Therapists in Speedway, IN

Photo of Stacey Matelic, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Stacey Matelic
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hello! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Indiana. I received my Masters in Social Work from Indiana University. I have been practicing for 26 years and work with teens through elders who may be struggling with stress, anxiety, and depression. I work to assist all my clients recognize their own strengths to battle whatever comes their way. In our first session together, clients will be given chance to share what they feel is most pertinent and concerning for them at that time. They will be given the space to share about themselves and what works for them along what has not worked in the past.
Hello! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Indiana. I received my Masters in Social Work from Indiana University. I have been practicing for 26 years and work with teens through elders who may be struggling with stress, anxiety, and depression. I work to assist all my clients recognize their own strengths to battle whatever comes their way. In our first session together, clients will be given chance to share what they feel is most pertinent and concerning for them at that time. They will be given the space to share about themselves and what works for them along what has not worked in the past.
(317) 699-8313 View (317) 699-8313
Photo of Dr. Christina Maxwell, Psychologist, PsyD, HSPP
Dr. Christina Maxwell
Psychologist, PsyD, HSPP
Speedway, IN 46224
Not accepting new clients
Life can be full of surprises, with many unexpected ups and downs. Sometimes relationships, career, and life in general do not unfold as expected. If you’re finding yourself in an unexpected place in life, I’m here to help. My aim is to provide a warm, safe, and non-judgmental space for you to share your experiences and to explore options for growth. I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals struggling with issues including, trauma, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, relationship difficulties, identity issues, and life transitions.
Life can be full of surprises, with many unexpected ups and downs. Sometimes relationships, career, and life in general do not unfold as expected. If you’re finding yourself in an unexpected place in life, I’m here to help. My aim is to provide a warm, safe, and non-judgmental space for you to share your experiences and to explore options for growth. I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals struggling with issues including, trauma, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, relationship difficulties, identity issues, and life transitions.
(317) 834-7841 View (317) 834-7841
Photo of Christina Maxwell, Psychologist, LCP
Christina Maxwell
Psychologist, LCP
Speedway, IN 46224
Life has so many ups and downs. Sometimes relationships, career, and life in general do not unfold as expected. If you’re finding yourself in an unexpected or difficult place in life, I'd love to help. I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals struggling with issues including trauma (religious, sexual, familial, military), anxiety, depression, substance abuse, relationship difficulties, identity issues, and life transitions. My aim is to provide a warm, safe, and non-judgmental space for you to share your experiences and to explore options for growth.
Life has so many ups and downs. Sometimes relationships, career, and life in general do not unfold as expected. If you’re finding yourself in an unexpected or difficult place in life, I'd love to help. I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals struggling with issues including trauma (religious, sexual, familial, military), anxiety, depression, substance abuse, relationship difficulties, identity issues, and life transitions. My aim is to provide a warm, safe, and non-judgmental space for you to share your experiences and to explore options for growth.
(765) 375-1790 View (765) 375-1790
Photo of Morgan Flora, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Morgan Flora
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I work collaboratively with adults navigating anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, life transitions, and experiences related to adoption. I believe healing begins with feeling seen, heard, and understood. My work is rooted in the belief that every person holds inherent strengths, even when they feel overwhelmed or lost. As a trauma-informed therapist, I approach each session with compassion, curiosity, and respect for your unique journey.Whether you come to therapy with specific goals or are still discovering where you’d like to grow, I’m here to support you at your own pace. Together, we’ll explore what’s holding you back.
I work collaboratively with adults navigating anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, life transitions, and experiences related to adoption. I believe healing begins with feeling seen, heard, and understood. My work is rooted in the belief that every person holds inherent strengths, even when they feel overwhelmed or lost. As a trauma-informed therapist, I approach each session with compassion, curiosity, and respect for your unique journey.Whether you come to therapy with specific goals or are still discovering where you’d like to grow, I’m here to support you at your own pace. Together, we’ll explore what’s holding you back.
(317) 676-7555 View (317) 676-7555
Photo of Roger Perry - Monumental Behavioral Health, Inc, Psychologist, HSPP C
Monumental Behavioral Health, Inc
Psychologist, HSPP C
Speedway, IN 46224
We are a community of clinicians who value diversity, equity, and inclusion. Guided by integrity and compassion, we are dedicated to providing excellent care for every person we serve. We believe emotional well-being is the foundation for living with purpose and possibility. Our counselors walk alongside individuals, families, and communities to nurture healing, deepen self-understanding, and strengthen resilience. Together, we work toward helping you live as your best and fullest self.
We are a community of clinicians who value diversity, equity, and inclusion. Guided by integrity and compassion, we are dedicated to providing excellent care for every person we serve. We believe emotional well-being is the foundation for living with purpose and possibility. Our counselors walk alongside individuals, families, and communities to nurture healing, deepen self-understanding, and strengthen resilience. Together, we work toward helping you live as your best and fullest self.
(317) 483-8238 View (317) 483-8238
Photo of Denise A. Senter, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Denise A. Senter
Counselor, MA, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
"I am a trusted and compassionate professional who enjoys helping others to be creative in resolving complex issues. Regarded as a specialist in mental health and consultation, I provide brief, solution-focused therapy and psycho-dynamic work. I also provide consultation, training, and workshops for staff, agencies and groups. As a former mental health consultant with the NFL, I am very effective in helping clients, athletes and coaches to attain desired goals and success. From clients with chronic illnesses to clients seeking to explore spirituality and faith - I work to help increase a sense of purpose, effectiveness, calm and wellness."
"I am a trusted and compassionate professional who enjoys helping others to be creative in resolving complex issues. Regarded as a specialist in mental health and consultation, I provide brief, solution-focused therapy and psycho-dynamic work. I also provide consultation, training, and workshops for staff, agencies and groups. As a former mental health consultant with the NFL, I am very effective in helping clients, athletes and coaches to attain desired goals and success. From clients with chronic illnesses to clients seeking to explore spirituality and faith - I work to help increase a sense of purpose, effectiveness, calm and wellness."
(317) 401-5426 View (317) 401-5426

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Shayla Humbles, Counselor, LMHC
Shayla Humbles
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with over 10 years of experience. My approach to therapy is person-centered. I will motivate and encourage you to reach your goals.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with over 10 years of experience. My approach to therapy is person-centered. I will motivate and encourage you to reach your goals.
(463) 227-0361 View (463) 227-0361
Photo of Linda Falender, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Linda Falender
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Indianapolis, IN 46260
Everyone has moments when they feel stressed, depressed, anxious, or overwhelmed. Sometimes people struggle with difficult relationships. My goal is to help people get through these trying times. I view therapy as a collaboration between myself and my client where we work together to identify issues and meet their goals. I view all clients as individuals and therefore alter my style to meet specific needs. I strive to do this in a compassionate,supportive,interactive, problem solving approach. I enjoy working with people going through life transitions-entering college, shifts in relationships, a change in job status...
Everyone has moments when they feel stressed, depressed, anxious, or overwhelmed. Sometimes people struggle with difficult relationships. My goal is to help people get through these trying times. I view therapy as a collaboration between myself and my client where we work together to identify issues and meet their goals. I view all clients as individuals and therefore alter my style to meet specific needs. I strive to do this in a compassionate,supportive,interactive, problem solving approach. I enjoy working with people going through life transitions-entering college, shifts in relationships, a change in job status...
(317) 548-0331 View (317) 548-0331
Photo of Melanie Riggs, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Melanie Riggs
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Carmel, IN 46032
Change your thoughts and you change your world. This statement could not be a more perfect example of how I view this thing called life. I believe that my role is to help guide you in becoming more aware of any barriers that may be in the way of allowing for change and growth. I come from a holistic frame of mind and believe that one can regain balance of mind, body, and soul with just being open to the idea and process of change. In addition to traditional therapy, I also offer Equine Facilitated Learning sessions and Equine Assisted Psychotherapy sessions through Strides to Success as a way to support a more holistic healing.
Change your thoughts and you change your world. This statement could not be a more perfect example of how I view this thing called life. I believe that my role is to help guide you in becoming more aware of any barriers that may be in the way of allowing for change and growth. I come from a holistic frame of mind and believe that one can regain balance of mind, body, and soul with just being open to the idea and process of change. In addition to traditional therapy, I also offer Equine Facilitated Learning sessions and Equine Assisted Psychotherapy sessions through Strides to Success as a way to support a more holistic healing.
(317) 961-8379 View (317) 961-8379
Photo of Benjamin T. Meadows, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Benjamin T. Meadows
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
The goal of my practice is to provide an environment that is conducive to personal growth by offering you safety, comfort and authenticity. We all need someone to talk to at some point in life, in fact, that is what much of being human is all about - the desire to seek advice and guidance as we experience challenges, be they minor derailments or profound tragedies. However, where you go for advice and who you trust to guide you is key. If you're reading this, you're feeling as if something isn't quite right in your life. Let's change it - together.
The goal of my practice is to provide an environment that is conducive to personal growth by offering you safety, comfort and authenticity. We all need someone to talk to at some point in life, in fact, that is what much of being human is all about - the desire to seek advice and guidance as we experience challenges, be they minor derailments or profound tragedies. However, where you go for advice and who you trust to guide you is key. If you're reading this, you're feeling as if something isn't quite right in your life. Let's change it - together.
(317) 412-9607 View (317) 412-9607
Photo of Alison Phillips, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Alison Phillips
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Online Only
On the outside, you’ve got it all together. You’re a “problem-solver”, driven, and dependable. But the inside is a different story. You feel riddled with anxiety. Or maybe you feel numb. Maybe you’re wondering how you can be so strong and confident at some times but feel helplessness and despair at others. You tell yourself that you “should” feel happy, but you don’t. Despite all of your best efforts, here you are- looking for a therapist. Hi, I’m Alison. I can help you.
On the outside, you’ve got it all together. You’re a “problem-solver”, driven, and dependable. But the inside is a different story. You feel riddled with anxiety. Or maybe you feel numb. Maybe you’re wondering how you can be so strong and confident at some times but feel helplessness and despair at others. You tell yourself that you “should” feel happy, but you don’t. Despite all of your best efforts, here you are- looking for a therapist. Hi, I’m Alison. I can help you.
(317) 707-6670 View (317) 707-6670
Photo of Julie Berendes, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Julie Berendes
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46260
Do you struggle with feelings of worthlessness or constant negative thoughts? I want to help you feel confident in yourself and give you the skills to move forward and have hope for the future. I believe therapy can help people gain the confidence they have always wanted and leave behind the self-criticism that keeps them down.
Do you struggle with feelings of worthlessness or constant negative thoughts? I want to help you feel confident in yourself and give you the skills to move forward and have hope for the future. I believe therapy can help people gain the confidence they have always wanted and leave behind the self-criticism that keeps them down.
(463) 444-7704 View (463) 444-7704
Photo of Jeanine Hoffman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMHC
Jeanine Hoffman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMHC
Fishers, IN 46038
Jeanine Motsay Hoffman is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Indiana who has been practicing since 2018. As a psychotherapist, Jeanine brings compassion and curiosity to her clinical work and provides psychotherapy that is effective for a wide range of mental health symptoms; focusing on the psychological roots of emotional suffering with evidence-based practices. Jeanine’s hallmarks are self-reflection, self-examination, self-care, and the relationship between therapist and patient as a window into interpersonal and relational dynamics that can lead to healthier living.
Jeanine Motsay Hoffman is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Indiana who has been practicing since 2018. As a psychotherapist, Jeanine brings compassion and curiosity to her clinical work and provides psychotherapy that is effective for a wide range of mental health symptoms; focusing on the psychological roots of emotional suffering with evidence-based practices. Jeanine’s hallmarks are self-reflection, self-examination, self-care, and the relationship between therapist and patient as a window into interpersonal and relational dynamics that can lead to healthier living.
(503) 461-8185 View (503) 461-8185
Photo of John Murty, School Psychologis, EdS, NCSP
John Murty
School Psychologis, EdS, NCSP
Serves Area
I offer a wide range of psychological assessments for a variety of purposes. These may be for college accommodations and special education support in K-12 education. Often clients are curious about why they may be struggling in school and in life. The purpose of my evaluations are to help give clarity and recommendations for improvements.
I offer a wide range of psychological assessments for a variety of purposes. These may be for college accommodations and special education support in K-12 education. Often clients are curious about why they may be struggling in school and in life. The purpose of my evaluations are to help give clarity and recommendations for improvements.
(812) 505-4025 View (812) 505-4025
Photo of Nathaniel Hickman, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Nathaniel Hickman
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Greenwood, IN 46143
Nathaniel Hickman, MS, LMHC is passionate to serve others and grateful for the opportunity to provide encouragement, support, and peace to those seeking help in Greenwood, IN. In therapy, Nathaniel provides a person-centered approach to help clients learn to see the best in themselves and move in a direction of growth. Through exploration of each individual's unique circumstances, he utilizes Cognitive Behavior Therapy theory to educate clients on their identified needs. He works with clients to create concrete plans for establishing a sturdy foundation from which to grow.
Nathaniel Hickman, MS, LMHC is passionate to serve others and grateful for the opportunity to provide encouragement, support, and peace to those seeking help in Greenwood, IN. In therapy, Nathaniel provides a person-centered approach to help clients learn to see the best in themselves and move in a direction of growth. Through exploration of each individual's unique circumstances, he utilizes Cognitive Behavior Therapy theory to educate clients on their identified needs. He works with clients to create concrete plans for establishing a sturdy foundation from which to grow.
(463) 295-2787 View (463) 295-2787
Photo of Shondale DeLoach, Psychologist, PhD
Shondale DeLoach
Psychologist, PhD
Serves Area
I am currently accepting therapy clients from IL, IN and WI-in person or virtual. The decision to seek therapy is a very important decision, but choosing the right therapist is even more important since one of the best predictors of a positive therapy outcome is the fit between client and therapist. I strive to provide the people with whom I work an environment that is comfortable, nonjudgmental, and genuinely validating. My job is to provide a space for you to access your strengths and attributes, and with this I can provide psychological approaches to help you address the concerns that brought you in for therapy.
I am currently accepting therapy clients from IL, IN and WI-in person or virtual. The decision to seek therapy is a very important decision, but choosing the right therapist is even more important since one of the best predictors of a positive therapy outcome is the fit between client and therapist. I strive to provide the people with whom I work an environment that is comfortable, nonjudgmental, and genuinely validating. My job is to provide a space for you to access your strengths and attributes, and with this I can provide psychological approaches to help you address the concerns that brought you in for therapy.
(312) 467-7471 View (312) 467-7471
Photo of Brittany S Williams - Love and Mental Health Counseling & Coaching, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, BC-TMH
Love and Mental Health Counseling & Coaching, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, BC-TMH
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
As a LCSW & board-certified tele-mental health provider, I bring over a decade of experience in mental health services. I've worked in employment assistance programs, acute psychiatric settings, and state-based services, including supporting juvenile offenders. My diverse background allows me to provide comprehensive care to clients facing issues like anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, family conflict, and substance-related needs. Since 2021, I’ve proudly served as CEO and practicing psychotherapist of Love and Mental Health Counseling and Coaching Services, where I continue to help clients find clarity and balance in their lives.
As a LCSW & board-certified tele-mental health provider, I bring over a decade of experience in mental health services. I've worked in employment assistance programs, acute psychiatric settings, and state-based services, including supporting juvenile offenders. My diverse background allows me to provide comprehensive care to clients facing issues like anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, family conflict, and substance-related needs. Since 2021, I’ve proudly served as CEO and practicing psychotherapist of Love and Mental Health Counseling and Coaching Services, where I continue to help clients find clarity and balance in their lives.
(336) 600-5834 View (336) 600-5834
Photo of Ellyn Vogel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ellyn Vogel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello! I am currently offering Telehealth and phone sessions. Are you interested in personal growth and healing? I believe one of the greatest gifts you can give yourself is having the courage to look inward, while being compassionate with yourself so you can begin to move forward. I have been working with people for over 20 years towards (re)gaining mental and physical health through lifestyle approaches to wellness. I offer a research-based holistic approach, which looks at the whole person, while also integrating various therapeutic techniques to help you reach the deepest healing possible.
Hello! I am currently offering Telehealth and phone sessions. Are you interested in personal growth and healing? I believe one of the greatest gifts you can give yourself is having the courage to look inward, while being compassionate with yourself so you can begin to move forward. I have been working with people for over 20 years towards (re)gaining mental and physical health through lifestyle approaches to wellness. I offer a research-based holistic approach, which looks at the whole person, while also integrating various therapeutic techniques to help you reach the deepest healing possible.
(317) 342-0482 View (317) 342-0482
Photo of Joseph E Parker, Counselor, MSEd, LMHC
Joseph E Parker
Counselor, MSEd, LMHC
Carmel, IN 46032
At Balance Point Counseling, we strive to bring about balance and transformation to your life. Joseph Parker provides professional, evidenced based mental health services to individuals over the age of 13. Offering a collaborative and solution focused approach, Joe assists clients in gaining ownership, insight, and skills to address their concerns and to restore their life to balance. He has been practicing for over 18 years, specializing in depression, anxiety, bipolar, stress management, chronic pain issues, and has treated most other mental health conditions. Currently accepting New Clients!
At Balance Point Counseling, we strive to bring about balance and transformation to your life. Joseph Parker provides professional, evidenced based mental health services to individuals over the age of 13. Offering a collaborative and solution focused approach, Joe assists clients in gaining ownership, insight, and skills to address their concerns and to restore their life to balance. He has been practicing for over 18 years, specializing in depression, anxiety, bipolar, stress management, chronic pain issues, and has treated most other mental health conditions. Currently accepting New Clients!
(317) 967-9077 View (317) 967-9077
Photo of Lydia Peters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lydia Peters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
My name is Lydia Peters, and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker . I've worked in many different settings with different populations. I possess a vast amount of experience with the elderly along with individuals living with developmental disability, traumatic brain injury (TBI), mental illness, chemically addiction, homelessness, individual’s accused of sexual offense or sexually deviant behaviors , adults admitted to acute medicine & Veterans. I currently only offer Individual therapy services to adults 18 years old and up. A healthy therapeutic alliance brings forth a different perspective & additional support.
My name is Lydia Peters, and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker . I've worked in many different settings with different populations. I possess a vast amount of experience with the elderly along with individuals living with developmental disability, traumatic brain injury (TBI), mental illness, chemically addiction, homelessness, individual’s accused of sexual offense or sexually deviant behaviors , adults admitted to acute medicine & Veterans. I currently only offer Individual therapy services to adults 18 years old and up. A healthy therapeutic alliance brings forth a different perspective & additional support.
(317) 350-8558 View (317) 350-8558

See more therapy options for Speedway

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Speedway, IN

< 10

Therapists in Speedway, IN who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Coping Skills
83% ADHD
83% Parenting
83% Trauma and PTSD
83% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

27 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
83% Anthem
67% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Speedway, IN see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Speedway?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.