Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Russell Saunders, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Russell Saunders
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
People often tell me they want a therapist who will both listen AND have something to say. I believe that emotional safety and good two-way communication must be established in order for therapy to be successful.
People often tell me they want a therapist who will both listen AND have something to say. I believe that emotional safety and good two-way communication must be established in order for therapy to be successful.
(646) 583-2286 View (646) 583-2286
Photo of Judith C Lobel, Psychologist in New York, NY
Judith C Lobel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
I have been in practice for over 25 years and find my work very rewarding. I believe that therapy can help people feel more confident about their place in the world--more confident that the balance of goodness within themselves will allow them to go forward with their lives. I feel respect and gratitude towards my patients; their readiness to explore their areas of vulnerability has helped me to understand similar vulnerabilities within myself. I have learned from many sources; in this sense my approach is eclectic. It is important to tailor frequency and duration of treatment for each patient.
I have been in practice for over 25 years and find my work very rewarding. I believe that therapy can help people feel more confident about their place in the world--more confident that the balance of goodness within themselves will allow them to go forward with their lives. I feel respect and gratitude towards my patients; their readiness to explore their areas of vulnerability has helped me to understand similar vulnerabilities within myself. I have learned from many sources; in this sense my approach is eclectic. It is important to tailor frequency and duration of treatment for each patient.
(646) 681-7489 View (646) 681-7489
Photo of Resilience Counseling Services, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Resilience Counseling Services
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MS, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
Resilience Counseling Services is a mental health practice that provides action-oriented therapy, with a focus on immediate solutions and lasting positive change. Our therapists are dedicated to empowering adults, couples, children and families through the process of psychotherapy to embrace what is, discover what is within, heal from what was, and hope for what is to come. Our approach helps individuals identify unhealthy thoughts and behaviors most commonly associated with feelings of depression, anxiety, interpersonal conflict, and trauma.
Resilience Counseling Services is a mental health practice that provides action-oriented therapy, with a focus on immediate solutions and lasting positive change. Our therapists are dedicated to empowering adults, couples, children and families through the process of psychotherapy to embrace what is, discover what is within, heal from what was, and hope for what is to come. Our approach helps individuals identify unhealthy thoughts and behaviors most commonly associated with feelings of depression, anxiety, interpersonal conflict, and trauma.
(862) 397-7997 View (862) 397-7997
Photo of Sarah Beller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Sarah Beller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
Waitlist for new clients
Whether you’re new to therapy, or have tried many different types of treatment in the past, I’m here to help you find greater joy, meaning & clarity in your life. I work with individuals, couples, families and groups facing a wide variety of struggles, and have developed a special interest in working with intergenerational trauma, perfectionism, self-sabotage, and difficulty setting (or knowing) one’s boundaries. I received my Masters in Social Work from Smith School for Social Work, my BA in Religious Studies from Yale University, and am currently completing a two-year fellowship at the Karen Horney Clinic.
Whether you’re new to therapy, or have tried many different types of treatment in the past, I’m here to help you find greater joy, meaning & clarity in your life. I work with individuals, couples, families and groups facing a wide variety of struggles, and have developed a special interest in working with intergenerational trauma, perfectionism, self-sabotage, and difficulty setting (or knowing) one’s boundaries. I received my Masters in Social Work from Smith School for Social Work, my BA in Religious Studies from Yale University, and am currently completing a two-year fellowship at the Karen Horney Clinic.
(332) 239-1579 View (332) 239-1579
Photo of Alexandra Butler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Alexandra Butler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
Facing our present world is a lot! This on top of managing the daily challenges of relationships, finances, and work. I offer a unique kind of time and space where you can slow down and examine the identities and narratives that shape your life. I am an active listener who gives constructive feedback to help you reach your goals. I invite you to recognize your strengths and apply them to the parts of your life that may need growth. My clients are facing life transitions, relationship challenges, struggles with romance, new parenthood, as well as many other mental health needs.
Facing our present world is a lot! This on top of managing the daily challenges of relationships, finances, and work. I offer a unique kind of time and space where you can slow down and examine the identities and narratives that shape your life. I am an active listener who gives constructive feedback to help you reach your goals. I invite you to recognize your strengths and apply them to the parts of your life that may need growth. My clients are facing life transitions, relationship challenges, struggles with romance, new parenthood, as well as many other mental health needs.
(332) 529-1468 View (332) 529-1468
Photo of Stephanie Marie Maldonado, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Stephanie Marie Maldonado
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10035  (Online Only)
Hello, seekers of growth and resilience! I'm your guide to a thriving life and a brighter future. As a therapist who has triumphed over my own dance with depression, I bring a unique blend of professional expertise and personal understanding to guide you towards a brighter tomorrow. Imagine a safe haven where self-discovery meets actionable strategies, and where every session feels like a step towards your best self. Whether you're navigating the maze of anxiety, dancing with depression, or untangling the knots of life's complexities, I'm here to help you not just cope but to conquer.
Hello, seekers of growth and resilience! I'm your guide to a thriving life and a brighter future. As a therapist who has triumphed over my own dance with depression, I bring a unique blend of professional expertise and personal understanding to guide you towards a brighter tomorrow. Imagine a safe haven where self-discovery meets actionable strategies, and where every session feels like a step towards your best self. Whether you're navigating the maze of anxiety, dancing with depression, or untangling the knots of life's complexities, I'm here to help you not just cope but to conquer.
(929) 955-1311 View (929) 955-1311
Nyla Kamlet
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCWS
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
My clients are engaged and want to be in a place where they can enjoy life and maximize opportunities. They want to have strong family relationships, to confidently explore the world around them, and make connections. Whether they are struggling with anxiety or depression, developing their identity, or trying to integrate in social setting, we will partner to create tangible goals and work towards them. We utilize a blend of therapeutic techniques including CBT, client-centered, journaling and just talking. In all therapy, I am respectful of the mind-body connection.
My clients are engaged and want to be in a place where they can enjoy life and maximize opportunities. They want to have strong family relationships, to confidently explore the world around them, and make connections. Whether they are struggling with anxiety or depression, developing their identity, or trying to integrate in social setting, we will partner to create tangible goals and work towards them. We utilize a blend of therapeutic techniques including CBT, client-centered, journaling and just talking. In all therapy, I am respectful of the mind-body connection.
(646) 849-3358 View (646) 849-3358
Photo of Jeremy P Ortman, Counselor in New York, NY
Jeremy P Ortman
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Finding the right therapist can feel overwhelming because it is crucial to find the right fit. Knowing this, I aim to create a strong therapeutic relationship with an emphasis on trust and acceptance. My style is interactive, practical, and infused with sensitivity and a sense of humor. We'll work collaboratively to set goals, identify barriers to growth, increase coping skills, and build on existing strengths. My aim is to assist you to access your own inner wisdom and resilience.
Finding the right therapist can feel overwhelming because it is crucial to find the right fit. Knowing this, I aim to create a strong therapeutic relationship with an emphasis on trust and acceptance. My style is interactive, practical, and infused with sensitivity and a sense of humor. We'll work collaboratively to set goals, identify barriers to growth, increase coping skills, and build on existing strengths. My aim is to assist you to access your own inner wisdom and resilience.
(646) 759-0418 View (646) 759-0418
Photo of Heather A Genovese, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Heather A Genovese
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MS, LP, LCAT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
Maybe you're reading this because you're depressed, anxious or struggling with relationships. Maybe you can't explain your pain? You may be experiencing common problems that lead people towards therapy. Many people feel skeptical when it comes to seeking therapy and wonder if it can help. Therapy, at its best, is tailored to your specific needs so you can find a path to a more content and fulfilled life. Whether you know exactly what you would like to work on or you just have a vague feeling that things are not ok, therapy can help.
Maybe you're reading this because you're depressed, anxious or struggling with relationships. Maybe you can't explain your pain? You may be experiencing common problems that lead people towards therapy. Many people feel skeptical when it comes to seeking therapy and wonder if it can help. Therapy, at its best, is tailored to your specific needs so you can find a path to a more content and fulfilled life. Whether you know exactly what you would like to work on or you just have a vague feeling that things are not ok, therapy can help.
(347) 334-6190 View (347) 334-6190
Photo of Lauren Taliaferro in New York, NY
Lauren Taliaferro
MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with women, BIPOC clients, those dealing with race-related stress, single parents, older adults, and neurodivergent clients I also specialize in helping people who are trying to find their footing as they face various life transitions including parenthood, growing and changing careers, body image difficulties, and divorce.
I specialize in working with women, BIPOC clients, those dealing with race-related stress, single parents, older adults, and neurodivergent clients I also specialize in helping people who are trying to find their footing as they face various life transitions including parenthood, growing and changing careers, body image difficulties, and divorce.
(332) 378-5449 View (332) 378-5449
Photo of Cecilia Lorenzi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Cecilia Lorenzi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10038  (Online Only)
Relationships, jobs, family dynamics, a move to a new city are just some of the various challenges in life. Sometimes we can find a reason for our sad, anxious or overwhelming feelings but other times we don’t know where those feelings are coming from. Therapy can be a journey of self discovery that creates more insight and gives meaning to these feelings. It provides us with space to put our distress into words and find new strategies to cope. At its best, therapy is a journey of self awareness through which a more fulfilling life is possible.
Relationships, jobs, family dynamics, a move to a new city are just some of the various challenges in life. Sometimes we can find a reason for our sad, anxious or overwhelming feelings but other times we don’t know where those feelings are coming from. Therapy can be a journey of self discovery that creates more insight and gives meaning to these feelings. It provides us with space to put our distress into words and find new strategies to cope. At its best, therapy is a journey of self awareness through which a more fulfilling life is possible.
(347) 826-1058 View (347) 826-1058
Photo of Melissa Kresch, Psychologist in New York, NY
Melissa Kresch
Psychologist, PhD
Not Verified Not Verified
New York, NY 10001
Depression. Anxiety. Stress. Insomnia. Grief stemming from divorce, job loss, death of a loved one. Feeling stuck. Difficulties at work and in relationships. Feeling Lost. Overwhelmed by self-doubt. Continuing to do things that are bad for you. Needing to clear everyday concerns. I'm trained to help. As a Clinical Psychologist in NYC for over 20 years, and as Senior Supervising Psychologist at a major metropolitan hospital, where I supervise and train other clinicians, I have extensive experience working with individuals, couples and families. I feel strongly that the clinician/patient relationship is collaborative.
Depression. Anxiety. Stress. Insomnia. Grief stemming from divorce, job loss, death of a loved one. Feeling stuck. Difficulties at work and in relationships. Feeling Lost. Overwhelmed by self-doubt. Continuing to do things that are bad for you. Needing to clear everyday concerns. I'm trained to help. As a Clinical Psychologist in NYC for over 20 years, and as Senior Supervising Psychologist at a major metropolitan hospital, where I supervise and train other clinicians, I have extensive experience working with individuals, couples and families. I feel strongly that the clinician/patient relationship is collaborative.
(646) 679-7512 View (646) 679-7512
Photo of Shari T Rosenblatt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Shari T Rosenblatt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
We all get lost sometimes. Depression and/or anxiety can be overwhelming. Or, feeling lost can be paralyzing. I see my role as a co-adventurer, alongside of my clients. By working to understand their needs and desires and what gets in the way of their fullfillment, together we can free up the natural creativity of the human spirit.
We all get lost sometimes. Depression and/or anxiety can be overwhelming. Or, feeling lost can be paralyzing. I see my role as a co-adventurer, alongside of my clients. By working to understand their needs and desires and what gets in the way of their fullfillment, together we can free up the natural creativity of the human spirit.
(646) 583-1576 View (646) 583-1576
Photo of Eva Fogelman, Psychologist in New York, NY
Eva Fogelman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
You're single, and haven't found your soulmate, or you're in a committed relationship that's impossible. You're depressed, anxious, and have low self-esteem. You or your family has suffered through a historical trauma and you still feel like a victim. You've been trying to conceive, and nature or your partner is uncooperative. You've lost your sense of how to cope and move forward. If any of these concerns are holding you back from realizing your potential or expressing your creative talents, then perhaps it's time to receive some insight, support and hope from a psychoanalytic psychotherapist with 35 years of experience.
You're single, and haven't found your soulmate, or you're in a committed relationship that's impossible. You're depressed, anxious, and have low self-esteem. You or your family has suffered through a historical trauma and you still feel like a victim. You've been trying to conceive, and nature or your partner is uncooperative. You've lost your sense of how to cope and move forward. If any of these concerns are holding you back from realizing your potential or expressing your creative talents, then perhaps it's time to receive some insight, support and hope from a psychoanalytic psychotherapist with 35 years of experience.
(646) 600-8257 View (646) 600-8257
Photo of Jaye Kositz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jaye Kositz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
While I have extensive postgraduate training and am a Fellow of the International Psychoanalytic Association, I tailor my style and approach to the needs of each client. Many people are particularly anxious about the first visit, so I maintain an especially active stance during that session, to provide a comfortable environment and to help clients best describe the nature of their problem. After the initial consultation, I will provide an assessment in clear and direct language, along with my treatment recommendations. If I feel the client can best benefit from services I don't provide, I will make an appropriate referral.
While I have extensive postgraduate training and am a Fellow of the International Psychoanalytic Association, I tailor my style and approach to the needs of each client. Many people are particularly anxious about the first visit, so I maintain an especially active stance during that session, to provide a comfortable environment and to help clients best describe the nature of their problem. After the initial consultation, I will provide an assessment in clear and direct language, along with my treatment recommendations. If I feel the client can best benefit from services I don't provide, I will make an appropriate referral.
(646) 386-2136 View (646) 386-2136
Photo of Michael A Brustein, Psychologist in New York, NY
Michael A Brustein
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Do you find that you worry more than you would like to? Do you feel stressed and overwhelmed? Do you wish you could be more relaxed and less anxious? I think I can help. I am a clinical psychologist who has helped many people cope and manage their anxiety. I can provide you with concrete techniques to alleviate stress. Additionally, through our work together you will understand the dynamics and behaviors that contribute to your anxiety.
Do you find that you worry more than you would like to? Do you feel stressed and overwhelmed? Do you wish you could be more relaxed and less anxious? I think I can help. I am a clinical psychologist who has helped many people cope and manage their anxiety. I can provide you with concrete techniques to alleviate stress. Additionally, through our work together you will understand the dynamics and behaviors that contribute to your anxiety.
(646) 798-4448 View (646) 798-4448
Photo of Anna Stock-Matthews, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Anna Stock-Matthews
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10017
My aim as a therapist is to provide a safe, nonjudgmental environment where you can freely explore all sides of yourself and feel accepted exactly as you are. Perhaps you are navigating a major life transition, dealing with a challenging relationship, or experiencing anxiety, shame, uncertainty, or a sense of being "stuck." Whatever your reason for seeking therapy, we will work together to help you reach a deeper understanding of yourself and harness your inner strengths and resilience to face life's challenges and unknowns.
My aim as a therapist is to provide a safe, nonjudgmental environment where you can freely explore all sides of yourself and feel accepted exactly as you are. Perhaps you are navigating a major life transition, dealing with a challenging relationship, or experiencing anxiety, shame, uncertainty, or a sense of being "stuck." Whatever your reason for seeking therapy, we will work together to help you reach a deeper understanding of yourself and harness your inner strengths and resilience to face life's challenges and unknowns.
(332) 895-2815 View (332) 895-2815
Photo of Justine Duhr, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Justine Duhr
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MFA, LP, NCPsyA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10023
I'm a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst specializing in anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. Before I became a therapist, I worked as a freelance writer, editor, and writing coach. The most fulfilling part of that work for me was helping writers overcome personal obstacles in order to accomplish their goals. Now, as a relational analyst, I have the privilege of helping many different kinds of people find themselves at some of the hardest times in their lives.
I'm a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst specializing in anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. Before I became a therapist, I worked as a freelance writer, editor, and writing coach. The most fulfilling part of that work for me was helping writers overcome personal obstacles in order to accomplish their goals. Now, as a relational analyst, I have the privilege of helping many different kinds of people find themselves at some of the hardest times in their lives.
(646) 760-6591 View (646) 760-6591
Photo of Jian Shen, Licensed Professional Counselor in New York, NY
Jian Shen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Waitlist for new clients
Feeling alone, confused or overwhelmed? Struggling with an unhealthy relationship or having trouble establishing a fulfilling, intimate one? Feeling stuck, unmotivated, procrastinating, yet realizing that you’re not reaching your personal or professional potentials? Psychotherapy with a trained and experienced professional can provide a safe space to deal with these and many other issues and facilitate change. Often, emotional injuries or trauma from the past impact the present and how we interact with others, talking with a concerned professional is an important part of the healing process.
Feeling alone, confused or overwhelmed? Struggling with an unhealthy relationship or having trouble establishing a fulfilling, intimate one? Feeling stuck, unmotivated, procrastinating, yet realizing that you’re not reaching your personal or professional potentials? Psychotherapy with a trained and experienced professional can provide a safe space to deal with these and many other issues and facilitate change. Often, emotional injuries or trauma from the past impact the present and how we interact with others, talking with a concerned professional is an important part of the healing process.
(475) 239-2789 View (475) 239-2789
Photo of Lillyana Morales, Counselor in New York, NY
Lillyana Morales
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10036  (Online Only)
If you're wrestling with challenging relationships, rollercoaster emotions, self-identity, self-love, or reclaiming comfort in your body post-trauma, know that you're not alone. My team specializes in guiding individuals through these struggles, helping you be present and equipped to handle life's curveballs. Together, we'll uncover and amplify your strengths, crafting personalized tools to navigate your thoughts and emotions. Our focus is on empowering you to live authentically, especially if you've experienced trauma be it physical, emotional, sexual, spiritual, or racial. Reach out, and let's embark on this journey of healing.
If you're wrestling with challenging relationships, rollercoaster emotions, self-identity, self-love, or reclaiming comfort in your body post-trauma, know that you're not alone. My team specializes in guiding individuals through these struggles, helping you be present and equipped to handle life's curveballs. Together, we'll uncover and amplify your strengths, crafting personalized tools to navigate your thoughts and emotions. Our focus is on empowering you to live authentically, especially if you've experienced trauma be it physical, emotional, sexual, spiritual, or racial. Reach out, and let's embark on this journey of healing.
(718) 550-0703 View (718) 550-0703

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.