Therapists in Berne, IN

Photo of Tim E Hirschy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAC, MAC, LISW
Tim E Hirschy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAC, MAC, LISW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I have experience working with grief/loss, sadness/depression, anxiety/stress, trauma, anger issues, addictions, ADHD and individuals and families in transition. I enjoy working with a variety of individuals that are looking to find freedom from the issues that are currently holding them back in life. My primary hope is to help individuals and families to find wholeness, freedom and encouragement as they move through their life journey.
I have experience working with grief/loss, sadness/depression, anxiety/stress, trauma, anger issues, addictions, ADHD and individuals and families in transition. I enjoy working with a variety of individuals that are looking to find freedom from the issues that are currently holding them back in life. My primary hope is to help individuals and families to find wholeness, freedom and encouragement as they move through their life journey.
(260) 217-5129 View (260) 217-5129
Photo of Jonnarda Tolbert, Counselor, LMHC
Jonnarda Tolbert
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Indiana. I received my master's degree education from Purdue University Northwest. I have experience in working with a variety of issues including, but not limited to, mood and anxiety disorders, trauma, grief/loss, and adjustment disorders. Outside of private practice, I work as a therapist in the schools and with non-profit agencies in the community.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Indiana. I received my master's degree education from Purdue University Northwest. I have experience in working with a variety of issues including, but not limited to, mood and anxiety disorders, trauma, grief/loss, and adjustment disorders. Outside of private practice, I work as a therapist in the schools and with non-profit agencies in the community.
(219) 697-8130 View (219) 697-8130

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Angel Metro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CCHW
Angel Metro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CCHW
Online Only
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over a decade of experience, I help individuals and families who feel overwhelmed find their path forward. I create a warm space where clients explore thoughts safely while recognizing their strengths. My person-centered approach emphasizes collaboration—we work together on plans honoring your values and goals. Whether facing burnout, relationship issues, or seeking purpose, I'm committed to partnering with you. Through our work, you'll build on your capabilities, fostering self-efficacy and creating a life that energizes rather than depletes you. Click website to book your appointment!
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over a decade of experience, I help individuals and families who feel overwhelmed find their path forward. I create a warm space where clients explore thoughts safely while recognizing their strengths. My person-centered approach emphasizes collaboration—we work together on plans honoring your values and goals. Whether facing burnout, relationship issues, or seeking purpose, I'm committed to partnering with you. Through our work, you'll build on your capabilities, fostering self-efficacy and creating a life that energizes rather than depletes you. Click website to book your appointment!
(260) 280-0446 View (260) 280-0446
Photo of Dee Szyndrowski, Counselor, LMHC
Dee Szyndrowski
Counselor, LMHC
Fort Wayne, IN 46807
Hi! Just by searching for the right person to assist you, your healing journey has begun! Asking for help is one of life’s many challenges that we face, and you have mastered this step. Life can pose a number of different challenges that sometimes we need help to walk through them and create a different pathway for ourselves; I am here to partner with you on your journey. Together we can explore your current needs or stressors, understand your responses to your current situation focusing on discovering your strengths, you can create new pathways that support you to respond in a way that eliminates the stress/anxiety/sadness.
Hi! Just by searching for the right person to assist you, your healing journey has begun! Asking for help is one of life’s many challenges that we face, and you have mastered this step. Life can pose a number of different challenges that sometimes we need help to walk through them and create a different pathway for ourselves; I am here to partner with you on your journey. Together we can explore your current needs or stressors, understand your responses to your current situation focusing on discovering your strengths, you can create new pathways that support you to respond in a way that eliminates the stress/anxiety/sadness.
(260) 235-2533 View (260) 235-2533
Photo of Hannah Loga, Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Hannah Loga
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Serves Area
Accepting new clients. I offer specialized expertise in child mental health, providing evidence-based therapies like CBT, exposure therapy, and behavioral interventions. With compassionate support, I collaborate with clients to tailor treatment plans, empowering children and adults alike to overcome anxiety, OCD, ADHD, and behavioral challenges. Whether it's your child's first steps or your own journey, we can navigate this path together towards well-being with evidence-based therapies and compassionate support. My goal is to provide interventions that help clients feel more confident to conquer everyday challenges.
Accepting new clients. I offer specialized expertise in child mental health, providing evidence-based therapies like CBT, exposure therapy, and behavioral interventions. With compassionate support, I collaborate with clients to tailor treatment plans, empowering children and adults alike to overcome anxiety, OCD, ADHD, and behavioral challenges. Whether it's your child's first steps or your own journey, we can navigate this path together towards well-being with evidence-based therapies and compassionate support. My goal is to provide interventions that help clients feel more confident to conquer everyday challenges.
(260) 900-2780 View (260) 900-2780
Photo of Jarred Bauer, Counselor, LMHC
Jarred Bauer
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and licensed in Indiana with over 10 years of clinical work experience. I believe counseling is a partnership where I come alongside others to help understand their needs while appreciating their strengths. Taking that next step in your journey with the help of a counselor can take courage and I would be honored to come alongside you in that journey.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and licensed in Indiana with over 10 years of clinical work experience. I believe counseling is a partnership where I come alongside others to help understand their needs while appreciating their strengths. Taking that next step in your journey with the help of a counselor can take courage and I would be honored to come alongside you in that journey.
(765) 575-9521 View (765) 575-9521
Photo of Danielle Renee Allen - Danielle R. Allen, LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Danielle R. Allen, LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Fort Wayne, IN 46807
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with professional experience working with a variety of individuals and families. I have several previous years of experience working within the realms of the child welfare and probation systems, and much of my more recent private practice work has been focused on individuals struggling with eating disorders and addiction. I also have a great deal of experience conducting emergency psychiatric assessments and helping those undergoing a mental health crisis. I offer clients warmth, empathy, a safe environment without judgement, and I'm ready to meet them wherever they're at emotionally.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with professional experience working with a variety of individuals and families. I have several previous years of experience working within the realms of the child welfare and probation systems, and much of my more recent private practice work has been focused on individuals struggling with eating disorders and addiction. I also have a great deal of experience conducting emergency psychiatric assessments and helping those undergoing a mental health crisis. I offer clients warmth, empathy, a safe environment without judgement, and I'm ready to meet them wherever they're at emotionally.
(260) 297-3883 View (260) 297-3883
Photo of Brooke Sellhorn - Grace Love and Connection, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LMHC
Grace Love and Connection
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LMHC
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Grace Love and Connection is a group of clinicians who are passionate about hope and healing. With a spectrum of interests and specialties, our clinicians are able to meet your family's needs. Grace Love and Connection counselors are able to address individual concerns, marital stress, mental health issues, children's behaviors, adolescent anxiety, emotional health struggles, interpersonal conflict, and family dynamics. Counseling is facilitated in a warm environment and within the safety of a non-judgmental, professional relationship. Clinicians offer in-person, online, group sessions, and marriage intensives.
Grace Love and Connection is a group of clinicians who are passionate about hope and healing. With a spectrum of interests and specialties, our clinicians are able to meet your family's needs. Grace Love and Connection counselors are able to address individual concerns, marital stress, mental health issues, children's behaviors, adolescent anxiety, emotional health struggles, interpersonal conflict, and family dynamics. Counseling is facilitated in a warm environment and within the safety of a non-judgmental, professional relationship. Clinicians offer in-person, online, group sessions, and marriage intensives.
(260) 370-6573 View (260) 370-6573
Photo of Charlotte Barton Coombs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Charlotte Barton Coombs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Indiana, and I work with clients statewide via telehealth.​ I specialize in helping individuals navigate anxiety, depression, and life transitions using evidence-based approaches like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).​My approach to therapy is client-centered and adaptable, ensuring that each session is tailored to meet your unique needs.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Indiana, and I work with clients statewide via telehealth.​ I specialize in helping individuals navigate anxiety, depression, and life transitions using evidence-based approaches like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).​My approach to therapy is client-centered and adaptable, ensuring that each session is tailored to meet your unique needs.
(720) 419-0302 View (720) 419-0302
Photo of Joy Bell, Counselor, LMHC
Joy Bell
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
My name is Joy Bell and I'm a Licensed Mental Health Counselor for the state of Indiana. I have been licensed since 2003 with a lot of experience with various populations. I use a person centered approach along with CBT, mindfulness and narrative approaches.
My name is Joy Bell and I'm a Licensed Mental Health Counselor for the state of Indiana. I have been licensed since 2003 with a lot of experience with various populations. I use a person centered approach along with CBT, mindfulness and narrative approaches.
(765) 719-8867 View (765) 719-8867
Photo of Ryan Beeching, Counselor, LMHC
Ryan Beeching
Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I have a passion for treating children and adolescents that are struggling with behavioral and emotional difficulties, including but not limited to anxiety, depression, ADHD, oppositional defiance, behavioral struggles, trauma, and grief. I work with the family unit to best help the child overcome life obstacles while helping the parents navigate stressful situation and how they can best support their child. I also treat adults that are struggling with anxiety, depression, and trauma. I offer EMDR for both youth and adults for trauma related issues and have seen clients make meaningful and lasting progress through this approach.
I have a passion for treating children and adolescents that are struggling with behavioral and emotional difficulties, including but not limited to anxiety, depression, ADHD, oppositional defiance, behavioral struggles, trauma, and grief. I work with the family unit to best help the child overcome life obstacles while helping the parents navigate stressful situation and how they can best support their child. I also treat adults that are struggling with anxiety, depression, and trauma. I offer EMDR for both youth and adults for trauma related issues and have seen clients make meaningful and lasting progress through this approach.
(260) 254-1868 View (260) 254-1868
Photo of Tina Johnson-Fry Smith - Trinity Consulting & Counseling, Counselor, MS, MBA, LMHC, CSAYC, EMDR
Trinity Consulting & Counseling
Counselor, MS, MBA, LMHC, CSAYC, EMDR
Online Only
Our ideal client seeks healing, growth, and emotional balance. They may struggle with anxiety, depression, trauma, anger, or relationship issues and desire a safe, compassionate space to heal. They want to feel heard, supported, and guided toward lasting change. At Trinity Consulting & Counseling, we meet clients where they are—offering evidence-based and faith-guided care to help them move from pain to purpose. We also welcome those who fear they can’t afford therapy, offering free and low-cost services through our intern program.
Our ideal client seeks healing, growth, and emotional balance. They may struggle with anxiety, depression, trauma, anger, or relationship issues and desire a safe, compassionate space to heal. They want to feel heard, supported, and guided toward lasting change. At Trinity Consulting & Counseling, we meet clients where they are—offering evidence-based and faith-guided care to help them move from pain to purpose. We also welcome those who fear they can’t afford therapy, offering free and low-cost services through our intern program.
(317) 434-3645 View (317) 434-3645
Photo of Janet Eggiman, Marriage & Family Therapist, RN, LMFT
Janet Eggiman
Marriage & Family Therapist, RN, LMFT
Serves Area
Sometimes the happiest times of our lives are the most stressful. We think we should be basking in the enjoyment of our accomplishments, but instead, we find ourselves sad, angry, and anxious. Depression, anxiety, anger, and behavior problems happens to everyone at some time in their lives. Untreated, it can lead to chronic depression and the loss of enjoyment. We all deserve happiness and contentment with the simple activities of our everyday lives.
Sometimes the happiest times of our lives are the most stressful. We think we should be basking in the enjoyment of our accomplishments, but instead, we find ourselves sad, angry, and anxious. Depression, anxiety, anger, and behavior problems happens to everyone at some time in their lives. Untreated, it can lead to chronic depression and the loss of enjoyment. We all deserve happiness and contentment with the simple activities of our everyday lives.
(260) 255-4977 View (260) 255-4977
Photo of Bethany Pruitt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CEDS
Bethany Pruitt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CEDS
Fort Wayne, IN 46807
Are you tired of the constant internal struggle? Do you feel out-of-control with food or fight with yourself about when, what, and how much to eat or exercise? I work with people grappling with these internal conflicts, whether that looks like binge-eating, restricting, or the places in between. I specialize in working with people with eating disorders, but I welcome anyone who is wanting to work through a difficult relationship with their body, maladaptive perfectionism, trauma, anxiety, and over-control. I will help you build self-compassion, and learn to work with your body, rather than against it.
Are you tired of the constant internal struggle? Do you feel out-of-control with food or fight with yourself about when, what, and how much to eat or exercise? I work with people grappling with these internal conflicts, whether that looks like binge-eating, restricting, or the places in between. I specialize in working with people with eating disorders, but I welcome anyone who is wanting to work through a difficult relationship with their body, maladaptive perfectionism, trauma, anxiety, and over-control. I will help you build self-compassion, and learn to work with your body, rather than against it.
(260) 308-5303 View (260) 308-5303
Photo of Wanda Faye Demeke, Counselor, LMHC, CCMHC
Wanda Faye Demeke
Counselor, LMHC, CCMHC
Online Only
You may be feeling stuck—caught in cycles of worry, self-doubt, or exhaustion from trying to hold everything together. Maybe you’re navigating a major life transition, questioning your direction, or noticing patterns that keep you from feeling fulfilled. Deep down, you want to feel calmer, more confident, and more connected to yourself and others. You’re ready to understand what’s been holding you back and to find new ways of coping that actually bring peace and balance. Therapy offers a safe, supportive space to explore your story, gain clarity, and create lasting change.
You may be feeling stuck—caught in cycles of worry, self-doubt, or exhaustion from trying to hold everything together. Maybe you’re navigating a major life transition, questioning your direction, or noticing patterns that keep you from feeling fulfilled. Deep down, you want to feel calmer, more confident, and more connected to yourself and others. You’re ready to understand what’s been holding you back and to find new ways of coping that actually bring peace and balance. Therapy offers a safe, supportive space to explore your story, gain clarity, and create lasting change.
(260) 300-1748 View (260) 300-1748
Photo of Mary Aguilar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Mary Aguilar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
It can feel scary, exciting, intimidating, and hopeful to finally decide to see a counselor. Sometimes it takes us years to finally reach out and make the call. It is such an honor that my clients allow me into their lives. Knowing and experiencing my clients' lives along side them makes my life better. I work hard to make my office a safe, open, affirming space. Experience has taught me that past experiences truly inform present functioning. Healing and growth is possible, as I witness it daily. I look forward to collaborating with you and I offer you the option of utilizing EMDR to enhance outcomes.
It can feel scary, exciting, intimidating, and hopeful to finally decide to see a counselor. Sometimes it takes us years to finally reach out and make the call. It is such an honor that my clients allow me into their lives. Knowing and experiencing my clients' lives along side them makes my life better. I work hard to make my office a safe, open, affirming space. Experience has taught me that past experiences truly inform present functioning. Healing and growth is possible, as I witness it daily. I look forward to collaborating with you and I offer you the option of utilizing EMDR to enhance outcomes.
(260) 296-2467 View (260) 296-2467
Photo of Kathryn Dickey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Kathryn Dickey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Welcome to your journey of growth, healing, and health! I’m dedicated to creating a safe and supportive space where you can feel heard, understood, and empowered. Each life is a story, and it would be an honor to walk alongside you as we explore together your goals. Whether you’re navigating depression, life transitions, personal growth, or relationship difficulties, my goal is to be a support for you to build confidence to move toward healing and wholeness. Way to be awesome for this first step toward peace.
Welcome to your journey of growth, healing, and health! I’m dedicated to creating a safe and supportive space where you can feel heard, understood, and empowered. Each life is a story, and it would be an honor to walk alongside you as we explore together your goals. Whether you’re navigating depression, life transitions, personal growth, or relationship difficulties, my goal is to be a support for you to build confidence to move toward healing and wholeness. Way to be awesome for this first step toward peace.
(765) 737-2999 View (765) 737-2999
Photo of Rita Polivick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Rita Polivick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Rita I. Polivick, LCSW, has distinguished herself through decades of professional experience. She has practiced in hospital, residential, and outpatient settings. Rita employs an eclectic approach. Drawing on her advanced education and experience with cognitive behavioral therapy, client centered therapy, cognitive processing, Gestalt, psychoanalysis, play therapy, and integrated therapy, physical and emotional health relationship. Client's will experience a professional with a sincere respect for their wellbeing. Rita is an advocate for protecting the client's legal right for confidentiality.
Rita I. Polivick, LCSW, has distinguished herself through decades of professional experience. She has practiced in hospital, residential, and outpatient settings. Rita employs an eclectic approach. Drawing on her advanced education and experience with cognitive behavioral therapy, client centered therapy, cognitive processing, Gestalt, psychoanalysis, play therapy, and integrated therapy, physical and emotional health relationship. Client's will experience a professional with a sincere respect for their wellbeing. Rita is an advocate for protecting the client's legal right for confidentiality.
(765) 246-8630 View (765) 246-8630
Photo of Lori Horstmeyer-Grubb, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Lori Horstmeyer-Grubb
Counselor, MA, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I believe my primary function as it relates to clients is to be a conduit of peace and problem solving. I am certified in the field of Trauma and Loss. My Christian foundation and training has educated me on the importance of being a holistic therapist, using the mind/body connection with a strong focus on spirituality and forgiveness. Every human has all these parts in their soul, and healing is a culmination of tapping into individual strengths. How may I serve you through counseling?
I believe my primary function as it relates to clients is to be a conduit of peace and problem solving. I am certified in the field of Trauma and Loss. My Christian foundation and training has educated me on the importance of being a holistic therapist, using the mind/body connection with a strong focus on spirituality and forgiveness. Every human has all these parts in their soul, and healing is a culmination of tapping into individual strengths. How may I serve you through counseling?
(260) 217-4841 View (260) 217-4841
Photo of Cynthia Diane Probst, Counselor, LMHC
Cynthia Diane Probst
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Fort Wayne, IN 46807
I believe I have been successful for almost 30 years in the field of mental health counseling because I approach each client I meet with curiosity. I respect each that client has an individual experience, their own life challenges and strengths. And each client has individual goals and vision for their life. Our life experiences, challenges and strengths shape each one of us and I believe it's important to approach each person at the most basic level of being curious about who they are. Only by listening to you and your experiences can I know how best partner with you to guide you in your life journey.
I believe I have been successful for almost 30 years in the field of mental health counseling because I approach each client I meet with curiosity. I respect each that client has an individual experience, their own life challenges and strengths. And each client has individual goals and vision for their life. Our life experiences, challenges and strengths shape each one of us and I believe it's important to approach each person at the most basic level of being curious about who they are. Only by listening to you and your experiences can I know how best partner with you to guide you in your life journey.
(260) 403-4328 View (260) 403-4328

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berne, IN

< 10

Therapists in Berne, IN who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
50% Relationship Issues
50% ADHD
50% Addiction
50% Grief

Average years in practice

32 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Berne, IN see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

50% Female
50% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berne?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.