Therapists in Wheaton, IL

Photo of Kyle McCordic, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Kyle McCordic
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wheaton, IL 60187
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about empowering people to express themselves in an open and honest manner. One main theme that drives what I do is the ongoing search for personal meaning and self-worth, something each of us has a natural right to seek out. I specialize in Play Therapy with children ages 3-11, particularly involving emotional regulation, anger management, behavioral issues, anxiety, and depression in children. Finally, I enjoy working with adolescents, teens, and young adults dealing with anxiety, depression, grieving, and other interpersonal issues.
I am passionate about empowering people to express themselves in an open and honest manner. One main theme that drives what I do is the ongoing search for personal meaning and self-worth, something each of us has a natural right to seek out. I specialize in Play Therapy with children ages 3-11, particularly involving emotional regulation, anger management, behavioral issues, anxiety, and depression in children. Finally, I enjoy working with adolescents, teens, and young adults dealing with anxiety, depression, grieving, and other interpersonal issues.
(630) 748-7680 x346 View (630) 748-7680 x346
Photo of Shannon R Gier, Marriage & Family Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Shannon R Gier
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Wheaton, IL 60187
My purpose and passion as a therapist exists in helping my clients face their issues head-on and reassuring them that they're not alone in their fight. I strive to build strong and trusting relationships with my clients because I firmly believe that a collaborative relationship between client and therapist is most effective. It’s important to me to show up for my clients and to be present for them because they have taken that tough first step towards finding healing, and to me, it is an honor to come alongside them on their journey.
My purpose and passion as a therapist exists in helping my clients face their issues head-on and reassuring them that they're not alone in their fight. I strive to build strong and trusting relationships with my clients because I firmly believe that a collaborative relationship between client and therapist is most effective. It’s important to me to show up for my clients and to be present for them because they have taken that tough first step towards finding healing, and to me, it is an honor to come alongside them on their journey.
(312) 728-8298 View (312) 728-8298
Photo of Kathy McNulty, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Kathy McNulty
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
I am a professional therapist (LCSW) dedicated to providing the best service possible to every client. I work well with individuals, and families dealing with a variety of concerns and issues.
I am a professional therapist (LCSW) dedicated to providing the best service possible to every client. I work well with individuals, and families dealing with a variety of concerns and issues.
(708) 274-7077 View (708) 274-7077
Photo of Sarah Daley, Pre-Licensed Professional in Wheaton, IL
Sarah Daley
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wheaton, IL 60187
I’m no stranger to counseling myself and I understand that it can be a difficult process to begin. Human beings have complex experiences and complex emotions. Sometimes, that is a hard thing to explain and explore with a new person. I like to fill my sessions with kindness, compassion, and a lot of humor to make the process a little easier to navigate. You will find that I can be direct at times, but I also love to celebrate the everyday victories you achieve throughout our time together.
I’m no stranger to counseling myself and I understand that it can be a difficult process to begin. Human beings have complex experiences and complex emotions. Sometimes, that is a hard thing to explain and explore with a new person. I like to fill my sessions with kindness, compassion, and a lot of humor to make the process a little easier to navigate. You will find that I can be direct at times, but I also love to celebrate the everyday victories you achieve throughout our time together.
(630) 349-4011 View (630) 349-4011
Photo of Alison Goshgarian, Licensed Professional Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Alison Goshgarian
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
I believe therapy is a space where we explore the pain and the joy of human existence in a deep and meaningful way. My approach tends to be direct but I intentionally leave space for you to feel whatever comes up for you. My therapy room is a space where you and I get to delve into the realness of who you are without shame or judgment. It can be challenging to look at our internal world and acknowledge the reality of our lived experiences, but as someone who has done (and continues to do) that work, I can say this confidently: it is truly life changing to face yourself with courage.
I believe therapy is a space where we explore the pain and the joy of human existence in a deep and meaningful way. My approach tends to be direct but I intentionally leave space for you to feel whatever comes up for you. My therapy room is a space where you and I get to delve into the realness of who you are without shame or judgment. It can be challenging to look at our internal world and acknowledge the reality of our lived experiences, but as someone who has done (and continues to do) that work, I can say this confidently: it is truly life changing to face yourself with courage.
(630) 446-6297 View (630) 446-6297
Photo of Betty A Riley, Psychologist in Wheaton, IL
Betty A Riley
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
When life gets tough and everything is piling up, people wonder where they can turn and with whom they can talk. My patients often comment that they feel comfortable with me and that they find me "easy to talk to." However, people often postpone making an appointment with a therapist for various reasons. But most problems can get better faster when you are working with a competent professional. So why not make that call today to set up an appointment?
When life gets tough and everything is piling up, people wonder where they can turn and with whom they can talk. My patients often comment that they feel comfortable with me and that they find me "easy to talk to." However, people often postpone making an appointment with a therapist for various reasons. But most problems can get better faster when you are working with a competent professional. So why not make that call today to set up an appointment?
(630) 743-6022 View (630) 743-6022
Photo of Brielle Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Wheaton, IL
Brielle Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Wheaton, IL 60187
“I’m good." We hear those two words all the time. We say them to family members, to friends, even to strangers at the store. Maybe you’ve even said those words today, but underneath, you know you really aren’t doing well. Maybe it is swirling thoughts keeping you up at night, or a numbness you can’t seem to shake. Maybe there is a conflict in one of your close relationships that just isn’t getting better, and you don’t know what to do anymore. Or maybe you are carrying the pain of something that turned out very differently than you hoped, and you aren’t sure life can be full again.
“I’m good." We hear those two words all the time. We say them to family members, to friends, even to strangers at the store. Maybe you’ve even said those words today, but underneath, you know you really aren’t doing well. Maybe it is swirling thoughts keeping you up at night, or a numbness you can’t seem to shake. Maybe there is a conflict in one of your close relationships that just isn’t getting better, and you don’t know what to do anymore. Or maybe you are carrying the pain of something that turned out very differently than you hoped, and you aren’t sure life can be full again.
(630) 491-6569 x2 View (630) 491-6569 x2
Photo of Maya Benning-Codina in Wheaton, IL
Maya Benning-Codina
MA, CRC, LCPC, CSAT-C
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
You may have tried a number of different things to help you create change in your life. You may be feeling stuck, hopeless, or find yourself slipping back into old patterns that no longer serve the person you desire to be. You're looking for a deeper insight into what is blocking your progress. You want sustainable life changes. I value and foster a therapeutic relationship that is safe, trusting, empathetic and compassionate. I’m here to help you overcome those obstacles you’re experiencing so that you can find joy, connection, and peace within yourself and with others.
You may have tried a number of different things to help you create change in your life. You may be feeling stuck, hopeless, or find yourself slipping back into old patterns that no longer serve the person you desire to be. You're looking for a deeper insight into what is blocking your progress. You want sustainable life changes. I value and foster a therapeutic relationship that is safe, trusting, empathetic and compassionate. I’m here to help you overcome those obstacles you’re experiencing so that you can find joy, connection, and peace within yourself and with others.
(630) 866-9361 View (630) 866-9361
Photo of Karen Lynn Kee, Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Karen Lynn Kee
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
Many of us have or will experience emotional difficulties at some point in our lives. Sometimes it is not easy to overcome these roadblocks and we end up stuck in our emotional development. There are times in our lives when we need help to work through something, to regain our focus or to feel connected. I work with individuals, couples and families struggling with anxiety, trauma, grief & loss, and depression. I believe healing is possible.
Many of us have or will experience emotional difficulties at some point in our lives. Sometimes it is not easy to overcome these roadblocks and we end up stuck in our emotional development. There are times in our lives when we need help to work through something, to regain our focus or to feel connected. I work with individuals, couples and families struggling with anxiety, trauma, grief & loss, and depression. I believe healing is possible.
(630) 672-0625 View (630) 672-0625
Photo of Kyla Donovan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Kyla Donovan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60189
Kyla Donovan believes in taking a holistic mind/body/spirit approach when it comes to treating mental health and focuses on creating greater harmony between these aspects of an individual's life. Each client is unique and special, and there is no "one size fits all" approach to therapy. Kyla takes each individual's life circumstances into consideration and tailors her technique to them so as to provide the best possible care for all of her clients. Kyla always strives to create a safe environment in which to foster trust and build rapport. Kyla listens non-judgmentally and accepts you for who you are.
Kyla Donovan believes in taking a holistic mind/body/spirit approach when it comes to treating mental health and focuses on creating greater harmony between these aspects of an individual's life. Each client is unique and special, and there is no "one size fits all" approach to therapy. Kyla takes each individual's life circumstances into consideration and tailors her technique to them so as to provide the best possible care for all of her clients. Kyla always strives to create a safe environment in which to foster trust and build rapport. Kyla listens non-judgmentally and accepts you for who you are.
(331) 241-6594 View (331) 241-6594
Photo of Ozzie Gil Garcia, Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Ozzie Gil Garcia
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wheaton, IL 60189
I specialize in working with adults and young adults. Areas of interest include working with client's on anxiety, developing values to live by, assessing their thinking through stressful events and situations to better manage in the future, coping skills to help in moments where emotions or thoughts seem to take over. I help client talk out there situations as if we are looking at a hologram of what's been going on in their lives. We look to understand and change. I believe that everyone has the capacity to change, we sometimes need help finding that ability within us. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgeWj2eQlHoBEuUe8Q9ePEQ
I specialize in working with adults and young adults. Areas of interest include working with client's on anxiety, developing values to live by, assessing their thinking through stressful events and situations to better manage in the future, coping skills to help in moments where emotions or thoughts seem to take over. I help client talk out there situations as if we are looking at a hologram of what's been going on in their lives. We look to understand and change. I believe that everyone has the capacity to change, we sometimes need help finding that ability within us. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgeWj2eQlHoBEuUe8Q9ePEQ
(630) 796-6798 x313 View (630) 796-6798 x313
Photo of GreenPath Clinic, Psychologist in Wheaton, IL
GreenPath Clinic
Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Wheaton, IL 60187
We provide excellent psychological and holistic care for patients struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, weight loss, infertility, and other psychological and medical problems. We prioritize medication-free approaches to treat patients' psychological and physical ailments. With collaborative efforts of psychologists, chiropractors, and a naturopathic physician, we get to the root of your mind and body problems naturally. As a multi-disciplinary team of holistically-oriented healthcare providers, we work together to create an effective, comprehensive treatment to provide lasting health optimizing solutions.
We provide excellent psychological and holistic care for patients struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, weight loss, infertility, and other psychological and medical problems. We prioritize medication-free approaches to treat patients' psychological and physical ailments. With collaborative efforts of psychologists, chiropractors, and a naturopathic physician, we get to the root of your mind and body problems naturally. As a multi-disciplinary team of holistically-oriented healthcare providers, we work together to create an effective, comprehensive treatment to provide lasting health optimizing solutions.
(630) 626-0473 View (630) 626-0473
Photo of Michael Galbraith, Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Michael Galbraith
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
I get deep satisfaction from working with couples, using best practices from advanced training in Emotionally Focused Therapy to recreate emotional connection. I also am trained in using EMDR to help individuals experience relief from the burden of traumatic experiences. Another specialty is Discernment Counseling, a discipline in which I am fully certified and which offers couples an opportunity to gain clarity about whether they remain married, continue as they are for the time being, or commit to the challenging work of couples therapy.
I get deep satisfaction from working with couples, using best practices from advanced training in Emotionally Focused Therapy to recreate emotional connection. I also am trained in using EMDR to help individuals experience relief from the burden of traumatic experiences. Another specialty is Discernment Counseling, a discipline in which I am fully certified and which offers couples an opportunity to gain clarity about whether they remain married, continue as they are for the time being, or commit to the challenging work of couples therapy.
(630) 407-1241 View (630) 407-1241
Photo of Breanna Todd, Licensed Professional Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Breanna Todd
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
Hi! My name is Breanna Todd, and I am an experienced trauma therapist and EMDR practitioner, who wholeheartedly believes in therapy being a very human experience. I want to be a partner with you in this healing process, and I am passionate about meeting each and every client exactly where they are. I want clients to feel safe, respected, and authentically cared for in the presence of their therapist. I fully believe that healing is possible when the therapeutic process is tailored to you, and your mind, body, and soul are being honored.
Hi! My name is Breanna Todd, and I am an experienced trauma therapist and EMDR practitioner, who wholeheartedly believes in therapy being a very human experience. I want to be a partner with you in this healing process, and I am passionate about meeting each and every client exactly where they are. I want clients to feel safe, respected, and authentically cared for in the presence of their therapist. I fully believe that healing is possible when the therapeutic process is tailored to you, and your mind, body, and soul are being honored.
(331) 233-1623 View (331) 233-1623
Photo of Angie Young, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Angie Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR, RYT200
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
I believe healing is possible through an invitation to connect with your body, emotions, and thoughts. To build understanding about how your experiences, relationships, and culture have impacted your life. I seek to be a companion in the process of sharing your personal story as you sift through the well of your entire lived experience to discover your authentic voice. Together, we will use body based interventions, emotionally focused work, and brain-based approaches like EMDR to reclaim the chapters of your life where difficult experiences stole your sense of who you are, and nurture growth, healing, and overcome loneliness.
I believe healing is possible through an invitation to connect with your body, emotions, and thoughts. To build understanding about how your experiences, relationships, and culture have impacted your life. I seek to be a companion in the process of sharing your personal story as you sift through the well of your entire lived experience to discover your authentic voice. Together, we will use body based interventions, emotionally focused work, and brain-based approaches like EMDR to reclaim the chapters of your life where difficult experiences stole your sense of who you are, and nurture growth, healing, and overcome loneliness.
(630) 524-4362 View (630) 524-4362
Photo of Shannon Giovingo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Shannon Giovingo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
Are you a person who struggles in your relationships? Are you an exhausted caregiver, people-pleaser, perfectionist, overachiever, or rescuer who is ready to retire your role? Perhaps you’re seeking to reweave your experiences and want to learn how to peacefully realign with an experienced guide by your side. I help sensitive souls learn to break free from reactivity to external circumstances and repair their relationships by creating compassionate insight to their inner worlds.
Are you a person who struggles in your relationships? Are you an exhausted caregiver, people-pleaser, perfectionist, overachiever, or rescuer who is ready to retire your role? Perhaps you’re seeking to reweave your experiences and want to learn how to peacefully realign with an experienced guide by your side. I help sensitive souls learn to break free from reactivity to external circumstances and repair their relationships by creating compassionate insight to their inner worlds.
(630) 349-2954 View (630) 349-2954
Photo of David Seisser, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
David Seisser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
Hey there, my name is David! My aim is to create a comforting and compassionate space for each of my clients as we walk together toward finding balance physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. Therapy often includes exploring your story and where you have been. Unfortunately, this can be really difficult at times and this is really where I come in. My job is to create a space for you to feel empowered to explore your past, learn from it, and create new ways forwards. You don't have to settle for your old normal. I want to empower you to create a new normal.
Hey there, my name is David! My aim is to create a comforting and compassionate space for each of my clients as we walk together toward finding balance physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. Therapy often includes exploring your story and where you have been. Unfortunately, this can be really difficult at times and this is really where I come in. My job is to create a space for you to feel empowered to explore your past, learn from it, and create new ways forwards. You don't have to settle for your old normal. I want to empower you to create a new normal.
(630) 454-1926 View (630) 454-1926
Photo of Mateusz Dzikowski, Psychologist in Wheaton, IL
Mateusz Dzikowski
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187  (Online Only)
I help individuals overcome obstacles and difficulties that keep them from reaching their desired goals and living lives that are marked by peace, meaning, and freedom. I try to do this in a collaborative and respectful manner—in the context of a therapeutic relationship. In this relationship, I seek to explore, process, and resolve challenging and often painful life experiences that have contributed to the development of unhelpful psychological dynamics (e.g., thinking patterns, emotional responses, and interpersonal habits) that cause distress and that negatively impact various parts daily life.
I help individuals overcome obstacles and difficulties that keep them from reaching their desired goals and living lives that are marked by peace, meaning, and freedom. I try to do this in a collaborative and respectful manner—in the context of a therapeutic relationship. In this relationship, I seek to explore, process, and resolve challenging and often painful life experiences that have contributed to the development of unhelpful psychological dynamics (e.g., thinking patterns, emotional responses, and interpersonal habits) that cause distress and that negatively impact various parts daily life.
(630) 653-1717 View (630) 653-1717
Photo of Lauren Bose, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Lauren Bose
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, L, C, S, W
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
My name is Lauren Bose and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a Master’s degree from Aurora University. I like to assist others in overcoming obstacles to achieve their goals. Many times stress, anxiety and depression can make us feel like we can’t. I like to help others realize that they can!
My name is Lauren Bose and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a Master’s degree from Aurora University. I like to assist others in overcoming obstacles to achieve their goals. Many times stress, anxiety and depression can make us feel like we can’t. I like to help others realize that they can!
(630) 634-9844 View (630) 634-9844
Photo of Shannon Dudzienski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Shannon Dudzienski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60189
Shannon Dudzienski is a Licensed Social Worker in Illinois with 4 years of experience. She received her Associate of Arts from then College of DuPage, and then transferred to Northern Illinois University to obtain her Bachelor in Psychology, followed by her Master in Social Work. Shannon believes in a strength-based and client-centered approach. She provides support, validation, a welcoming environment, and meets clients where they are at. Her treatment philosophy includes using interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, art therapy, and play therapy.
Shannon Dudzienski is a Licensed Social Worker in Illinois with 4 years of experience. She received her Associate of Arts from then College of DuPage, and then transferred to Northern Illinois University to obtain her Bachelor in Psychology, followed by her Master in Social Work. Shannon believes in a strength-based and client-centered approach. She provides support, validation, a welcoming environment, and meets clients where they are at. Her treatment philosophy includes using interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, art therapy, and play therapy.
(331) 259-8743 View (331) 259-8743

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Wheaton, IL

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Wheaton, IL who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Grief
69% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

96% BlueCross and BlueShield
61% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Wheaton, IL see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Wheaton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.