428-4440
Photo of Kanise Williams, LPCA, Counselor
Kanise Williams
Counselor, LPCA
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40217
Kanise Williams LPCA is mental health professional in the state of Kentucky offering counseling services for depression, anxiety, and parenting concerns.
Kanise Williams LPCA is mental health professional in the state of Kentucky offering counseling services for depression, anxiety, and parenting concerns.
(502) 369-2812 View (502) 369-2812
Photo of Kelly Ann Evans - Prospective Greenlight, MPA, MEd, LPCA, Counselor
Prospective Greenlight
Counselor, MPA, MEd, LPCA
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40218
We are here and now; but is your past a healthy part of it? The past can be a time of learning and moving forward, or it can be a red light in our lives and freeze us in that moment of time. It can paralyze us. Or, it can have us living in a world of caution lights where we fearfully drift through them, unaware of the present or future, or vigilantly white knuckling our way, just existing and just “getting through” each day. How we come to terms with the past, forgiving our mistakes and others’ faults can catapult us into a more peaceful and fulfilling life.
We are here and now; but is your past a healthy part of it? The past can be a time of learning and moving forward, or it can be a red light in our lives and freeze us in that moment of time. It can paralyze us. Or, it can have us living in a world of caution lights where we fearfully drift through them, unaware of the present or future, or vigilantly white knuckling our way, just existing and just “getting through” each day. How we come to terms with the past, forgiving our mistakes and others’ faults can catapult us into a more peaceful and fulfilling life.
(502) 236-1760 View (502) 236-1760
Photo of Jami Ivey, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jami Ivey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40214  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Jami Ivey. I'm excited to meet you! Together we'll work on your therapy goals one step at a time. I see clients with a variety of issues, including depression, anxiety, mood disorders, ADHD, PTSD, and grief. Generally, I work with adults and adolescents. We all go through different stressors and/or life changes: so talking with someone can be beneficial. Therapy is a great way to obtain support, insight, and guidance through difficult times. I enjoy working with people who are goal-oriented and want to work to better themselves.
Hello, I'm Jami Ivey. I'm excited to meet you! Together we'll work on your therapy goals one step at a time. I see clients with a variety of issues, including depression, anxiety, mood disorders, ADHD, PTSD, and grief. Generally, I work with adults and adolescents. We all go through different stressors and/or life changes: so talking with someone can be beneficial. Therapy is a great way to obtain support, insight, and guidance through difficult times. I enjoy working with people who are goal-oriented and want to work to better themselves.
(502) 771-8801 View (502) 771-8801
Photo of Catherine Leigh Stone-Hahn, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Catherine Leigh Stone-Hahn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40217
I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 10 years of experience working with a diverse range of clients. I use Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help clients cope with a myriad of things, include chronic issues, as they both teach coping skills and aid in adapting to situations that are immutable. ACT helps clients learn how to cope with difficult emotions: once a client is able to process the idea that thoughts and feelings are affected by the events they experience, the people they meet and the environment they live in, they are better able to learn how to manage emotions.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 10 years of experience working with a diverse range of clients. I use Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help clients cope with a myriad of things, include chronic issues, as they both teach coping skills and aid in adapting to situations that are immutable. ACT helps clients learn how to cope with difficult emotions: once a client is able to process the idea that thoughts and feelings are affected by the events they experience, the people they meet and the environment they live in, they are better able to learn how to manage emotions.
(502) 747-1397 View (502) 747-1397
Photo of Brittany Derrenbacher, Coach, MA/CMHC, MA/WGS
Brittany Derrenbacher
Coach, MA/CMHC, MA/WGS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40243
Empowerment Life Coaching is based on a holistic approach toward mental health: blending the collaborative elements of coaching with the academic support of Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Women’s & Gender Studies. This method offers a radical shift into providing wellness care focused on mind, body, and spirit. I specialize in women’s empowerment, reparenting, compassion fatigue, burnout, grief, and pet loss. I also love helping clients identify and develop boundaries and encourage their capacity to integrate into everyday life. The goal is to feel empowered, embodied, and deeply connected to your authentic Self.
Empowerment Life Coaching is based on a holistic approach toward mental health: blending the collaborative elements of coaching with the academic support of Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Women’s & Gender Studies. This method offers a radical shift into providing wellness care focused on mind, body, and spirit. I specialize in women’s empowerment, reparenting, compassion fatigue, burnout, grief, and pet loss. I also love helping clients identify and develop boundaries and encourage their capacity to integrate into everyday life. The goal is to feel empowered, embodied, and deeply connected to your authentic Self.
(502) 509-4887 View (502) 509-4887
Photo of Jennifer Nance, CSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Nance
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40220
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with individuals, adolescents through seniors, of all gender identities, as well as couples and families; empowering clients and working towards overall well-being. My style of therapy is considered laid back and conversational but always tailored to what each individual needs and likes. Whether it be anxiety, grief processing, sexual & domestic/intimate partner violence, or caregiver support- I have something to offer everyone through traditional and holistic approaches. Additionally, I provide LGBTQ+ support and embrace alt-lifestyles.
I enjoy working with individuals, adolescents through seniors, of all gender identities, as well as couples and families; empowering clients and working towards overall well-being. My style of therapy is considered laid back and conversational but always tailored to what each individual needs and likes. Whether it be anxiety, grief processing, sexual & domestic/intimate partner violence, or caregiver support- I have something to offer everyone through traditional and holistic approaches. Additionally, I provide LGBTQ+ support and embrace alt-lifestyles.
(502) 289-0562 View (502) 289-0562
Photo of Marvea Johnson, MEd, ATR-BC, LPAT, Art Therapist
Marvea Johnson
Art Therapist, MEd, ATR-BC, LPAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222  (Online Only)
I believe that beautiful things can happen after the worst day of your life, and failure is not in falling down, but in staying down. Whether you are looking for insight, or attempting a full life overhaul, I specialize in utilizing the creative process to gain insight and understanding into yourself, others, and the encompassing world we navigate. As a lifelong learner, my passion is to accompany anyone curious or courageous enough to consider that doubt is a calling to investigate; and growth can be the reward of experience. I am licensed, nationally credentialed, board-certified Art Therapist with years in the field.
I believe that beautiful things can happen after the worst day of your life, and failure is not in falling down, but in staying down. Whether you are looking for insight, or attempting a full life overhaul, I specialize in utilizing the creative process to gain insight and understanding into yourself, others, and the encompassing world we navigate. As a lifelong learner, my passion is to accompany anyone curious or courageous enough to consider that doubt is a calling to investigate; and growth can be the reward of experience. I am licensed, nationally credentialed, board-certified Art Therapist with years in the field.
(502) 362-3249 View (502) 362-3249
Photo of Aysha Tariq, LPCA, Counselor
Aysha Tariq
Counselor, LPCA
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40222
I believe that everyone has the ability to embrace change in order to foster growth and progress for themselves. I have experience and a strong compassion for people who wrestle with the problems of substance use and mental health. I am committed to providing personalized care to each client to promote resiliency, recovery, and healing. I have a deep understanding of multicultural and bilingual dynamics. I bring a unique perspective to my practice as I have an awareness of cultural nuances that allow me to connect with clients from various backgrounds.
I believe that everyone has the ability to embrace change in order to foster growth and progress for themselves. I have experience and a strong compassion for people who wrestle with the problems of substance use and mental health. I am committed to providing personalized care to each client to promote resiliency, recovery, and healing. I have a deep understanding of multicultural and bilingual dynamics. I bring a unique perspective to my practice as I have an awareness of cultural nuances that allow me to connect with clients from various backgrounds.
(502) 906-6235 View (502) 906-6235
Photo of Latoya Hall, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Latoya Hall
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40204
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor who specializes in depression, anxiety, grief and trauma. I have a Master’s degree in Mental Health Counseling and have extensive training in risk assessment, family therapy, sexual abuse and complex trauma. After working in school and non-profit settings for several years, I saw a lot of people struggling with mental health issues that were not properly addressed. I felt called to provide children, adolescents, couples and adults with a safe space to explore and resolve these concerns.
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor who specializes in depression, anxiety, grief and trauma. I have a Master’s degree in Mental Health Counseling and have extensive training in risk assessment, family therapy, sexual abuse and complex trauma. After working in school and non-profit settings for several years, I saw a lot of people struggling with mental health issues that were not properly addressed. I felt called to provide children, adolescents, couples and adults with a safe space to explore and resolve these concerns.
(859) 765-1053 View (859) 765-1053
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Louisville, KY

1,000+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Louisville, KY who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
71% Trauma and PTSD
68% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
59% Relationship Issues
58% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
63% Humana

How Therapists in Louisville, KY see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Louisville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.