Therapists in Santa Cruz, CA

Photo of Teri L. Virostko, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Teri L. Virostko
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
We all go through difficult times and it takes courage to reach out for support. You may be wondering how therapy can help you. Perhaps you want support with a challenging issue, to relieve anxiety, recover from trauma or to change patterns that no longer work for you. You may want to improve a relationship or get support with parenting or working through loss. You can make changes, break patterns, and heal. Therapy is a place to get support, to explore new strategies for coping better with life, and to view things from an expanded perspective. Our challenges present us with opportunities to heal as well as grow.
We all go through difficult times and it takes courage to reach out for support. You may be wondering how therapy can help you. Perhaps you want support with a challenging issue, to relieve anxiety, recover from trauma or to change patterns that no longer work for you. You may want to improve a relationship or get support with parenting or working through loss. You can make changes, break patterns, and heal. Therapy is a place to get support, to explore new strategies for coping better with life, and to view things from an expanded perspective. Our challenges present us with opportunities to heal as well as grow.
(831) 888-0390 View (831) 888-0390
Photo of Caren Smiley & Assoc - Full, associates have room, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Caren Smiley & Assoc - Full, associates have room
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
These are strange times. Finding the right therapist can be challenging. Finding some one you can feel comfortable with and who has the skills and experience you need. In my 15+ years in this field, I have worked with many common issues: life transitions, anxiety, depression, addiction, parenting, marriage and relationship difficulties and more. Years of study of a variety of therapeutic methods form my background and my thinking. In addition to my training, I bring creativity, honesty and humor to this hard and rewarding work.
These are strange times. Finding the right therapist can be challenging. Finding some one you can feel comfortable with and who has the skills and experience you need. In my 15+ years in this field, I have worked with many common issues: life transitions, anxiety, depression, addiction, parenting, marriage and relationship difficulties and more. Years of study of a variety of therapeutic methods form my background and my thinking. In addition to my training, I bring creativity, honesty and humor to this hard and rewarding work.
(831) 234-6043 View (831) 234-6043
Photo of Lorenia Parada Ampudia in Santa Cruz, CA
Lorenia Parada Ampudia
MA
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
It is not easy to look for help. Especially when we feel overwhelmed with pain, suffering, and confusion. We all deserve to enjoy life, healthy sexuality and nurturing relationships. You are not alone in this journey of finding the best way to be a human being and be free of unnecessary suffering. I believe you have the answers you are looking for and I can support you in accessing your own wisdom to re-design your path and life in the way you need and want now.
It is not easy to look for help. Especially when we feel overwhelmed with pain, suffering, and confusion. We all deserve to enjoy life, healthy sexuality and nurturing relationships. You are not alone in this journey of finding the best way to be a human being and be free of unnecessary suffering. I believe you have the answers you are looking for and I can support you in accessing your own wisdom to re-design your path and life in the way you need and want now.
(831) 888-1714 View (831) 888-1714
Photo of Heather Docker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Heather Docker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, MBA
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Not accepting new clients
The decision to pursue therapy is a powerful step towards change and personal growth. Whether you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed by transition, needing to heal past hurts, grieve losses, or learn how to live a more authentic and meaningful life, together we will explore desired areas of change and growth. Even if what needs to change or what is holding you back is unclear, I welcome you to come in and start wherever you are. As your therapist my intention is to help you process life events, increase self-awareness, and discover insights in a safe and supportive environment.
The decision to pursue therapy is a powerful step towards change and personal growth. Whether you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed by transition, needing to heal past hurts, grieve losses, or learn how to live a more authentic and meaningful life, together we will explore desired areas of change and growth. Even if what needs to change or what is holding you back is unclear, I welcome you to come in and start wherever you are. As your therapist my intention is to help you process life events, increase self-awareness, and discover insights in a safe and supportive environment.
(831) 359-4728 View (831) 359-4728
Photo of Pleasure Power Coaching, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Pleasure Power Coaching
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95061
​I provide experiential sex & intimacy coaching, as well as group facilitation, to help get you out of your head and into your body, to explore what connects you to your pleasure and allows you to step into your power.
​I provide experiential sex & intimacy coaching, as well as group facilitation, to help get you out of your head and into your body, to explore what connects you to your pleasure and allows you to step into your power.
(209) 251-6859 View (209) 251-6859
Photo of Megan Shell, Pre-Licensed Professional in Santa Cruz, CA
Megan Shell
Pre-Licensed Professional, AMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
Large and small traumas can stack up over the course of a lifetime disconnecting us from ourselves and others and leaving us feeling anxious, depressed and overwhelmed. With warmth, humor and directness I work with you to rediscover lost parts of yourself and work on the behaviors that helped you at one point but are no longer serving you. I work with couples who are dealing with conflict, feelings of betrayal, intimacy issues or disconnection. I love helping you find your way back to one another.
Large and small traumas can stack up over the course of a lifetime disconnecting us from ourselves and others and leaving us feeling anxious, depressed and overwhelmed. With warmth, humor and directness I work with you to rediscover lost parts of yourself and work on the behaviors that helped you at one point but are no longer serving you. I work with couples who are dealing with conflict, feelings of betrayal, intimacy issues or disconnection. I love helping you find your way back to one another.
(831) 603-0060 View (831) 603-0060
Photo of Brianne Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Brianne Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
I am a holistic therapist here to help you heal your mind, body and spirit. You deserve to feel whole and to experience deep meaning and purpose in your life. I provide a peaceful space and create an authentic relationship with you to support your personal journey in therapy. I meet with teens and adults struggling with a wide variety of issues including addiction, anxiety, depression, grief, relationship conflicts and work/school stress.
I am a holistic therapist here to help you heal your mind, body and spirit. You deserve to feel whole and to experience deep meaning and purpose in your life. I provide a peaceful space and create an authentic relationship with you to support your personal journey in therapy. I meet with teens and adults struggling with a wide variety of issues including addiction, anxiety, depression, grief, relationship conflicts and work/school stress.
(831) 273-7596 View (831) 273-7596
Photo of Dr. Jorina Elbers (Holistic Integrative Neurologist) in Santa Cruz, CA
Dr. Jorina Elbers (Holistic Integrative Neurologist)
MD
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Many of the common symptoms people experience are actually related to chronic stress or trauma. This is not recognized by most physicians, so patients are often prescribed multiple medications and referred to many subspecialists, without any real relief of their symptoms. I help patients identify if their symptoms are actually related to stress or trauma, and use brain-based and somatic-based therapies to treat headaches, chronic pain, digestive problems, sleep problems, dizziness, fainting, anxiety, panic attacks or unexplained neurological symptoms (visual changes, non-epileptic events or conversion disorder).
Many of the common symptoms people experience are actually related to chronic stress or trauma. This is not recognized by most physicians, so patients are often prescribed multiple medications and referred to many subspecialists, without any real relief of their symptoms. I help patients identify if their symptoms are actually related to stress or trauma, and use brain-based and somatic-based therapies to treat headaches, chronic pain, digestive problems, sleep problems, dizziness, fainting, anxiety, panic attacks or unexplained neurological symptoms (visual changes, non-epileptic events or conversion disorder).
(831) 432-7906 View (831) 432-7906
Photo of Dominique Oster, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Dominique Oster
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
Therapy isn’t just for those in crisis, and things do not have to be bad to get better. As a sex & relationship therapist, I know that we all contain multitudes! You are allowed to be grateful for your life AND want more! More Connection. Pleasure. Joy. Your desires are valid and undeserving of shame or judgment. I believe that our bodies have wisdom beyond what our minds may acknowledge, and unlocking the ways our deepest selves have learned to store/apply our legacies of trauma, indoctrination, and shame can open the gates to experiencing pleasure and wholeness in the present. I am unreservedly kink, queer, SW & BIPOC affirming.
Therapy isn’t just for those in crisis, and things do not have to be bad to get better. As a sex & relationship therapist, I know that we all contain multitudes! You are allowed to be grateful for your life AND want more! More Connection. Pleasure. Joy. Your desires are valid and undeserving of shame or judgment. I believe that our bodies have wisdom beyond what our minds may acknowledge, and unlocking the ways our deepest selves have learned to store/apply our legacies of trauma, indoctrination, and shame can open the gates to experiencing pleasure and wholeness in the present. I am unreservedly kink, queer, SW & BIPOC affirming.
(831) 298-8593 View (831) 298-8593
Photo of Kelly Jo Sumner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Kelly Jo Sumner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
We all possess the innate potential for healing and transformation. Therapy offers a unique opportunity to address personal, relational, or mental health concerns and provides valuable support in your journey towards greater wellbeing. I support individuals, couples, and families in cultivating personal insight and growth, and strengthening their relationships. I believe that genuineness, empathy, and collaboration are cornerstones of successful therapy and provide a welcoming and inclusive space where you feel comfortable bringing your whole self.
We all possess the innate potential for healing and transformation. Therapy offers a unique opportunity to address personal, relational, or mental health concerns and provides valuable support in your journey towards greater wellbeing. I support individuals, couples, and families in cultivating personal insight and growth, and strengthening their relationships. I believe that genuineness, empathy, and collaboration are cornerstones of successful therapy and provide a welcoming and inclusive space where you feel comfortable bringing your whole self.
(831) 851-2640 View (831) 851-2640
Photo of Elio Scudieri, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Santa Cruz, CA
Elio Scudieri
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
Sometimes hurts get stacked on each other & we assemble a life that protects against the pain, so it doesn’t ever hurt like that again. But in that process of armoring ourselves, we build a structure that also limits our capacity to enjoy life. We each have a much more unconstrained life that wants us to live it. By knowing ourselves through discovery, we work to be accountable to our own position & condition in life, forgive ourselves & others, & create a life that rewards us for this beautiful & courageous effort. Sessions will likely include mindfulness, humor, creativity, compassion, empathy, accountability, & problem-solving.
Sometimes hurts get stacked on each other & we assemble a life that protects against the pain, so it doesn’t ever hurt like that again. But in that process of armoring ourselves, we build a structure that also limits our capacity to enjoy life. We each have a much more unconstrained life that wants us to live it. By knowing ourselves through discovery, we work to be accountable to our own position & condition in life, forgive ourselves & others, & create a life that rewards us for this beautiful & courageous effort. Sessions will likely include mindfulness, humor, creativity, compassion, empathy, accountability, & problem-solving.
(831) 298-8723 View (831) 298-8723
Photo of Harper Cheaney, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Harper Cheaney
Marriage & Family Therapist, MAEd, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95060  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My primary goal is to create a safe, open, judgment free environment. It is my belief that people at every age are the experts of their experiences and have the answers they seek already within themselves. I work with you to uncover your unique truth, while helping you gain tools to more wholly experience your daily life.
My primary goal is to create a safe, open, judgment free environment. It is my belief that people at every age are the experts of their experiences and have the answers they seek already within themselves. I work with you to uncover your unique truth, while helping you gain tools to more wholly experience your daily life.
(831) 346-1106 View (831) 346-1106
Photo of Leilani Jefferies, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Leilani Jefferies
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
We are taught to constantly go, but sometimes we need to stop, look inside, and find what's keeping us from moving forward. I offer a safe container to do this. You have the knowledge within to choose the right path. It's my job to walk with you, lighting the way. Containment and clarity: this is what I can offer to you as my client. I offer therapy in English/Spanish to individuals, couples, and families. I have advanced training in EMDR, Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Solution Focused Therapy. I also offer parenting support.
We are taught to constantly go, but sometimes we need to stop, look inside, and find what's keeping us from moving forward. I offer a safe container to do this. You have the knowledge within to choose the right path. It's my job to walk with you, lighting the way. Containment and clarity: this is what I can offer to you as my client. I offer therapy in English/Spanish to individuals, couples, and families. I have advanced training in EMDR, Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Solution Focused Therapy. I also offer parenting support.
(831) 900-4834 View (831) 900-4834
Photo of Vanessa James, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Santa Cruz, CA
Vanessa James
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Greetings. I provide a safe space for the allowance of your emotions to be compassionately witnessed. My focus is in helping individuals, families & couples move from the murky place of uncertainty into a deeper state of self-knowing, wholeness and empowerment. Through holistic therapy practices I help clients move from the sympathetic nervous system of fight or flight into the calmer parasympathetic state where you are able to access your own inner wisdom to guide you into clarity and healing. I blend mindful, somatic body oriented therapy, Internal Family Systems & Gestalt therapy with a playful, humanistic approach.
Greetings. I provide a safe space for the allowance of your emotions to be compassionately witnessed. My focus is in helping individuals, families & couples move from the murky place of uncertainty into a deeper state of self-knowing, wholeness and empowerment. Through holistic therapy practices I help clients move from the sympathetic nervous system of fight or flight into the calmer parasympathetic state where you are able to access your own inner wisdom to guide you into clarity and healing. I blend mindful, somatic body oriented therapy, Internal Family Systems & Gestalt therapy with a playful, humanistic approach.
(831) 508-3896 View (831) 508-3896
Photo of Kaleo Kalani Kaluhiwa, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Kaleo Kalani Kaluhiwa
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Are you in emotional pain, numbed out, or in conflict and want to change that? We all learn patterns of relating to ourselves, others, and the world that may no longer work. This can show up as relationship difficulties, depression, anxiety, grief, emptiness, confusion, or a lack of direction and meaning. I help folks experience more ease, joy, connection and the ability to live the life of their dreams. I am a relational therapist, curious and compassionate. I facilitate exploration, healing and growth, as we uncover your powerful, authentic self from which you are able to live your best life and contribute your unique gifts.
Are you in emotional pain, numbed out, or in conflict and want to change that? We all learn patterns of relating to ourselves, others, and the world that may no longer work. This can show up as relationship difficulties, depression, anxiety, grief, emptiness, confusion, or a lack of direction and meaning. I help folks experience more ease, joy, connection and the ability to live the life of their dreams. I am a relational therapist, curious and compassionate. I facilitate exploration, healing and growth, as we uncover your powerful, authentic self from which you are able to live your best life and contribute your unique gifts.
(831) 612-1969 View (831) 612-1969
Photo of Anthony Ross, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Santa Cruz, CA
Anthony Ross
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
Waitlist for new clients
As a good friend of mine often says, “it’s hard to be human.” We are given all kinds of messages that life “should” be certain ways and that we “should” be happy 100% of the time. I think this causes us much more suffering than necessary. We wouldn’t be who we are today without the challenges we have faced. How do we make the best of these challenges, grow, and move forward with more strength, resiliency, and joy? Welcome, my background began in health education and morphed into community mental health for many years, predominantly working with queer and trans youth, their families, and communities.
As a good friend of mine often says, “it’s hard to be human.” We are given all kinds of messages that life “should” be certain ways and that we “should” be happy 100% of the time. I think this causes us much more suffering than necessary. We wouldn’t be who we are today without the challenges we have faced. How do we make the best of these challenges, grow, and move forward with more strength, resiliency, and joy? Welcome, my background began in health education and morphed into community mental health for many years, predominantly working with queer and trans youth, their families, and communities.
(831) 226-8531 View (831) 226-8531
Photo of Amara Santos, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Santa Cruz, CA
Amara Santos
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
We are relational beings; it is in relation to others that we experience our wounding and our healing. The quality of our relationships across the lifespan shapes our experiences and influence our story, beginning with our family of origin, followed by friends and partners, along with cultural and societal constructs. How we make sense of our experiences impacts the way we move through the world, our perception of self and other, how we feel in our body, and how we become activated.
We are relational beings; it is in relation to others that we experience our wounding and our healing. The quality of our relationships across the lifespan shapes our experiences and influence our story, beginning with our family of origin, followed by friends and partners, along with cultural and societal constructs. How we make sense of our experiences impacts the way we move through the world, our perception of self and other, how we feel in our body, and how we become activated.
(831) 480-5539 View (831) 480-5539
Photo of Katie Jacobson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Santa Cruz, CA
Katie Jacobson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
It takes courage to make it here, and I’m so glad you did.

We all hit points in life where we feel stuck or uncertain of how to cope and move forward. As humans, stress and pain is inevitable, but you don’t have to work through it alone. I'm here to help you navigate your challenges and experience greater ease, satisfaction, and intimacy with life. My work is focused on supporting you to connect with your inner wisdom, shift how you relate with yourself, and remember your unique gifts. With a holistic approach, honoring mind, body, spirit, I believe that you are whole, resilient, and capable of growing and healing.
It takes courage to make it here, and I’m so glad you did.

We all hit points in life where we feel stuck or uncertain of how to cope and move forward. As humans, stress and pain is inevitable, but you don’t have to work through it alone. I'm here to help you navigate your challenges and experience greater ease, satisfaction, and intimacy with life. My work is focused on supporting you to connect with your inner wisdom, shift how you relate with yourself, and remember your unique gifts. With a holistic approach, honoring mind, body, spirit, I believe that you are whole, resilient, and capable of growing and healing.
(831) 318-8009 View (831) 318-8009
Photo of Darrin Gene Scott, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Santa Cruz, CA
Darrin Gene Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
Life can be overwhelming. It can feel like you’re slowly sinking into an ocean of worries and despair. You just want to catch your breath. It can keep you awake at night, or make you not want to get out of bed. I’m here to provide a safe and supportive therapeutic relationship so you can find relief from your struggles.
Life can be overwhelming. It can feel like you’re slowly sinking into an ocean of worries and despair. You just want to catch your breath. It can keep you awake at night, or make you not want to get out of bed. I’m here to provide a safe and supportive therapeutic relationship so you can find relief from your struggles.
(831) 208-3432 View (831) 208-3432
Christine Mulholland
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
I have worked as a marriage and family therapist in California since 2012. I help with dual diagnosis treatment, grief and loss, infertility issues, life adjustments, and perinatal and postpartum mood and anxiety disorders. I am a certified eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapist and perinatal mental health professional.
I have worked as a marriage and family therapist in California since 2012. I help with dual diagnosis treatment, grief and loss, infertility issues, life adjustments, and perinatal and postpartum mood and anxiety disorders. I am a certified eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapist and perinatal mental health professional.
(831) 432-7002 View (831) 432-7002

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Santa Cruz, CA

600+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in Santa Cruz, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
69% Grief

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

45% Aetna
43% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
41% MHN | Health Net

How Therapists in Santa Cruz, CA see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
17% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Santa Cruz?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.