Therapists in San Rafael, CA

Photo of Kim Leicester, Psychologist in San Rafael, CA
Kim Leicester
Psychologist, PhD
Not Verified Not Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
I provide therapy to teens, adults, and couples who struggle with depression, anxiety, relationships, women's health, substance use, eating disorders, and circumstantial stress to name a few of the difficulties that come our way. Progress often depends on the nature of the problems, your level of motivation, and your relationships. Life often presents challenges to us that make it difficult to cope and live the life we truly want. Whether these challenges feel mild and variable or feel monumental and interfere with how you want to relate to yourself and others, therapy can be an opportunity for meaningful change.
I provide therapy to teens, adults, and couples who struggle with depression, anxiety, relationships, women's health, substance use, eating disorders, and circumstantial stress to name a few of the difficulties that come our way. Progress often depends on the nature of the problems, your level of motivation, and your relationships. Life often presents challenges to us that make it difficult to cope and live the life we truly want. Whether these challenges feel mild and variable or feel monumental and interfere with how you want to relate to yourself and others, therapy can be an opportunity for meaningful change.
(510) 592-5323 View (510) 592-5323
Photo of Erin McQueen, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Rafael, CA
Erin McQueen
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901  (Online Only)
In the face of life's challenges, it is natural to feel isolated and overwhelmed. In such moments, the act of seeking support, while especially daunting, is profoundly courageous. I believe in your inherent capacity to choose, and thereby choose courageously a life aligned with your innermost needs and desires. With a collaborative style that is both warm and direct, I strive to provide a safe environment for you to explore the depths of your experience, identify unconscious patterns of thinking, feeling, and relating that may run counter to your goals, and empower your own inner knowing.
In the face of life's challenges, it is natural to feel isolated and overwhelmed. In such moments, the act of seeking support, while especially daunting, is profoundly courageous. I believe in your inherent capacity to choose, and thereby choose courageously a life aligned with your innermost needs and desires. With a collaborative style that is both warm and direct, I strive to provide a safe environment for you to explore the depths of your experience, identify unconscious patterns of thinking, feeling, and relating that may run counter to your goals, and empower your own inner knowing.
(341) 888-6557 View (341) 888-6557
Photo of Stephanie Daigre, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Stephanie Daigre
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
Therapy is a collaborative relationship, as individual as the people in the room. Often the work involves slowing down and creating a secure space for being open, curious and able to revisit and make sense of thoughts, memories and feelings that give rise to present difficulties. I'm especially attentive to your higher powers of perception and positive self determination. Together we resolve present-day problems with roots in the past, changing patterns that produce familiar and unwanted results so you are freer to choose the life you want.
Therapy is a collaborative relationship, as individual as the people in the room. Often the work involves slowing down and creating a secure space for being open, curious and able to revisit and make sense of thoughts, memories and feelings that give rise to present difficulties. I'm especially attentive to your higher powers of perception and positive self determination. Together we resolve present-day problems with roots in the past, changing patterns that produce familiar and unwanted results so you are freer to choose the life you want.
(415) 969-2137 View (415) 969-2137
Photo of Amanda Stason Jellin, Counselor in San Rafael, CA
Amanda Stason Jellin
Counselor, MA, PhD, LMHC
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
This may come as a surprise, but if you are looking for traditional talk therapy, I lovingly suggest you contact someone else. Many of my clients have been in therapy for years without experiencing the clarity, healing and deep fulfillment they long for. In my work with clients, I integrate body-centered psychotherapy, meditation, spirituality, breathwork, as well as emotional and cognitive skills training to support my clients to get to the root of their dis-ease and support them in finding their true path forward. Please reach out for a no-cost phone consult. I look forward to connecting with you. www.amandastason.com
This may come as a surprise, but if you are looking for traditional talk therapy, I lovingly suggest you contact someone else. Many of my clients have been in therapy for years without experiencing the clarity, healing and deep fulfillment they long for. In my work with clients, I integrate body-centered psychotherapy, meditation, spirituality, breathwork, as well as emotional and cognitive skills training to support my clients to get to the root of their dis-ease and support them in finding their true path forward. Please reach out for a no-cost phone consult. I look forward to connecting with you. www.amandastason.com
(415) 949-6750 View (415) 949-6750
Photo of Darrin Oliver, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Darrin Oliver
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
My name is Darrin Oliver and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Los Angeles, CA, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work primarily with adult individuals specializing in anxiety, stress, grief/bereavement, and adjustment disorders using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help my clients make progress toward feeling better and more capable. I've found that my style and approach are a good fit for people of color who may be dealing with challenges of life transitions, coping with stress, adjusting to change, or who may have difficulty with processing trauma (lived or vicarious).
My name is Darrin Oliver and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Los Angeles, CA, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work primarily with adult individuals specializing in anxiety, stress, grief/bereavement, and adjustment disorders using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help my clients make progress toward feeling better and more capable. I've found that my style and approach are a good fit for people of color who may be dealing with challenges of life transitions, coping with stress, adjusting to change, or who may have difficulty with processing trauma (lived or vicarious).
(415) 650-0934 View (415) 650-0934
Photo of Dr. Emily Zhang, Psychologist in San Rafael, CA
Dr. Emily Zhang
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Dr. Emily Zhang! I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the treatments of adults (18+) who are struggling with depression, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, personality disorders, and in some cases, trauma recovery and grief and loss. My practice focuses on helping my clients understand their symptoms and the problems that impact their mood, so that they can overcome issues related to their depression and anxiety. I am fluent in English and Cantonese. I am not only bilingual, but bicultural as well and has had good success establishing rapport with diverse populations.
Hello, my name is Dr. Emily Zhang! I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the treatments of adults (18+) who are struggling with depression, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, personality disorders, and in some cases, trauma recovery and grief and loss. My practice focuses on helping my clients understand their symptoms and the problems that impact their mood, so that they can overcome issues related to their depression and anxiety. I am fluent in English and Cantonese. I am not only bilingual, but bicultural as well and has had good success establishing rapport with diverse populations.
(415) 741-2685 View (415) 741-2685
Photo of Kerry Graser, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Kerry Graser
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist with 15 years of experience working with adolescents and adults in a variety of settings, including private practice, non-profit and school-based counseling. I work with individuals, both long and short-term on issues of anxiety, depression, overcoming pain from the past, and a general feeling of being "stuck."
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist with 15 years of experience working with adolescents and adults in a variety of settings, including private practice, non-profit and school-based counseling. I work with individuals, both long and short-term on issues of anxiety, depression, overcoming pain from the past, and a general feeling of being "stuck."
(415) 909-5760 View (415) 909-5760
Photo of Margaret S Perlstein, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Margaret S Perlstein
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
If you are ready for a change in your life, I'm ready to help you. Whether this means focusing on work, marital, or parenting issues, depression, grief, or anxiety we can work together to navigate the difficult transitions in your life. I will provide a safe environment and a compassionate, non-judgmental point of view so that we can examine the relationships and situations in your life that keep you stuck or in pain. Together we will work toward changes that make you feel happier and more genuinely yourself.
If you are ready for a change in your life, I'm ready to help you. Whether this means focusing on work, marital, or parenting issues, depression, grief, or anxiety we can work together to navigate the difficult transitions in your life. I will provide a safe environment and a compassionate, non-judgmental point of view so that we can examine the relationships and situations in your life that keep you stuck or in pain. Together we will work toward changes that make you feel happier and more genuinely yourself.
(415) 936-7612 View (415) 936-7612
Photo of Rachel L Barr, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Rachel L Barr
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
*COUPLES COUNSELING* Are you and your partner in a stuck place? Are you having difficulty navigating around the same conversation or disagreement? Are you working toward recovery from an infidelity? I work with couples and individuals in Modern Love, a place that asks a lot of relationship. I'm an active and collaborative therapist who works to move clients past the comforts of what is known and into the possibilities of the unknown. I work with couples across the fluid spectrum, and in monogamist and consensual non-monogamy relationships.
*COUPLES COUNSELING* Are you and your partner in a stuck place? Are you having difficulty navigating around the same conversation or disagreement? Are you working toward recovery from an infidelity? I work with couples and individuals in Modern Love, a place that asks a lot of relationship. I'm an active and collaborative therapist who works to move clients past the comforts of what is known and into the possibilities of the unknown. I work with couples across the fluid spectrum, and in monogamist and consensual non-monogamy relationships.
(323) 393-3678 View (323) 393-3678
Photo of David J Kest, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
David J Kest
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
Waitlist for new clients
I offer an "Integrated Approach to Psychotherapy" for adults, couples and families. We may first seek to reduce negative symptoms and increase stability in our life, but eventually I support and challenge my clients to graduate from "surviving to truly "thriving" in all major aspects of their life. Relationships have shaped and influenced who we are and many clients appreciate help with essential relationship skills. I am one of the few therapists in Marin and SF actually certified as an Imago Relationship Therapist and have had the honor to assist the cofounders many times with their weekend workshops. on the West Coast.
I offer an "Integrated Approach to Psychotherapy" for adults, couples and families. We may first seek to reduce negative symptoms and increase stability in our life, but eventually I support and challenge my clients to graduate from "surviving to truly "thriving" in all major aspects of their life. Relationships have shaped and influenced who we are and many clients appreciate help with essential relationship skills. I am one of the few therapists in Marin and SF actually certified as an Imago Relationship Therapist and have had the honor to assist the cofounders many times with their weekend workshops. on the West Coast.
(650) 924-9677 View (650) 924-9677
Photo of Nicholas Coleman Plastiras, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Nicholas Coleman Plastiras
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
Navigating life can be difficult. Perhaps you find yourself stuck in problematic relational patterns, struggling to find a different way. Maybe you criticize and put limitations on yourself. Perhaps you have endless empathy for everyone but yourself. Maybe you’ve turned to alcohol or substances to avoid the pain. Maybe you don’t feel much of anything at all. Perhaps you are simply in a rut and you don’t know how to get yourself out of it. The good news is, by simply looking for help you are on your way to regaining confidence, agency, and a fuller, more authentic sense of self. A self that CAN navigate the difficulties of life.
Navigating life can be difficult. Perhaps you find yourself stuck in problematic relational patterns, struggling to find a different way. Maybe you criticize and put limitations on yourself. Perhaps you have endless empathy for everyone but yourself. Maybe you’ve turned to alcohol or substances to avoid the pain. Maybe you don’t feel much of anything at all. Perhaps you are simply in a rut and you don’t know how to get yourself out of it. The good news is, by simply looking for help you are on your way to regaining confidence, agency, and a fuller, more authentic sense of self. A self that CAN navigate the difficulties of life.
(415) 634-3407 View (415) 634-3407
Photo of Casey Binstadt, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Casey Binstadt
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
Therapy helps re-establish your sense of peace through processing your past, reframing difficult experiences, working on effective communication skills, creating healthy boundaries & renewing personal goals. When you are looking for a path forward through major life transitions, you will discover it within you. If you'd like help finding that path, please reach out.
Therapy helps re-establish your sense of peace through processing your past, reframing difficult experiences, working on effective communication skills, creating healthy boundaries & renewing personal goals. When you are looking for a path forward through major life transitions, you will discover it within you. If you'd like help finding that path, please reach out.
(415) 965-7572 View (415) 965-7572
Photo of Kay Xiong, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Kay Xiong
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
With over 10 years of clinical experience, my warm, gentle, and compassionate personality mixed with a "let's call it what it is" twist in sessions has helped me to work effectively with a wide range of adults experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/loss, life transition, to relationship and communication problems. My role as a therapist is that of a listener, a collaborative problem solver, and a teacher/coach to help you better understand yourself and learn skills to regulate your emotions and behaviors.
With over 10 years of clinical experience, my warm, gentle, and compassionate personality mixed with a "let's call it what it is" twist in sessions has helped me to work effectively with a wide range of adults experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/loss, life transition, to relationship and communication problems. My role as a therapist is that of a listener, a collaborative problem solver, and a teacher/coach to help you better understand yourself and learn skills to regulate your emotions and behaviors.
(415) 275-6083 View (415) 275-6083
Photo of Rita Groszmann, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Rita Groszmann
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Not Verified Not Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
What I bring to my work in over 25 years of working with people is clarity, competence, personal warmth and an ability to draw from a wide range of effective approaches. I have had particular success with couples, teenage girls and individuals in recovery. My approach is both personable and effective.
What I bring to my work in over 25 years of working with people is clarity, competence, personal warmth and an ability to draw from a wide range of effective approaches. I have had particular success with couples, teenage girls and individuals in recovery. My approach is both personable and effective.
(415) 894-0982 View (415) 894-0982
Photo of Barbara Rose MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Barbara Rose MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
Engaging in psychotherapy is an ideal way to work on understanding yourself and others and increasing satisfaction with life. If you are feeling overwhelmed, if every day you are weighed down with conflict or heavy emotions, talking to a professional, and someone outside your family, friends and loved ones, can help in gaining perspective and getting the bigger picture.
Engaging in psychotherapy is an ideal way to work on understanding yourself and others and increasing satisfaction with life. If you are feeling overwhelmed, if every day you are weighed down with conflict or heavy emotions, talking to a professional, and someone outside your family, friends and loved ones, can help in gaining perspective and getting the bigger picture.
(415) 853-5859 View (415) 853-5859
Photo of Natalie Ducastelle, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Rafael, CA
Natalie Ducastelle
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, CPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901  (Online Only)
There are many reasons that people seek out the support of a therapist. Maybe you feel overwhelmed, alone, anxious, or disconnected from life, those around you, and yourself. You may be struggling with a particular issue, or find yourself in a chapter of life that has you longing for more. Perhaps you're at a point where life feels ok, and yet, there’s a sense that more connection, growth, expression and fulfillment may be possible for you. Whatever it is that has brought you here, welcome. I'm so glad you're here.
There are many reasons that people seek out the support of a therapist. Maybe you feel overwhelmed, alone, anxious, or disconnected from life, those around you, and yourself. You may be struggling with a particular issue, or find yourself in a chapter of life that has you longing for more. Perhaps you're at a point where life feels ok, and yet, there’s a sense that more connection, growth, expression and fulfillment may be possible for you. Whatever it is that has brought you here, welcome. I'm so glad you're here.
(415) 702-2167 View (415) 702-2167
Photo of Ali Vogt, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Ali Vogt
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
I specialize in working with adults who experiencing grief or confusion and in transition. I have helped clients in the following situations: Facing a cancer or terminal illness diagnosis; Pre and postpartum stress, depression and anxiety; Grief over the loss of a relationship or loved one; Sort through a new mental health diagnosis and corresponding psychotropic medications; Leaving a career and pivoting into a new professional path; Grieving infertility; Finding a life path.
I specialize in working with adults who experiencing grief or confusion and in transition. I have helped clients in the following situations: Facing a cancer or terminal illness diagnosis; Pre and postpartum stress, depression and anxiety; Grief over the loss of a relationship or loved one; Sort through a new mental health diagnosis and corresponding psychotropic medications; Leaving a career and pivoting into a new professional path; Grieving infertility; Finding a life path.
(415) 818-8631 View (415) 818-8631
Photo of Julie Auslander, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Julie Auslander
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
I believe in creating a safe nonjudgemental environment to give the support and tools you need to grow into your potential. I have a great deal of experience in attachment issues, as well as anxiety and depression. My goal is to help you be in alignment with your authentic self. I offer individual therapy to process any obstacles that may be getting in the way of your ability to fully enjoy life. I also have extensive experience helping clients process all types of trauma.
I believe in creating a safe nonjudgemental environment to give the support and tools you need to grow into your potential. I have a great deal of experience in attachment issues, as well as anxiety and depression. My goal is to help you be in alignment with your authentic self. I offer individual therapy to process any obstacles that may be getting in the way of your ability to fully enjoy life. I also have extensive experience helping clients process all types of trauma.
(415) 598-1269 View (415) 598-1269
Photo of Family Matters Of Marin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Family Matters Of Marin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT, PPS
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
Family Matters Of Marin is a trauma informed group practice focused on supporting children and families. We help clients create more joy, love, and harmony in their lives. We are deeply interested in learning how our clients would like to change and grow, and supporting them in this process. We work collaboratively with clients to improve their relationships and resolve any trauma from their past that maybe holding them back from living the life they yearn for. We are experienced therapists who use a variety of therapeutic modalities to resolve issues that are hindering our client's ability to be their best selves.
Family Matters Of Marin is a trauma informed group practice focused on supporting children and families. We help clients create more joy, love, and harmony in their lives. We are deeply interested in learning how our clients would like to change and grow, and supporting them in this process. We work collaboratively with clients to improve their relationships and resolve any trauma from their past that maybe holding them back from living the life they yearn for. We are experienced therapists who use a variety of therapeutic modalities to resolve issues that are hindering our client's ability to be their best selves.
(415) 639-9164 View (415) 639-9164
Photo of Erika Olivarez, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Erika Olivarez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
I am the type of therapist that is always curious and open to helping my clients come up with unique solutions to life's setbacks. Life is very challenging and finding the right therapist should be seamless. If you're interested in finding a holistic approach to seek harmony in mind, body and wellness, this is the first step of awareness for the work to begin.
I am the type of therapist that is always curious and open to helping my clients come up with unique solutions to life's setbacks. Life is very challenging and finding the right therapist should be seamless. If you're interested in finding a holistic approach to seek harmony in mind, body and wellness, this is the first step of awareness for the work to begin.
(415) 930-9485 View (415) 930-9485

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Rafael, CA

600+

Average cost per session

$195

Therapists in San Rafael, CA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
66% Grief
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Stress

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

55% Aetna
45% Cigna and Evernorth
44% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in San Rafael, CA see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Rafael?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.