Therapists in Shepherdstown, WV

Photo of Sue Ann DeVall, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Shepherdstown, WV
Sue Ann DeVall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
My goal as a therapist is to help clients who are having difficulty in our fast-paced environment dealing with life’s stressors related to marriages/partnerships, families, friendships, social isolation, employment and finances. I provide a safe place where clients know they can share in a confidential environment without judgment. All of us have negative thoughts. Realizing that we are more than our thoughts, though, can be truly liberating and allow a person to live a full and meaningful life, even when faced with struggles that may seem impossible to overcome.
My goal as a therapist is to help clients who are having difficulty in our fast-paced environment dealing with life’s stressors related to marriages/partnerships, families, friendships, social isolation, employment and finances. I provide a safe place where clients know they can share in a confidential environment without judgment. All of us have negative thoughts. Realizing that we are more than our thoughts, though, can be truly liberating and allow a person to live a full and meaningful life, even when faced with struggles that may seem impossible to overcome.
(304) 876-3500 View (304) 876-3500
Photo of Access 304, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Shepherdstown, WV
Access 304
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Access 304 is a nonprofit whose mission is to promote and provide accessible mental health care in West Virginia. Not settling for the status quo, Access 304 aims to improve the quality of life of clients by reducing barriers to care. We do this by minimizing waitlists, decreasing interference from insurance agencies, and providing you with telehealth or in-person sessions so you can begin your journey to feeling better.
Access 304 is a nonprofit whose mission is to promote and provide accessible mental health care in West Virginia. Not settling for the status quo, Access 304 aims to improve the quality of life of clients by reducing barriers to care. We do this by minimizing waitlists, decreasing interference from insurance agencies, and providing you with telehealth or in-person sessions so you can begin your journey to feeling better.
(304) 407-7573 View (304) 407-7573
Photo of New Horizons Counseling Services, Psychologist in Shepherdstown, WV
New Horizons Counseling Services
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Dr. Rachel Spurrier is a licensed clinical psychologist administering comprehensive psychological evaluations to clarify client diagnosis as well as to provide recommendations for treatment. Dr. Spurrier has administered testing to clients with concerns related to depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, adjustment disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), learning disabilities, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Her goal with clients is to make them feel comfortable and secure with the evaluative process, and to understand the importance of testing as they progress in their therapeutic treatment.
Dr. Rachel Spurrier is a licensed clinical psychologist administering comprehensive psychological evaluations to clarify client diagnosis as well as to provide recommendations for treatment. Dr. Spurrier has administered testing to clients with concerns related to depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, adjustment disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), learning disabilities, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Her goal with clients is to make them feel comfortable and secure with the evaluative process, and to understand the importance of testing as they progress in their therapeutic treatment.
(304) 244-3816 View (304) 244-3816
Photo of James M Miller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Shepherdstown, WV
James M Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, TEP
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor, Certified Trainer, Educator and Practitioner in Psychodrama and trained and skilled in Cognitive Behavior Therapy. I help clients build their skills in resilience to overcome problems with trauma, addictions, adjustment difficulties and struggles with depression and anxiety.
I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor, Certified Trainer, Educator and Practitioner in Psychodrama and trained and skilled in Cognitive Behavior Therapy. I help clients build their skills in resilience to overcome problems with trauma, addictions, adjustment difficulties and struggles with depression and anxiety.
(304) 876-3500 View (304) 876-3500
Photo of Dr. Ashley Shepard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Shepherdstown, WV
Dr. Ashley Shepard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LICSW, MA
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Waitlist for new clients
My clients are individuals who have experienced a loss, and are often in a transition in their lives. Depression, anxiety, trauma, death, miscarriage, infertility, addiction related-loss, suicide-related loss, divorce, or surprise DNA results are a few of the hurdles my clients are experiencing. My approach to therapy is to help you sort out the goodness and strengths already within you to encourage introspection and confidence. Identifying your values, we will work together to make life more manageable again.
My clients are individuals who have experienced a loss, and are often in a transition in their lives. Depression, anxiety, trauma, death, miscarriage, infertility, addiction related-loss, suicide-related loss, divorce, or surprise DNA results are a few of the hurdles my clients are experiencing. My approach to therapy is to help you sort out the goodness and strengths already within you to encourage introspection and confidence. Identifying your values, we will work together to make life more manageable again.
(304) 449-5495 View (304) 449-5495
Photo of Melissa Crawford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Shepherdstown, WV
Melissa Crawford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
My philosophy of therapy is that it is collaborative, person centered, and strengths-based process that has the ability to transform individual’s lives. Life is about transitions and change, and therapy can provide a safe place to learn skills to cope with these inevitable parts of life. My therapy style is to provide support and a non-judgmental stance to provide a safe place to process life’s difficulties.
My philosophy of therapy is that it is collaborative, person centered, and strengths-based process that has the ability to transform individual’s lives. Life is about transitions and change, and therapy can provide a safe place to learn skills to cope with these inevitable parts of life. My therapy style is to provide support and a non-judgmental stance to provide a safe place to process life’s difficulties.
(304) 924-4402 View (304) 924-4402
Photo of Kathleen L. Morotti, Counselor in Shepherdstown, WV
Kathleen L. Morotti
Counselor, LPC, LCDAC, BC-DMT
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
We offer a variety of techniques to guide you into creating a pathway to healing and a direction that feels increasingly aligned with your own sense of inner core purpose. Over the years of counseling others, I have developed a specialty in working with depression, codependency issues, dual diagnosis & survivors of abuse. Since relocating to the area in 1999, I have been focusing on working with individuals, families, couples and groups. I lead two therapeutic support groups for women. (Please review group tabs for details.) I am also a dance/movement therapist offering a creative alternative on the therapeutic path.
We offer a variety of techniques to guide you into creating a pathway to healing and a direction that feels increasingly aligned with your own sense of inner core purpose. Over the years of counseling others, I have developed a specialty in working with depression, codependency issues, dual diagnosis & survivors of abuse. Since relocating to the area in 1999, I have been focusing on working with individuals, families, couples and groups. I lead two therapeutic support groups for women. (Please review group tabs for details.) I am also a dance/movement therapist offering a creative alternative on the therapeutic path.
(304) 876-3500 View (304) 876-3500
Photo of Becca Johnson, Provisional Licensed Professional Counselor in Shepherdstown, WV
Becca Johnson
Provisional Licensed Professional Counselor, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Waitlist for new clients
I currently have a waitlist. When the pain from prior wounds causes you to feel crushed by low self-esteem or battered by a critical inner voice, it can be hard to find that spark of hope. My clients come to me carrying heavy burdens of depression or trauma and may be exhausted by the constant vigilance of anxiety. I work with people who are striving to find balance when life experiences have done damage in deep or lasting ways. Whether you are struggling with unhealthy relationships, reactive emotional patterns, or defense strategies that are causing more harm than good, I would love to work with you to find healing and growth.
I currently have a waitlist. When the pain from prior wounds causes you to feel crushed by low self-esteem or battered by a critical inner voice, it can be hard to find that spark of hope. My clients come to me carrying heavy burdens of depression or trauma and may be exhausted by the constant vigilance of anxiety. I work with people who are striving to find balance when life experiences have done damage in deep or lasting ways. Whether you are struggling with unhealthy relationships, reactive emotional patterns, or defense strategies that are causing more harm than good, I would love to work with you to find healing and growth.
(304) 337-5537 View (304) 337-5537
Photo of Cindy Learn, Counselor in Shepherdstown, WV
Cindy Learn
Counselor, LCPC, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Do you feel unsettled, out of balance, or like you don't have a voice? Are you at a crossroads in your life and not sure which path to take? In the safety of my office, I help clients find their balance, gain insight, make intentional changes, heal and grow - as individuals and in relationships. I have found that empowering clients with practical strategies to incorporate into their daily living while supporting clients in doing the deeper work of increasing their understanding of themselves and their partners (for clients in couples counseling), ultimately leads to the most meaningful changes.
Do you feel unsettled, out of balance, or like you don't have a voice? Are you at a crossroads in your life and not sure which path to take? In the safety of my office, I help clients find their balance, gain insight, make intentional changes, heal and grow - as individuals and in relationships. I have found that empowering clients with practical strategies to incorporate into their daily living while supporting clients in doing the deeper work of increasing their understanding of themselves and their partners (for clients in couples counseling), ultimately leads to the most meaningful changes.
(304) 337-5508 View (304) 337-5508
Photo of Christal Hanson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Shepherdstown, WV
Christal Hanson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
My therapy practice is grounded in the strong belief that each individual possesses a deep capacity for wisdom, growth and healing. My role as therapist is to provide my clients with a safe, nonjudgmental and highly effective environment where they can navigate life challenges, heal from painful experiences and enjoy tremendous personal growth.
My therapy practice is grounded in the strong belief that each individual possesses a deep capacity for wisdom, growth and healing. My role as therapist is to provide my clients with a safe, nonjudgmental and highly effective environment where they can navigate life challenges, heal from painful experiences and enjoy tremendous personal growth.
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Photo of Jaryn Zampelli, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Shepherdstown, WV
Jaryn Zampelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
I specialize in working with children and teens, while knowing (an encouraging) that in many cases, this also involves working with parents and caregivers. I tend to structure therapy in a relaxed format, and want clients to enter feeling comfortable and leave feeling empowered.
I specialize in working with children and teens, while knowing (an encouraging) that in many cases, this also involves working with parents and caregivers. I tend to structure therapy in a relaxed format, and want clients to enter feeling comfortable and leave feeling empowered.
(304) 876-3500 View (304) 876-3500
Photo of Jack C Childers, Licensed Professional Counselor in Shepherdstown, WV
Jack C Childers
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Searching for a place to look into things that are scary or painful? For my clients, my office is a place of safety, acceptance and understanding. In my office you will be valued and respected. This is how I will treat you, and how I will encourage you to treat yourself. Make no mistake: you will do hard work here. We will look at you and your situation unflinchingly. Change starts with understanding what needs changing, and there is not time to waste. Contact me now: let's look into it together.
Searching for a place to look into things that are scary or painful? For my clients, my office is a place of safety, acceptance and understanding. In my office you will be valued and respected. This is how I will treat you, and how I will encourage you to treat yourself. Make no mistake: you will do hard work here. We will look at you and your situation unflinchingly. Change starts with understanding what needs changing, and there is not time to waste. Contact me now: let's look into it together.
(304) 938-0971 View (304) 938-0971
Photo of Tim Whetzel, Marriage & Family Therapist in Shepherdstown, WV
Tim Whetzel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443  (Online Only)
“Midway along the journey of our life I woke to find myself in a dark wood, for I had wandered off from the straight path." This sentence encapsulates the feelings many clients bring to therapy, the culmination of years of existential angst, an accumulation of guilt, anxiety, loss, among a myriad of other experiences which have inflicted pain and suffering. My experience working with clients in exploring their unique symptoms, be it depression, anxiety, etc., is to not rush headlong into an immediate remedy of the symptoms, rather the exploration of how these symptoms may be trying to inform in new ways of approaching life.
“Midway along the journey of our life I woke to find myself in a dark wood, for I had wandered off from the straight path." This sentence encapsulates the feelings many clients bring to therapy, the culmination of years of existential angst, an accumulation of guilt, anxiety, loss, among a myriad of other experiences which have inflicted pain and suffering. My experience working with clients in exploring their unique symptoms, be it depression, anxiety, etc., is to not rush headlong into an immediate remedy of the symptoms, rather the exploration of how these symptoms may be trying to inform in new ways of approaching life.
(681) 201-3324 View (681) 201-3324
Photo of Sabrina Adams, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Shepherdstown, WV
Sabrina Adams, LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Most people are Inherently "good," try to act this way, and don't know why this does not result in success, happiness. We will work to learn what interferes: Learning, health, life-stages, guilt, genetics, self-sabotage, traumas. You will make changes to free yourself from the past, so that future choices DO result in success, joy, peace. Since toddlers, we seek to be accepted, be useful; aware of this, you can meet your goals. Seeking help is bravely taking a risk, understandably causing many to be anxious at the 1st session. We'll work at YOUR pace. FOR FAST REPLY: swadams200[AT].com.
Most people are Inherently "good," try to act this way, and don't know why this does not result in success, happiness. We will work to learn what interferes: Learning, health, life-stages, guilt, genetics, self-sabotage, traumas. You will make changes to free yourself from the past, so that future choices DO result in success, joy, peace. Since toddlers, we seek to be accepted, be useful; aware of this, you can meet your goals. Seeking help is bravely taking a risk, understandably causing many to be anxious at the 1st session. We'll work at YOUR pace. FOR FAST REPLY: swadams200[AT].com.
(304) 409-8400 View (304) 409-8400
Photo of Jenny Bailey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Shepherdstown, WV
Jenny Bailey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Waitlist for new clients
Serving adults, 18 years and up. I am a Nationally Certified Counselor, graduate of Liberty University, holding a Master’s in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I use an integrative approach to counseling based on the unique needs of each client. Recognizing the strengths and resources one already has as well as the potential for change within the human spirit, I view individuals through a lens of positivity that guides the therapeutic experience. My professional experience includes culturally inclusive work with teens and adults. I also work with couples to improve communication, rebuild trust, and increase emotional connection.
Serving adults, 18 years and up. I am a Nationally Certified Counselor, graduate of Liberty University, holding a Master’s in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I use an integrative approach to counseling based on the unique needs of each client. Recognizing the strengths and resources one already has as well as the potential for change within the human spirit, I view individuals through a lens of positivity that guides the therapeutic experience. My professional experience includes culturally inclusive work with teens and adults. I also work with couples to improve communication, rebuild trust, and increase emotional connection.
(304) 205-1979 View (304) 205-1979
Photo of New Horizons Counseling Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Shepherdstown, WV
New Horizons Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Waitlist for new clients
"Maturity is not the absence of struggle, but struggling well" said author and psychologist Larry Crabb. As a counselor I desire to safely engage with clients' stories-which include both joy and struggle-and work together towards hopeful and lasting change. With over 25 years' experience helping people improve relationships and marriages, confront depression and anxiety, or face emotional and mental health issues, I strive to help clients pursue personal growth and relational integrity as they face life's challenges.
"Maturity is not the absence of struggle, but struggling well" said author and psychologist Larry Crabb. As a counselor I desire to safely engage with clients' stories-which include both joy and struggle-and work together towards hopeful and lasting change. With over 25 years' experience helping people improve relationships and marriages, confront depression and anxiety, or face emotional and mental health issues, I strive to help clients pursue personal growth and relational integrity as they face life's challenges.
(304) 591-1919 View (304) 591-1919
Photo of Christopher Belden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Shepherdstown, WV
Christopher Belden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Welcome! I'm Chris, a Licensed Clinical Therapist. I sincerely believe that we can develop a solution for any reasonable challenge, and that our therapeutic healing process will require acceptance, self-awareness, and motivation for positive change. My hope is that you will allow me the opportunity to see the world from your perspective, and to discover evidence-based solutions in effort to encourage our daily routines to flow a bit more efficiently.
Welcome! I'm Chris, a Licensed Clinical Therapist. I sincerely believe that we can develop a solution for any reasonable challenge, and that our therapeutic healing process will require acceptance, self-awareness, and motivation for positive change. My hope is that you will allow me the opportunity to see the world from your perspective, and to discover evidence-based solutions in effort to encourage our daily routines to flow a bit more efficiently.
(304) 969-7189 View (304) 969-7189
Photo of Ben W Franklin, Psychologist in Shepherdstown, WV
Ben W Franklin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
I believe that it is a privilege to work with people who are in distress. Attentive listening, empathic response, and sound feedback can help individuals of all ages get through difficult life events, often becoming stronger through the process. Lives in transition, despite pain and disruption, can be lives that are transforming to become sounder, more flexible, and less bound by former roadblocks and repetitive missteps. I strive to understand my clients in the context of all that is going on in their lives, not defined by diagnostic category only.
I believe that it is a privilege to work with people who are in distress. Attentive listening, empathic response, and sound feedback can help individuals of all ages get through difficult life events, often becoming stronger through the process. Lives in transition, despite pain and disruption, can be lives that are transforming to become sounder, more flexible, and less bound by former roadblocks and repetitive missteps. I strive to understand my clients in the context of all that is going on in their lives, not defined by diagnostic category only.
(703) 991-0971 View (703) 991-0971
Photo of Sarah Anderson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Shepherdstown, WV
Sarah Anderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
I think therapy assists with uncovering or improving strengths and resources that may have been forgotten due to overwhelming life circumstances. Whether you are an individual, child, couple, or family, I believe each person possesses strengths and resources to solve their problems and improve their quality of life. I provide a safe, supportive environment to explore barriers, trauma, and conflict, as well as to heal and identify resolutions. I look forward to assisting you on your journey towards wellness.
I think therapy assists with uncovering or improving strengths and resources that may have been forgotten due to overwhelming life circumstances. Whether you are an individual, child, couple, or family, I believe each person possesses strengths and resources to solve their problems and improve their quality of life. I provide a safe, supportive environment to explore barriers, trauma, and conflict, as well as to heal and identify resolutions. I look forward to assisting you on your journey towards wellness.
(304) 931-2145 View (304) 931-2145
Photo of Meghan Murphy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Shepherdstown, WV
Meghan Murphy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443
Do you feel like you are struggling to understand your child? Perhaps your child is struggling at home, school, or other social environments? I specialize in helping children find their voice to effectively communicate and help bridge the parent child relationship. Parenting doesn't come with an instruction manual and can often become overwhelming. Through our work together I can help build the confidence needed to navigate the difficult situations often faced by both children and parents today. I connect with children by using play therapy, expressive arts, and other developmentally appropriate interventions.
Do you feel like you are struggling to understand your child? Perhaps your child is struggling at home, school, or other social environments? I specialize in helping children find their voice to effectively communicate and help bridge the parent child relationship. Parenting doesn't come with an instruction manual and can often become overwhelming. Through our work together I can help build the confidence needed to navigate the difficult situations often faced by both children and parents today. I connect with children by using play therapy, expressive arts, and other developmentally appropriate interventions.
(240) 448-7070 View (240) 448-7070

See more therapy options for Shepherdstown

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Shepherdstown, WV

20+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Shepherdstown, WV who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
82% Relationship Issues
71% Depression
71% Self Esteem
64% Grief
64% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
86% Highmark
82% Public Employees Insurance Agency

How Therapists in Shepherdstown, WV see their clients

93% In Person and Online
7% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
20% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Shepherdstown?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.