Photo of William G McVey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
William G McVey
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
Life's journey can be intricate, layered, and unpredictable, often leaving us overwhelmed by anxiety and depression. As a Psychotherapist with a PhD in Clinical Sexology, I specialize in helping individuals regain control and find fulfillment. With a trauma-informed and integrative approach, including EMDR and cognitive-based therapy, I empower clients to transform their lives. Let's embark on a journey of healing and self-discovery together.
Life's journey can be intricate, layered, and unpredictable, often leaving us overwhelmed by anxiety and depression. As a Psychotherapist with a PhD in Clinical Sexology, I specialize in helping individuals regain control and find fulfillment. With a trauma-informed and integrative approach, including EMDR and cognitive-based therapy, I empower clients to transform their lives. Let's embark on a journey of healing and self-discovery together.
(202) 915-2081 View (202) 915-2081
Photo of Roxana N. Raica, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Roxana N. Raica
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20006
My approach to counseling is integrative, drawing from cognitive behavioral therapy, brief solution-focused, and motivational interviewing.
Do you find yourself constantly worried, stressed, overwhelmed, or having racing thoughts? Maybe you fear losing control over yourself and what others might think of you if this happens. Or perhaps you’ve been feeling sad, irritable, having uncharacteristic outbursts of crying, and lacking energy or motivation to engage in pleasant activities. Many people who experience anxiety, depression, stress, and feeling overwhelmed start to isolate, avoid enjoyable activities and engage in unhealthy behaviors but soon find themselves more anxious, worried, and depressed than before. It can leave you feeling exhausted, stuck, and hopeless.
My approach to counseling is integrative, drawing from cognitive behavioral therapy, brief solution-focused, and motivational interviewing.
Do you find yourself constantly worried, stressed, overwhelmed, or having racing thoughts? Maybe you fear losing control over yourself and what others might think of you if this happens. Or perhaps you’ve been feeling sad, irritable, having uncharacteristic outbursts of crying, and lacking energy or motivation to engage in pleasant activities. Many people who experience anxiety, depression, stress, and feeling overwhelmed start to isolate, avoid enjoyable activities and engage in unhealthy behaviors but soon find themselves more anxious, worried, and depressed than before. It can leave you feeling exhausted, stuck, and hopeless.
(202) 915-8906 View (202) 915-8906
Photo of Christopher Barry Hill, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Christopher Barry Hill
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20003
Chris focuses on integrative CBT to heal and address the underlying causes of a patient's concerns.
*Now Accepting Tele-therapy Clients* Do you find yourself feeling sad, anxious, unhappy with life circumstances? Are you having relationship difficulties, feel stress from work, or have a child experiencing difficulties? I offer comprehensive assistance to change and work through many of life's challenges. If you find yourself suffering from any of these situations, or if you do not feel quite like yourself, let us help you begin on the road to improvement by addressing patient concerns, including but not limited to the following:
Chris focuses on integrative CBT to heal and address the underlying causes of a patient's concerns.
*Now Accepting Tele-therapy Clients* Do you find yourself feeling sad, anxious, unhappy with life circumstances? Are you having relationship difficulties, feel stress from work, or have a child experiencing difficulties? I offer comprehensive assistance to change and work through many of life's challenges. If you find yourself suffering from any of these situations, or if you do not feel quite like yourself, let us help you begin on the road to improvement by addressing patient concerns, including but not limited to the following:
(202) 759-4221 View (202) 759-4221
Photo of Nikki Ford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Nikki Ford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSW-C, LICSW, MPH
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009
Waitlist for new clients
As a clinical social worker, I work from a strengths-based, person-centered, and deeply collaborative perspective. We become a team in your therapy journey. My approach to therapy is integrative, and I draw from cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic frameworks to support individual needs and goals. I also believe humor can play an important role in the therapeutic process. Clients work hard in therapy, and moments of levity can help reframe and normalize struggles in a positive or relieving manner.
As a clinical social worker, I work from a strengths-based, person-centered, and deeply collaborative perspective. We become a team in your therapy journey. My approach to therapy is integrative, and I draw from cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic frameworks to support individual needs and goals. I also believe humor can play an important role in the therapeutic process. Clients work hard in therapy, and moments of levity can help reframe and normalize struggles in a positive or relieving manner.
(202) 972-6801 View (202) 972-6801
Photo of Nutan Nathoo, Psychological Associate in Washington, DC
Nutan Nathoo
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036
I use an integrative therapy approach that is both insight-oriented and skills based and will offer you the best tools to help you on your life journey.
Therapy offers a unique opportunity to explore, understand and clarify our thoughts, feelings and experiences, with the goal of achieving a healthier and happier balance in our lives. I offer you a safe and supportive therapy experience where you can move forward in achieving your goals and living the life that you choose and deserve.
I use an integrative therapy approach that is both insight-oriented and skills based and will offer you the best tools to help you on your life journey.
Therapy offers a unique opportunity to explore, understand and clarify our thoughts, feelings and experiences, with the goal of achieving a healthier and happier balance in our lives. I offer you a safe and supportive therapy experience where you can move forward in achieving your goals and living the life that you choose and deserve.
(202) 873-9531 View (202) 873-9531
Photo of Angela C Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Angela C Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036
I believe that by mastering our past we have the power to change our future. I use integrative approaches to assist clients with identifying their strengths and overcoming barriers that are impeding their happiness and emotional well being. I firmly believe that if we change our thoughts we can change our lives and my goal is to assist you through the process to lasting change.
I believe that by mastering our past we have the power to change our future. I use integrative approaches to assist clients with identifying their strengths and overcoming barriers that are impeding their happiness and emotional well being. I firmly believe that if we change our thoughts we can change our lives and my goal is to assist you through the process to lasting change.
(240) 293-2588 View (240) 293-2588
Photo of Ellen Connell, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Ellen Connell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20006
You are seeking therapy because it is time to make a change. Whether it’s the way you connect with others, the way you handle yourself when stress arises, or the way you are grieving life’s losses, something needs to shift before you can move toward the life you want. As an integrative psychologist, I love helping individuals and couples uncover what is most important to them, as well as what is getting in the way, so that they can begin to live with a greater sense of purpose, connection, and well-being. I would love to help you do the same.
You are seeking therapy because it is time to make a change. Whether it’s the way you connect with others, the way you handle yourself when stress arises, or the way you are grieving life’s losses, something needs to shift before you can move toward the life you want. As an integrative psychologist, I love helping individuals and couples uncover what is most important to them, as well as what is getting in the way, so that they can begin to live with a greater sense of purpose, connection, and well-being. I would love to help you do the same.
(202) 759-2619 View (202) 759-2619
Photo of Mili Tilahun, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Mili Tilahun
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20016
My approach is to collaborate with individuals utilizing integrative therapeutic interventions such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Person Centered and Trauma Informed Care.
I am a bilingual therapist in English and Amheric with over 13 years of clinical experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families in individual and group counseling settings. I have worked with a diverse population of ethnic minorities including Ethiopians. I specialize in depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma, self-esteem, substance use and addiction, pregnancy loss, fertility challenges, life transitions and stress, and grief and loss.
My approach is to collaborate with individuals utilizing integrative therapeutic interventions such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Person Centered and Trauma Informed Care.
I am a bilingual therapist in English and Amheric with over 13 years of clinical experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families in individual and group counseling settings. I have worked with a diverse population of ethnic minorities including Ethiopians. I specialize in depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma, self-esteem, substance use and addiction, pregnancy loss, fertility challenges, life transitions and stress, and grief and loss.
(202) 931-7997 View (202) 931-7997
Photo of Elana Hoffman, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Elana Hoffman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20010  (Online Only)
I'm trained in DBT, CBT, mindfulness, ACT, EFT, CPT, and PE, and I work from an integrative approach.
I love working with couples and individuals with difficulty in romantic relationships (i.e. sexual issues, communication, infidelity, divorce), adults who come from dysfunctional childhoods, as well as those with anxiety, impulsivity, and addiction. I also enjoy working with those in non-traditional romantic relationships (i.e. ethically non-monogamous, polyamorous). I am LGBTQIA- affirming and sex positive. I work best with clients who are engaged, thoughtful, and motivated for change. My style is empathic and direct, with a sense of humor. I believe strongly in the therapeutic alliance and the client/therapist fit.
I'm trained in DBT, CBT, mindfulness, ACT, EFT, CPT, and PE, and I work from an integrative approach.
I love working with couples and individuals with difficulty in romantic relationships (i.e. sexual issues, communication, infidelity, divorce), adults who come from dysfunctional childhoods, as well as those with anxiety, impulsivity, and addiction. I also enjoy working with those in non-traditional romantic relationships (i.e. ethically non-monogamous, polyamorous). I am LGBTQIA- affirming and sex positive. I work best with clients who are engaged, thoughtful, and motivated for change. My style is empathic and direct, with a sense of humor. I believe strongly in the therapeutic alliance and the client/therapist fit.
(202) 793-8669 View (202) 793-8669
Photo of Adam Bloom, Counselor in Washington, DC
Adam Bloom
Counselor, MS, LPC, LCPC, NCC, MAC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
My approach is integrative and strengths-based.
Making the decision to embark on a therapeutic journey takes courage and vulnerability. Congratulations on taking this step towards improving your personal wellness. Productive therapy starts by creating a safe space and working on building a relationship that fosters trust. We will discuss your current reasons for engaging in therapy, explore parts of your history that may inform our work together, and develop a tailored plan to support symptom relief and address the root causes to optimize your healing and growth.
My approach is integrative and strengths-based.
Making the decision to embark on a therapeutic journey takes courage and vulnerability. Congratulations on taking this step towards improving your personal wellness. Productive therapy starts by creating a safe space and working on building a relationship that fosters trust. We will discuss your current reasons for engaging in therapy, explore parts of your history that may inform our work together, and develop a tailored plan to support symptom relief and address the root causes to optimize your healing and growth.
(202) 759-2255 View (202) 759-2255
Photo of Rafael Malaga, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Rafael Malaga
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20009
My approach to psychotherapy is integrative, collaborative and engaged.
No matter how difficult your current circumstances may feel, psychotherapy can help you identify what is holding you back and help you develop the right strategies to feel connected with yourself and others. My goal in therapy is to assist you to find your own voice and to guide you to live life in your own terms.
My approach to psychotherapy is integrative, collaborative and engaged.
No matter how difficult your current circumstances may feel, psychotherapy can help you identify what is holding you back and help you develop the right strategies to feel connected with yourself and others. My goal in therapy is to assist you to find your own voice and to guide you to live life in your own terms.
(202) 999-3642 View (202) 999-3642
Photo of Gabrielle Edenbaum, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Gabrielle Edenbaum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20003  (Online Only)
Training in CBT, motivational interviewing, strengths-based therapy & a background in theater allow for an integrative & flexible approach.
Are you seeking happiness and a positive change in your life but feel uncertain about where to start? I'm here to help. Through a collaborative, non-judgmental approach, I work with you to enhance your overall happiness and well-being. I firmly believe that everyone possesses the potential for happiness, but various life stressors and obstacles can obstruct the way. My mission is to meet you where you are, identify and overcome those challenging roadblocks, and equip you with the tools to achieve your unique goals. I prioritize the therapeutic relationship, creating a secure and welcoming environment for personal transformation.
Training in CBT, motivational interviewing, strengths-based therapy & a background in theater allow for an integrative & flexible approach.
Are you seeking happiness and a positive change in your life but feel uncertain about where to start? I'm here to help. Through a collaborative, non-judgmental approach, I work with you to enhance your overall happiness and well-being. I firmly believe that everyone possesses the potential for happiness, but various life stressors and obstacles can obstruct the way. My mission is to meet you where you are, identify and overcome those challenging roadblocks, and equip you with the tools to achieve your unique goals. I prioritize the therapeutic relationship, creating a secure and welcoming environment for personal transformation.
(301) 960-3829 View (301) 960-3829
Photo of Dr. Michael M. Librie, PsyD, LCSW-C , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Dr. Michael M. Librie, PsyD, LCSW-C
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW-C, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20032  (Online Only)
I'm Michael Librie, Psy.D, LCSW-C, LICSW. I'm a Psychotherapist with over 35 years experience, qualified to provide integrative psychotherapy, combining techniques from various therapeutic schools to suit the needs of the client. I am delivering therapy virtually at this time in Maryland, Washington, DC and North Carolina. My approach combines traditional dynamic psychotherapy with awareness and internal inquiry processes. I partner with you to help guide you to focus inward so that you may experience your core self, listen to your soul and find your personal truth.
I'm Michael Librie, Psy.D, LCSW-C, LICSW. I'm a Psychotherapist with over 35 years experience, qualified to provide integrative psychotherapy, combining techniques from various therapeutic schools to suit the needs of the client. I am delivering therapy virtually at this time in Maryland, Washington, DC and North Carolina. My approach combines traditional dynamic psychotherapy with awareness and internal inquiry processes. I partner with you to help guide you to focus inward so that you may experience your core self, listen to your soul and find your personal truth.
(410) 376-8209 View (410) 376-8209
Photo of Ilana Sterman, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Ilana Sterman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036
When a particular area of life is less rewarding or is problematic, you may seek assistance rediscovering your path to mental health. Understanding that therapy is more likely to be helpful when you feel comfortable with your therapist, and hopeful about the therapy, my approach emphasizes accessing each person’s unique strengths and resources in order to facilitate growth, new learning, and fulfillment. I use a person-centered integrative approach drawing from psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and somatic theories to work collaboratively with you toward mutually agreed-upon goals.
When a particular area of life is less rewarding or is problematic, you may seek assistance rediscovering your path to mental health. Understanding that therapy is more likely to be helpful when you feel comfortable with your therapist, and hopeful about the therapy, my approach emphasizes accessing each person’s unique strengths and resources in order to facilitate growth, new learning, and fulfillment. I use a person-centered integrative approach drawing from psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and somatic theories to work collaboratively with you toward mutually agreed-upon goals.
(202) 309-2048 View (202) 309-2048
Photo of Graciela Bilis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Graciela Bilis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MEd, LPC-VA, LC-MD, NCC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20008  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
MRS. BILIS, MS, MEd, Director of Ominis, a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor an​d a Certified Meditation Instructor, practices Integrative Counseling, an approach that ​ takes into consideration both mind and body to reach wellness.​ Mrs. Bilis offers a multi-dimensional analysis and treatment plan uniquely designed for each individual. ​​This approach includes the best and proven Eastern and Western modalities ​and​ practical life skills and resources to individuals, couples, and families to help them achieve optimum mind, body, and spiritual harmony in their lives and their environment.
MRS. BILIS, MS, MEd, Director of Ominis, a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor an​d a Certified Meditation Instructor, practices Integrative Counseling, an approach that ​ takes into consideration both mind and body to reach wellness.​ Mrs. Bilis offers a multi-dimensional analysis and treatment plan uniquely designed for each individual. ​​This approach includes the best and proven Eastern and Western modalities ​and​ practical life skills and resources to individuals, couples, and families to help them achieve optimum mind, body, and spiritual harmony in their lives and their environment.
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Photo of Darby Integrative Counseling LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Darby Integrative Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LCADAS
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20011
Currently accepting new clients at Darby Integrative Counseling. We offer in-person and/or video sessions to accommodate your needs. We welcome you to the next courageous step on your journey walking through life's challenges. Are you struggling with fear, grief, sadness, anxiety, or stress? Have anger, shame or guilt been preventing you from the joys of life? Do your relationships at home or work feel strained? Let us awaken your best self and find solutions for the problems you face on your path to wellness.
Currently accepting new clients at Darby Integrative Counseling. We offer in-person and/or video sessions to accommodate your needs. We welcome you to the next courageous step on your journey walking through life's challenges. Are you struggling with fear, grief, sadness, anxiety, or stress? Have anger, shame or guilt been preventing you from the joys of life? Do your relationships at home or work feel strained? Let us awaken your best self and find solutions for the problems you face on your path to wellness.
(301) 945-7306 View (301) 945-7306
Photo of Nun Sava-Siva Amen-Ra, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Nun Sava-Siva Amen-Ra
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DrPH, MA, MSEd, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20001
An effective approach to the eradication or attenuation of the existential angst that lies at the core of most psychological maladies requires an integrative approach.
All psychological issues are ultimately existential in origin, entailing a confrontation with death, loss, meaning, purpose and value. All that we do (knowingly or unknowingly) is dedicated to deciphering these daunting and irrepressible demands of existence. Few are successful in resolving or even clearly conceptualizing these existential issues and their minds inevitably descend into despair, depression and anxiety. Some seek to assuage their suffering with psychoactive substances (illicit and licit) and this leads only to addiction and abdication of autonomy over one's authentic self. My System offers a solution.
An effective approach to the eradication or attenuation of the existential angst that lies at the core of most psychological maladies requires an integrative approach.
All psychological issues are ultimately existential in origin, entailing a confrontation with death, loss, meaning, purpose and value. All that we do (knowingly or unknowingly) is dedicated to deciphering these daunting and irrepressible demands of existence. Few are successful in resolving or even clearly conceptualizing these existential issues and their minds inevitably descend into despair, depression and anxiety. Some seek to assuage their suffering with psychoactive substances (illicit and licit) and this leads only to addiction and abdication of autonomy over one's authentic self. My System offers a solution.
(223) 217-2766 View (223) 217-2766
Photo of Tonia Gregory, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Tonia Gregory
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20007
My integrative approach draws on theories and practices from multiple therapeutic orientations, allowing me to adapt to the clinical needs of each unique person.
My belief in the therapeutic relationship as foundational for personal growth and change in individual psychotherapy motivates me to ensure a therapeutic environment that is both safe and validating. My style is collaborative and non-judgmental as I work in partnership with individuals to promote healing, foster strengths and move toward positive change.
My integrative approach draws on theories and practices from multiple therapeutic orientations, allowing me to adapt to the clinical needs of each unique person.
My belief in the therapeutic relationship as foundational for personal growth and change in individual psychotherapy motivates me to ensure a therapeutic environment that is both safe and validating. My style is collaborative and non-judgmental as I work in partnership with individuals to promote healing, foster strengths and move toward positive change.
(703) 596-2793 View (703) 596-2793
Photo of Christa Carlton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Christa Carlton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSW-C, LICSW, RYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20016  (Online Only)
I have background in a number of evidence-based practices and utilize an integrative approach to meet my clients' unique needs.
People come to me with the need for a non-judgmental space to explore their own lived experiences and express their thoughts and feelings. I specialize in supporting survivors of trauma and employ a client-centered, strengths-based approach. I help clients develop insight around factors influencing development, understand the mind-body connection, and explore individualized strategies for optimizing mental wellness. I have experience supporting clients around a variety of needs including anxiety, depression, grief and loss, neurodiversity, identity, special needs parenting, relationships, behaviors, and substance use.
I have background in a number of evidence-based practices and utilize an integrative approach to meet my clients' unique needs.
People come to me with the need for a non-judgmental space to explore their own lived experiences and express their thoughts and feelings. I specialize in supporting survivors of trauma and employ a client-centered, strengths-based approach. I help clients develop insight around factors influencing development, understand the mind-body connection, and explore individualized strategies for optimizing mental wellness. I have experience supporting clients around a variety of needs including anxiety, depression, grief and loss, neurodiversity, identity, special needs parenting, relationships, behaviors, and substance use.
(443) 785-2982 View (443) 785-2982
Photo of Amber Norville, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Amber Norville
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20057  (Online Only)
I take an integrative approach to therapy to meet your needs.
Do you feel lost? Angry? Exhausted? Isolated? I'm here to help you. I am enthusiastic about working with women who are experiencing anxiety, depression, chronic illnesses, postpartum depression/anxiety, and navigating modern motherhood, and work-life "balance" (is there EVER really complete balance?). I am kind, but no nonsense in my approach. I no longer conduct free consultations. For faster response, please email to schedule your intake session. Intake sessions are only scheduled when ALL paperwork and insurance verification are completed. No exceptions made. I work with clients via telehealth ONLY at this time.
I take an integrative approach to therapy to meet your needs.
Do you feel lost? Angry? Exhausted? Isolated? I'm here to help you. I am enthusiastic about working with women who are experiencing anxiety, depression, chronic illnesses, postpartum depression/anxiety, and navigating modern motherhood, and work-life "balance" (is there EVER really complete balance?). I am kind, but no nonsense in my approach. I no longer conduct free consultations. For faster response, please email to schedule your intake session. Intake sessions are only scheduled when ALL paperwork and insurance verification are completed. No exceptions made. I work with clients via telehealth ONLY at this time.
(910) 469-4402 View (910) 469-4402
Integrative Therapists

What is integrative therapy?

Integrative therapy is a type of therapy that combines ideas and techniques from different therapeutic approaches depending on the needs of the individual client. By merging elements of different treatments, an integrative therapist aims to offer a more flexible approach than those who practice just one type of therapy.

How does integrative therapy work?

Integrative therapy approaches a client’s mental, physical, and emotional health in a holistic way to discover the sources of their unhealthy behavior patterns or other challenges and considers the approach most likely to lead to improvement. Among the techniques an integrative therapist may practice are cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, EMDR, mindfulness, art or music therapy, psychodynamic therapy, breathwork, family systems therapy, gestalt therapy, and trauma-informed therapy. An integrative therapist regularly evaluates the client’s progress and is prepared to pivot to a different approach if progress stalls.

How long does integrative therapy last?

As with most forms of talk therapy, there is no set duration or end point for integrative therapy; people who find they are making progress typically continue until they feel they’ve addressed the issues that spurred them to seek treatment. New patients should understand that it may take some time for a therapist to land on a treatment approach that best meets their needs, but once they do, they should expect sessions to extend for a number of months, typically including at least 12 sessions.

How effective is integrative therapy?

There are hundreds of types of talk therapy, and research shows that while they vary in form, goals, and frequency, many if not all can produce similarly successful outcomes. But a single approach does not always deliver the greatest, or speediest, benefit, and so even therapists primarily trained in one model will use tools, language, techniques, or exercises from others to shape an effective treatment plan.