Therapists in Springfield, MO

Photo of Caitlin Strain, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Caitlin Strain
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65807
My primary goal for therapy is to make each client feel safe to share their life story in order to begin healing. I view the therapeutic process as a joint effort in which I collaborate with my client to find the best approach to resolve any current struggles.
My primary goal for therapy is to make each client feel safe to share their life story in order to begin healing. I view the therapeutic process as a joint effort in which I collaborate with my client to find the best approach to resolve any current struggles.
(417) 708-8417 View (417) 708-8417
Photo of Kendra Peak, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Kendra Peak
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
“Courage starts with showing up and letting ourselves be seen.” -Brene Brown. My first goal as a counselor is to connect with you so we can work collaboratively. I believe therapy’s greatest power is providing a space safe enough for you to embrace your full experience of being human. Because there is not one counseling approach that fits all, I offer a varied style, which means your counseling session could look different from someone else’s or even different from the previous week. What stays consistent is my support of who you are and honoring the vulnerability and courage it took to engage in therapy in the first place.
“Courage starts with showing up and letting ourselves be seen.” -Brene Brown. My first goal as a counselor is to connect with you so we can work collaboratively. I believe therapy’s greatest power is providing a space safe enough for you to embrace your full experience of being human. Because there is not one counseling approach that fits all, I offer a varied style, which means your counseling session could look different from someone else’s or even different from the previous week. What stays consistent is my support of who you are and honoring the vulnerability and courage it took to engage in therapy in the first place.
(417) 423-8617 View (417) 423-8617
Photo of Stephanie Marie Wacaser, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Springfield, MO
Stephanie Marie Wacaser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
Waitlist for new clients
Whether its difficulty navigating a toxic work environment, dealing with a difficult boss, experiencing marriage or relationship problems, or feeling lost and alone you may need to evaluate what your needs or wants are. Your mind and body is telling you something if you are feeling stressed, feeling sad, have problems sleeping, feeling lonely even in a crowd, or getting angry over the littlest thing, its letting you know change needs to happen. We all struggle at times with trying to navigate life and I believe that we all could benefit from support. Reaching out for help is the key to working towards a healthier way of living.
Whether its difficulty navigating a toxic work environment, dealing with a difficult boss, experiencing marriage or relationship problems, or feeling lost and alone you may need to evaluate what your needs or wants are. Your mind and body is telling you something if you are feeling stressed, feeling sad, have problems sleeping, feeling lonely even in a crowd, or getting angry over the littlest thing, its letting you know change needs to happen. We all struggle at times with trying to navigate life and I believe that we all could benefit from support. Reaching out for help is the key to working towards a healthier way of living.
(417) 815-4465 View (417) 815-4465
Photo of Rhonda Sue Dlouhy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Springfield, MO
Rhonda Sue Dlouhy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, GC-C
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
Throughout my sessions, I seek to provide compassion, empathy, perspective, and hope to those I work with. I have attended a wealth of trainings, workshops, and conferences to better support children, families, and adults through any life circumstance that may arise. I have a passion for people and would love to help you process whatever you may be going through.  I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Certified Grief Counselor. I  earned my Bachelor of Social Work degree from Missouri State University and a Master of Social Work degree from the University of Missouri, Columbia.
Throughout my sessions, I seek to provide compassion, empathy, perspective, and hope to those I work with. I have attended a wealth of trainings, workshops, and conferences to better support children, families, and adults through any life circumstance that may arise. I have a passion for people and would love to help you process whatever you may be going through.  I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Certified Grief Counselor. I  earned my Bachelor of Social Work degree from Missouri State University and a Master of Social Work degree from the University of Missouri, Columbia.
(417) 736-4330 View (417) 736-4330
Photo of Erin Conley, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Erin Conley
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, PLPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65806
I believe that everyone should have the opportunity to feel heard, valued and validated. I feel as though it is my responsibility as a therapist to provide a safe and welcoming space for my clients to be open and vulnerable in order to allow for healing. When working with clients, regardless of their age or stage in life, I strive to meet them where they are and go where they need to go.
I believe that everyone should have the opportunity to feel heard, valued and validated. I feel as though it is my responsibility as a therapist to provide a safe and welcoming space for my clients to be open and vulnerable in order to allow for healing. When working with clients, regardless of their age or stage in life, I strive to meet them where they are and go where they need to go.
(417) 212-5285 View (417) 212-5285
Photo of Gayle Robertson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Springfield, MO
Gayle Robertson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
That elephant in the room – it just continues to stand there staring at you. Days pass and you keep noticing, but don’t do anything about it. You know you need to make some changes, but it’s really a lot easier to just ignore what’s right in front of you. Until, your partner complains again that you’re not listening, you’re always on your phone, you don’t spend time together. While the memories of your past blowups stare you in the face, and sadness overcomes you, you decide you can’t keep living with the sense of disconnect that has grown between you. You need someone else’s help to solve your problems.
That elephant in the room – it just continues to stand there staring at you. Days pass and you keep noticing, but don’t do anything about it. You know you need to make some changes, but it’s really a lot easier to just ignore what’s right in front of you. Until, your partner complains again that you’re not listening, you’re always on your phone, you don’t spend time together. While the memories of your past blowups stare you in the face, and sadness overcomes you, you decide you can’t keep living with the sense of disconnect that has grown between you. You need someone else’s help to solve your problems.
(417) 815-4892 View (417) 815-4892
Photo of Jane Handley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Jane Handley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
Jane Handley is a Licensed Professional Counselor who received her Masters of Science in Clinical Mental Health from Missouri State University. Her undergraduate degree is in Psychology with a minor in Military Resilience from Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA. As a retired military spouse, she has 22 years of experience navigating military relocations, deployments, and trauma. She specializes in working with those who are experiencing grief due to the death of loved ones or other losses brought on by life transitions and challenges. She has experience working with children, teens and adults.
Jane Handley is a Licensed Professional Counselor who received her Masters of Science in Clinical Mental Health from Missouri State University. Her undergraduate degree is in Psychology with a minor in Military Resilience from Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA. As a retired military spouse, she has 22 years of experience navigating military relocations, deployments, and trauma. She specializes in working with those who are experiencing grief due to the death of loved ones or other losses brought on by life transitions and challenges. She has experience working with children, teens and adults.
(417) 457-2985 View (417) 457-2985
Photo of Counseling Group of the Ozarks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Springfield, MO
Counseling Group of the Ozarks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
Waitlist for new clients
You even checking out this site shows how much strength and bravery you have. Just know that you don’t have to go through things alone. We believe people seek out help when the things they do to deal with life no longer work. A lot of people think counseling is only for those who need “professional help,” but it’s really about talking to someone who is safe and not biased about what you should think or feel. You make think “there must be better out there,” — a better life, a way to feel less stressed, a happier marriage, a job you love… but you are just trying to survive this day.
You even checking out this site shows how much strength and bravery you have. Just know that you don’t have to go through things alone. We believe people seek out help when the things they do to deal with life no longer work. A lot of people think counseling is only for those who need “professional help,” but it’s really about talking to someone who is safe and not biased about what you should think or feel. You make think “there must be better out there,” — a better life, a way to feel less stressed, a happier marriage, a job you love… but you are just trying to survive this day.
(417) 212-5724 View (417) 212-5724
Photo of Marsha Milleson, Counselor in Springfield, MO
Marsha Milleson
Counselor, MS, PLPC, CBIS
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65810
Reaching out for help can be difficult and intimidating. The truth, however, is that we are all human and there comes a time in everyone's life where we need help. Maybe we just need a non-judgmental, open minded, trustworthy person that we can sit down and talk to. Someone that can really listen and help to sort out our feelings and our situation. Someone who can help to make better sense of what is going on and maybe even help to come up with a plan for changing it.
Reaching out for help can be difficult and intimidating. The truth, however, is that we are all human and there comes a time in everyone's life where we need help. Maybe we just need a non-judgmental, open minded, trustworthy person that we can sit down and talk to. Someone that can really listen and help to sort out our feelings and our situation. Someone who can help to make better sense of what is going on and maybe even help to come up with a plan for changing it.
(417) 815-2958 View (417) 815-2958
Photo of Ashley Perryman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Ashley Perryman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65807
Not accepting new clients
My ideal client is someone that is willing to learn and grow even if that means working on themselves. I am truly passionate about being able to help parents, couples, and children work together to challenge and support one another. Watching people as they team up with me and some of the most important people in their lives to tackle some of the hardest issues life has to offer, inspires me each day. I am grateful to be a part of this journey for children, couples, and families. Additionally, I do enjoy helping people reclaim joy and hope after the loss of a loved one. If this is you, I would love to help.
My ideal client is someone that is willing to learn and grow even if that means working on themselves. I am truly passionate about being able to help parents, couples, and children work together to challenge and support one another. Watching people as they team up with me and some of the most important people in their lives to tackle some of the hardest issues life has to offer, inspires me each day. I am grateful to be a part of this journey for children, couples, and families. Additionally, I do enjoy helping people reclaim joy and hope after the loss of a loved one. If this is you, I would love to help.
(417) 261-5033 View (417) 261-5033
Photo of Pfifer L Duerkop, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Pfifer L Duerkop
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65806
I believe that our past experiences and relationships play a major role in how we experience our lives in the present. Sometimes these experiences were painful or left our bodies feeling unsafe and hold us back from living the life we want. As a therapist at Beyond Healing, I hope to be present with my clients in a way that allows them to explore the deep parts of themselves they might have lost or forgotten. I believe that through the work and the healing, we can build a life for ourselves we are excited for.
I believe that our past experiences and relationships play a major role in how we experience our lives in the present. Sometimes these experiences were painful or left our bodies feeling unsafe and hold us back from living the life we want. As a therapist at Beyond Healing, I hope to be present with my clients in a way that allows them to explore the deep parts of themselves they might have lost or forgotten. I believe that through the work and the healing, we can build a life for ourselves we are excited for.
(417) 785-1247 View (417) 785-1247
Photo of Isaac Crawford, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Isaac Crawford
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
I believe the kind of help on offer in therapy is one of fundamental change. As in The Wizard of Oz, each sets out on the quest so that they can receive what they lack, but they discover along the way that they have changed to truly become what they lacked. This sort of change is the special kind that I work to help people achieve.
I believe the kind of help on offer in therapy is one of fundamental change. As in The Wizard of Oz, each sets out on the quest so that they can receive what they lack, but they discover along the way that they have changed to truly become what they lacked. This sort of change is the special kind that I work to help people achieve.
(417) 212-5698 View (417) 212-5698
Photo of Denniese Dysart, Counselor in Springfield, MO
Denniese Dysart
Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC, MAC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804  (Online Only)
My name is Denniese Dysart and my goal is to provide a casual and welcoming atmosphere while assisting you to find your own path in personal discovery and wellness. On this course I will help you identify and cope more effectively with problems in daily living and to deal with inner conflicts which may disrupt your ability to function effectively. A very important aspect of counseling is the relationship that builds between the client and the counselor. This may be the only time and place where you can take front and center stage, be actually “heard”, and be in the presence of someone who is non-judgmental.
My name is Denniese Dysart and my goal is to provide a casual and welcoming atmosphere while assisting you to find your own path in personal discovery and wellness. On this course I will help you identify and cope more effectively with problems in daily living and to deal with inner conflicts which may disrupt your ability to function effectively. A very important aspect of counseling is the relationship that builds between the client and the counselor. This may be the only time and place where you can take front and center stage, be actually “heard”, and be in the presence of someone who is non-judgmental.
(417) 352-2250 View (417) 352-2250
Photo of Olivia Niesen, Pre-Licensed Professional in Springfield, MO
Olivia Niesen
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, PLPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65804
Life is hard. We all hit rough patches and we don’t always know where to turn. Whether we are experiencing anxiety, life changes, relationship problems, postpartum mental health changes, or just life happening, we all need someone. That’s where I come in. I aim to help adults ranging from young adults to those that are in their golden years to find their calm and focus on growth and healing. Through focusing on person-centered individual or couples counseling my goal is to help you to navigate the rough waters of life, to find peace in the chaos, and to find hope in the heartache.
Life is hard. We all hit rough patches and we don’t always know where to turn. Whether we are experiencing anxiety, life changes, relationship problems, postpartum mental health changes, or just life happening, we all need someone. That’s where I come in. I aim to help adults ranging from young adults to those that are in their golden years to find their calm and focus on growth and healing. Through focusing on person-centered individual or couples counseling my goal is to help you to navigate the rough waters of life, to find peace in the chaos, and to find hope in the heartache.
(417) 660-2489 View (417) 660-2489
Photo of Kayla Lejeune, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Kayla Lejeune
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65804
I work with women, young adults, and adolescents who are seeking support and guidance in overcoming challenges, including anxiety and depression as they strive to build a better future. I help individuals identify underlying issues, set achievable goals, and develop a personalized plan that promotes personal growth, resilience, and overall well-being.
I work with women, young adults, and adolescents who are seeking support and guidance in overcoming challenges, including anxiety and depression as they strive to build a better future. I help individuals identify underlying issues, set achievable goals, and develop a personalized plan that promotes personal growth, resilience, and overall well-being.
(417) 414-0333 View (417) 414-0333
Photo of Mariah Kochell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Mariah Kochell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65806
It is important to me that all individuals feel welcome and supported during the counseling process and I am passionate about creating a safe and secure atmosphere to assist clients in overcoming whatever challenges they might be facing. I have worked with a diverse population of clientele, including teen and adult members of the LGBTQ+ community, and have experience working in a residential setting to help children and their families overcome trauma, behavioral, and mental health issues. I also have experience working with adult individuals and couples to improve their relationships and overall well-being.
It is important to me that all individuals feel welcome and supported during the counseling process and I am passionate about creating a safe and secure atmosphere to assist clients in overcoming whatever challenges they might be facing. I have worked with a diverse population of clientele, including teen and adult members of the LGBTQ+ community, and have experience working in a residential setting to help children and their families overcome trauma, behavioral, and mental health issues. I also have experience working with adult individuals and couples to improve their relationships and overall well-being.
(417) 272-4149 View (417) 272-4149
Photo of Brooke Martin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Springfield, MO
Brooke Martin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65807
What is self actualization? Maslow would say it is the process of becoming “everything you are capable of becoming.” One of the most exciting and painful journeys we face is truly understanding who we are and who we can become. One of my biggest passions in practice is empowering people as they take this journey. With neurodiversity, many people have found this process stressful and even traumatic. In reality, what they are capable of is often truly remarkable when they learn to embrace it. I have found so much joy in watching clients find relief, empathy for themselves, and excitement when they learn to understand themselves.
What is self actualization? Maslow would say it is the process of becoming “everything you are capable of becoming.” One of the most exciting and painful journeys we face is truly understanding who we are and who we can become. One of my biggest passions in practice is empowering people as they take this journey. With neurodiversity, many people have found this process stressful and even traumatic. In reality, what they are capable of is often truly remarkable when they learn to embrace it. I have found so much joy in watching clients find relief, empathy for themselves, and excitement when they learn to understand themselves.
(417) 943-5489 View (417) 943-5489
Photo of Leslie Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Springfield, MO
Leslie Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65807
When the weight of life comes crashing down, it can be hard to know what to do next. We’ve all been there and can feel stuck and scared. I believe the act of seeking help is the bravest thing a person can do. My goal is to create a safe place where you will feel seen, heard, and valued. A place where you can share your story without fear of judgment and receive effective tools and strategies to cope with the hard parts of life. This is a partnership, and I honor the bravery and courage that comes with sharing your life story.
When the weight of life comes crashing down, it can be hard to know what to do next. We’ve all been there and can feel stuck and scared. I believe the act of seeking help is the bravest thing a person can do. My goal is to create a safe place where you will feel seen, heard, and valued. A place where you can share your story without fear of judgment and receive effective tools and strategies to cope with the hard parts of life. This is a partnership, and I honor the bravery and courage that comes with sharing your life story.
(417) 783-2785 View (417) 783-2785
Photo of Halle Eggleston in Springfield, MO
Halle Eggleston
MS, PLPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Springfield, MO 65807
My goal is to provide a safe and non-judgmental space in which you can feel heard and accepted. I most often work with individuals (ages 12+) struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, or relationship issues. I also offer couples counseling and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. I utilize a variety of evidenced-based techniques, including EMDR, mindfulness-based interventions, and self-regulation skills. I am passionate about helping individuals who want to heal from trauma, learn how to better regulate their emotions, and understand themselves more deeply. I am an LBGTQ+ affirming counselor.
My goal is to provide a safe and non-judgmental space in which you can feel heard and accepted. I most often work with individuals (ages 12+) struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, or relationship issues. I also offer couples counseling and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. I utilize a variety of evidenced-based techniques, including EMDR, mindfulness-based interventions, and self-regulation skills. I am passionate about helping individuals who want to heal from trauma, learn how to better regulate their emotions, and understand themselves more deeply. I am an LBGTQ+ affirming counselor.
(417) 265-5137 View (417) 265-5137
Photo of Ren Elliott, Licensed Professional Counselor in Springfield, MO
Ren Elliott
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MO 65802  (Online Only)
If you're LGBT+ or neurodiverse, you know how murky and chaotic this road can be. It's a difficult journey, figuring yourself out and untangling yourself from your trauma. I'm here to help. I take a comfortable, compassionate, slightly humorous approach to therapy where I focus on self-empowerment in the face of complicated systems of oppression, collaboration with my clients where we go wherever you want to go in your journey, and discovering the joy of living authentically.
If you're LGBT+ or neurodiverse, you know how murky and chaotic this road can be. It's a difficult journey, figuring yourself out and untangling yourself from your trauma. I'm here to help. I take a comfortable, compassionate, slightly humorous approach to therapy where I focus on self-empowerment in the face of complicated systems of oppression, collaboration with my clients where we go wherever you want to go in your journey, and discovering the joy of living authentically.
(417) 900-3101 View (417) 900-3101

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Springfield, MO

300+

Average cost per session

$110

Therapists in Springfield, MO who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Depression
75% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% Aetna
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
64% Optum

How Therapists in Springfield, MO see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Springfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.