Therapists in Woodlands Of Riverside, Fort Wayne, IN

Photo of Crystal G Ridlon, Counselor, LMHC, MA, LPC
Crystal G Ridlon
Counselor, LMHC, MA, LPC
Serves Area
The path to healing is a spiritual, physical, and psychological process. Utilizing an integrative approach, my goal for every client is to help them discover healing through an intimate relationship with Christ. Together, I will walk with you as you discover areas in your life; in your thought processes and in your relationships, that require understanding, encouragement, and awareness in order to arrive at true healing. I specialize in adolescent issues, adult issues, depression, anxiety, grief, PTSD, and family therapy . Call me to set up your first appointment and begin the road to healing.
The path to healing is a spiritual, physical, and psychological process. Utilizing an integrative approach, my goal for every client is to help them discover healing through an intimate relationship with Christ. Together, I will walk with you as you discover areas in your life; in your thought processes and in your relationships, that require understanding, encouragement, and awareness in order to arrive at true healing. I specialize in adolescent issues, adult issues, depression, anxiety, grief, PTSD, and family therapy . Call me to set up your first appointment and begin the road to healing.
(812) 505-8594 View (812) 505-8594
Photo of Evan Davies, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Evan Davies
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hello! I'm Evan Davies, I specialize working with substance use, anxiety, depression, and trauma. Alongside my specialties I have a knack for helping people that go to therapy feeling ambivalent as to what they're looking for, what they're struggling with or how to describe it. I want everyone to know that they're welcomed. Finding a therapist that you feel is a good fit and just therapy in of itself can be difficult. Being aware of that helps me strive to meet people where they're at, modify my approach accordingly and help with any barriers during the onboarding process.
Hello! I'm Evan Davies, I specialize working with substance use, anxiety, depression, and trauma. Alongside my specialties I have a knack for helping people that go to therapy feeling ambivalent as to what they're looking for, what they're struggling with or how to describe it. I want everyone to know that they're welcomed. Finding a therapist that you feel is a good fit and just therapy in of itself can be difficult. Being aware of that helps me strive to meet people where they're at, modify my approach accordingly and help with any barriers during the onboarding process.
(317) 922-1821 View (317) 922-1821
Photo of Kelsie Strand, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Kelsie Strand
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Seeking help for yourself, your relationship, or your teen? I entered the field to work with couples who are struggling or desiring growth anywhere on their relationship journey. Newly dating, long term cohabitating, pre-marriage, newlywed, long-term married, or considering separation and divorce- I will meet you where you are. If you are an individual struggling with anxiety, self-worth, interpersonal relationship issues, or mood instability, I would love to partner with you on your journey to healing and reclaiming your life. Concerned about your teen? I am passionate about helping them grow into the best version of themselves.
Seeking help for yourself, your relationship, or your teen? I entered the field to work with couples who are struggling or desiring growth anywhere on their relationship journey. Newly dating, long term cohabitating, pre-marriage, newlywed, long-term married, or considering separation and divorce- I will meet you where you are. If you are an individual struggling with anxiety, self-worth, interpersonal relationship issues, or mood instability, I would love to partner with you on your journey to healing and reclaiming your life. Concerned about your teen? I am passionate about helping them grow into the best version of themselves.
(317) 342-8107 View (317) 342-8107
Photo of Chase Parnell, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Chase Parnell
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Serves Area
Hello, I'm Chase! I am a client-focused mental health therapist interested in helping people in Fort Wayne or online overcome their personal challenges. I am comfortable working with clients on depression, anxiety, trauma, and relationship conflicts. I have experience with a multitude of mental health concerns and I focus on building a trusting therapeutic relationship. I graduated from Huntington University in 2017 with a master's degree and have served people in the field ever since. I am an honest, well-meaning individual who deeply cares for people.
Hello, I'm Chase! I am a client-focused mental health therapist interested in helping people in Fort Wayne or online overcome their personal challenges. I am comfortable working with clients on depression, anxiety, trauma, and relationship conflicts. I have experience with a multitude of mental health concerns and I focus on building a trusting therapeutic relationship. I graduated from Huntington University in 2017 with a master's degree and have served people in the field ever since. I am an honest, well-meaning individual who deeply cares for people.
(260) 530-5028 View (260) 530-5028
Photo of Jess Hatcher, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Jess Hatcher
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you feeling worn down by the weight of everyday life? Holding experiences that feel too heavy, confusing, or painful to put into words? Maybe you’re longing for a space where you don’t have to explain yourself perfectly, where someone can sit with your story gently and without judgment. Or perhaps your child is struggling to express big emotions, and you’re not sure how to help them feel safe and regulated. You don’t have to navigate that alone.
Are you feeling worn down by the weight of everyday life? Holding experiences that feel too heavy, confusing, or painful to put into words? Maybe you’re longing for a space where you don’t have to explain yourself perfectly, where someone can sit with your story gently and without judgment. Or perhaps your child is struggling to express big emotions, and you’re not sure how to help them feel safe and regulated. You don’t have to navigate that alone.
(260) 300-2490 View (260) 300-2490
Photo of Gwyne Bahler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Gwyne Bahler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I specialize in the treatment of trauma, anxiety, depression and personality disorders and work primarily with adults and adolescents. My approach is strengths-based, person-centered and sees the client as the expert in their own experiences. It is my belief that therapist and client are in equal partnership with the goal of empowering people to take control of their lives. There are so many reasons people go to therapy, but at the center of every struggle and success is fundamental self-worth. The life you want starts with the belief you deserve it! You can learn more about me and my approach at wildwellcounseling . com.
I specialize in the treatment of trauma, anxiety, depression and personality disorders and work primarily with adults and adolescents. My approach is strengths-based, person-centered and sees the client as the expert in their own experiences. It is my belief that therapist and client are in equal partnership with the goal of empowering people to take control of their lives. There are so many reasons people go to therapy, but at the center of every struggle and success is fundamental self-worth. The life you want starts with the belief you deserve it! You can learn more about me and my approach at wildwellcounseling . com.
(765) 525-2374 View (765) 525-2374
Photo of Jessica McGuire, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Jessica McGuire
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Serves Area
Are you longing for authentic connection with your spouse? Maybe you've been to therapy before, but you haven't found the right fit yet. I support clients in addressing relationship concern especially related to self-esteem, codependency, or perfectionism. I also provide couples counseling focused on communication, emotional intimacy, boundary setting and divorce discernment. I have worked with many late-identified neurodivergent clients to address depression, anxiety or relationship concerns through self-acceptance. My approach is neurodivergent-affirming, rather than behavioral-based. I strive to be an LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC ally.
Are you longing for authentic connection with your spouse? Maybe you've been to therapy before, but you haven't found the right fit yet. I support clients in addressing relationship concern especially related to self-esteem, codependency, or perfectionism. I also provide couples counseling focused on communication, emotional intimacy, boundary setting and divorce discernment. I have worked with many late-identified neurodivergent clients to address depression, anxiety or relationship concerns through self-acceptance. My approach is neurodivergent-affirming, rather than behavioral-based. I strive to be an LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC ally.
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Photo of Dorit Tomandl, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Dorit Tomandl
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
The word psychotherapist is greek and means "Healer of the Soul". When you come into my office, I will not label you with anxiety, depression, addiction or any other disorder. You will hear me ask questions like: How is your addiction protecting you from pain? What do you not feel when depression numbs you? Once you witness and heal the wounds of your soul (you can also call it trauma), the symptoms (the 'disorder') can disappear. If you are interested in having a deeper understanding and awareness of your emotions, I will help you to develop a relationship with yourself that is characterized by curiosity, respect and compassion.
The word psychotherapist is greek and means "Healer of the Soul". When you come into my office, I will not label you with anxiety, depression, addiction or any other disorder. You will hear me ask questions like: How is your addiction protecting you from pain? What do you not feel when depression numbs you? Once you witness and heal the wounds of your soul (you can also call it trauma), the symptoms (the 'disorder') can disappear. If you are interested in having a deeper understanding and awareness of your emotions, I will help you to develop a relationship with yourself that is characterized by curiosity, respect and compassion.
(317) 203-8288 View (317) 203-8288
Photo of Julie DeJesus, Counselor, MS, LMHC-A
Julie DeJesus
Counselor, MS, LMHC-A
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Have you carried too much for way too long? Been living with childhood trauma, or living the aftermath of a painful event? Feeling stuck or trapped in patterns holding you back? Always feel like you are living in survival mode? I am a trauma therapist who helps people reconnect to a feeling of safety, security, and an overall feeling of trust not only in themselves but with others. Old patterns that do not serve you can be broken!
Have you carried too much for way too long? Been living with childhood trauma, or living the aftermath of a painful event? Feeling stuck or trapped in patterns holding you back? Always feel like you are living in survival mode? I am a trauma therapist who helps people reconnect to a feeling of safety, security, and an overall feeling of trust not only in themselves but with others. Old patterns that do not serve you can be broken!
(260) 344-4231 View (260) 344-4231
Photo of John B Smith, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor , LPCC-S, LMHC
John B Smith
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor , LPCC-S, LMHC
Online Only
You don’t have to walk through this alone. If you've experienced trauma—especially the kind that’s hidden, denied, or dismissed by others—you may carry pain that feels unspeakable. As a therapist who has personally survived abuse and has spent 25 years helping others heal from sexual, ritual, and spiritual trauma, I offer a grounded, compassionate presence that can hold what others cannot.
You don’t have to walk through this alone. If you've experienced trauma—especially the kind that’s hidden, denied, or dismissed by others—you may carry pain that feels unspeakable. As a therapist who has personally survived abuse and has spent 25 years helping others heal from sexual, ritual, and spiritual trauma, I offer a grounded, compassionate presence that can hold what others cannot.
(419) 780-2734 View (419) 780-2734
Photo of Amy Hemming, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Amy Hemming
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Do you find yourself stuck in thoughts like “I’m not good enough,” “I can’t trust anyone,” or "I don't deserve good things"? For both adults and young adults, these thoughts can feel like facts that influence how you show up in relationships, school, work, or everyday life. Whether they stem from past experiences, criticism, trauma, or just years of self-doubt, together we can untangle those deep emotional knots — so you can feel more grounded, confident, and in control of your life again. We’ll explore what’s getting in your way and gently shift the patterns that no longer serve you. You don’t have to figure it out alone.
Do you find yourself stuck in thoughts like “I’m not good enough,” “I can’t trust anyone,” or "I don't deserve good things"? For both adults and young adults, these thoughts can feel like facts that influence how you show up in relationships, school, work, or everyday life. Whether they stem from past experiences, criticism, trauma, or just years of self-doubt, together we can untangle those deep emotional knots — so you can feel more grounded, confident, and in control of your life again. We’ll explore what’s getting in your way and gently shift the patterns that no longer serve you. You don’t have to figure it out alone.
(317) 597-6399 View (317) 597-6399
Photo of Elizabeth C White, Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCAC
Elizabeth C White
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCAC
Online Only
You deserve to live a life that leaves you excited to wake up every morning. It's time to heal and feel better. Counseling is like a visit to the spa for your soul. I want to help you refresh and renew yourself as you move through the hustle and bustle of life. I bring over 10 years experience working with individuals, couples, and families. You have the answers, I am just going to help you find them. Take some time for you.
You deserve to live a life that leaves you excited to wake up every morning. It's time to heal and feel better. Counseling is like a visit to the spa for your soul. I want to help you refresh and renew yourself as you move through the hustle and bustle of life. I bring over 10 years experience working with individuals, couples, and families. You have the answers, I am just going to help you find them. Take some time for you.
(317) 449-2819 View (317) 449-2819
Photo of Cat Salladin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Cat Salladin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I support adolescents and adults, especially those in the LGBTQ+ community, neurodivergent individuals, the COVID-conscious community, ex-evangelicals and others healing from religious trauma, disabled individuals, and athletes or former athletes. Many of my clients come to me navigating anxiety, depression, loneliness, identity questions, or trauma-related experiences—and they’re looking for a space where they don’t have to explain or shrink who they are.
I support adolescents and adults, especially those in the LGBTQ+ community, neurodivergent individuals, the COVID-conscious community, ex-evangelicals and others healing from religious trauma, disabled individuals, and athletes or former athletes. Many of my clients come to me navigating anxiety, depression, loneliness, identity questions, or trauma-related experiences—and they’re looking for a space where they don’t have to explain or shrink who they are.
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Photo of Krista E. Banks-Wilson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Krista E. Banks-Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Looking for a positive change, but not sure where to begin? Life can feel heavy at times. Anxiety, depression or self-doubt can get in the way of living the life you want. If you are feeling overwhelmed, stuck or simply in need of support, you've come to the right place. I am here to help you sort through the noise, gain clarity and tke manageable steps toward feeling more in control.
Looking for a positive change, but not sure where to begin? Life can feel heavy at times. Anxiety, depression or self-doubt can get in the way of living the life you want. If you are feeling overwhelmed, stuck or simply in need of support, you've come to the right place. I am here to help you sort through the noise, gain clarity and tke manageable steps toward feeling more in control.
(463) 278-7496 View (463) 278-7496
Photo of Athena Soleim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Athena Soleim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am able to help clients struggling with Bipolar, Depression, Trauma, ADHD, Addiction related struggles, Anxiety, Anger, Parenting struggles, borderline, loneliness, Relationship problems, mood disorders, Personality disorders, and other struggles. I help support my clients with meeting their goals and working together. I believe in adapting the process to best meet your needs. I meet my clients where they are and I offer flexibility in the process as we work together. Together, we can meet your goal and help you on your journey! Let's start your journey today and get working!
I am able to help clients struggling with Bipolar, Depression, Trauma, ADHD, Addiction related struggles, Anxiety, Anger, Parenting struggles, borderline, loneliness, Relationship problems, mood disorders, Personality disorders, and other struggles. I help support my clients with meeting their goals and working together. I believe in adapting the process to best meet your needs. I meet my clients where they are and I offer flexibility in the process as we work together. Together, we can meet your goal and help you on your journey! Let's start your journey today and get working!
(872) 888-7864 View (872) 888-7864
Photo of Danielle Rhinesmith, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Danielle Rhinesmith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Hi, I’m Danielle Rhinesmith, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who works with youth and adults navigating anxiety, depression, and trauma. I believe that healing is not one-size-fits-all, and I strive to meet each client exactly where they are in their journey. Starting therapy can feel like a big step, and I aim to make that process as comfortable as possible. In our first few sessions, you can expect a warm, empathetic space where we begin building a trusting relationship. Together, we will explore your experiences, identify meaningful goals, and clarify what you hope to gain from therapy.
Hi, I’m Danielle Rhinesmith, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who works with youth and adults navigating anxiety, depression, and trauma. I believe that healing is not one-size-fits-all, and I strive to meet each client exactly where they are in their journey. Starting therapy can feel like a big step, and I aim to make that process as comfortable as possible. In our first few sessions, you can expect a warm, empathetic space where we begin building a trusting relationship. Together, we will explore your experiences, identify meaningful goals, and clarify what you hope to gain from therapy.
(260) 338-4781 View (260) 338-4781
Photo of Jim Rogers, Counselor, LMHC
Jim Rogers
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Are you ready to start your journey of self-discovery and transformation? I'm excited to walk with you through this process. Every session is a step towards unraveling the layers of your inner world, fostering positive changes, and crafting strategies for a brighter tomorrow.
Are you ready to start your journey of self-discovery and transformation? I'm excited to walk with you through this process. Every session is a step towards unraveling the layers of your inner world, fostering positive changes, and crafting strategies for a brighter tomorrow.
(317) 933-8667 View (317) 933-8667
Photo of Jessica Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jessica Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi! My name is Jessica and I am originally from Atlanta, GA and attended the University of Georgia (Go Dawgs!) where I received a bachelor’s degree in Communications. I worked for several years in the nonprofit development field before deciding that I wanted to return to school part time to pursue a Masters of Social Work degree. During this time, I lived and worked in inner city Philadelphia, Washington D.C. and then did some rural social service work in Central Pennsylvania. These different experiences have impacted the way I view therapy today. I believe in a person-centered approach to therapy and meeting clients where they are.
Hi! My name is Jessica and I am originally from Atlanta, GA and attended the University of Georgia (Go Dawgs!) where I received a bachelor’s degree in Communications. I worked for several years in the nonprofit development field before deciding that I wanted to return to school part time to pursue a Masters of Social Work degree. During this time, I lived and worked in inner city Philadelphia, Washington D.C. and then did some rural social service work in Central Pennsylvania. These different experiences have impacted the way I view therapy today. I believe in a person-centered approach to therapy and meeting clients where they are.
(463) 270-4681 View (463) 270-4681
Photo of Kecia Blakely, Counselor, MSPSY, LCMHC
Kecia Blakely
Counselor, MSPSY, LCMHC
Online Only
Thank you for visiting my site . I am truly humbled that you took the first step to putting you first.. I want you to know that this is absolutely a no judgement zone and I hope that you take the time to understand that it is ok to get the help that you need. Believe me we have all been in a place where we needed someone to talk to.  I am here to help you.
Thank you for visiting my site . I am truly humbled that you took the first step to putting you first.. I want you to know that this is absolutely a no judgement zone and I hope that you take the time to understand that it is ok to get the help that you need. Believe me we have all been in a place where we needed someone to talk to.  I am here to help you.
(574) 564-6542 View (574) 564-6542
Photo of Dr. Lana Grinev, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, M-CASAC, SAP/SAE, CPHQ, CCM/DSW
Dr. Lana Grinev
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, M-CASAC, SAP/SAE, CPHQ, CCM/DSW
Online Only
I have to agree that finding the precise therapist can be quite challenging! Hopefully I can make your search less hectic if given the opportunity. I provide an unbiased, trusting environment necessary to explore vulnerabilities which foster healing. I have success working with clients of various ages from diverse backgrounds. I have received advanced training in Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse, and I am also well-versed in cognitive, behavioral, mindfulness, and psychodynamic approaches. I combine techniques from different therapeutic modalities to help my clients reach their goals to success and overall self-fulfillment.
I have to agree that finding the precise therapist can be quite challenging! Hopefully I can make your search less hectic if given the opportunity. I provide an unbiased, trusting environment necessary to explore vulnerabilities which foster healing. I have success working with clients of various ages from diverse backgrounds. I have received advanced training in Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse, and I am also well-versed in cognitive, behavioral, mindfulness, and psychodynamic approaches. I combine techniques from different therapeutic modalities to help my clients reach their goals to success and overall self-fulfillment.
(929) 298-3870 View (929) 298-3870

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Woodlands Of Riverside, Fort Wayne, IN

30+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Woodlands Of Riverside, Fort Wayne, IN who prioritize treating:

88% Depression
88% Anxiety
79% Trauma and PTSD
70% Self Esteem
64% Relationship Issues
61% Stress
45% ADHD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% BlueCross and BlueShield
76% Anthem
72% Aetna

How Therapists in Woodlands Of Riverside, Fort Wayne, IN see their clients

67% Online Only
33% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

84% Female
13% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Woodlands Of Riverside, Fort Wayne?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.