Therapists in Tolono, IL

Photo of Elizabeth Salmo, LCPC, Counselor
Elizabeth Salmo
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Tolono, IL 61880
Hi! I'm Beth Salmo, licensed in MO, IL, and FL as a professional counselor. My work is focused on helping people who are struggling with mood disorders, anxiety, trauma, and moral injury. I've also helped clients with personality disorders and who are on the autism spectrum. I have many years of experience helping people with mood and anxiety disorders; those who are neurodivergent; and relational issues to include members of the LGBTQIA+ community. I approach therapy from a CBT and Reality-Choice lens and often infuse therapeutic humor into my sessions.
Hi! I'm Beth Salmo, licensed in MO, IL, and FL as a professional counselor. My work is focused on helping people who are struggling with mood disorders, anxiety, trauma, and moral injury. I've also helped clients with personality disorders and who are on the autism spectrum. I have many years of experience helping people with mood and anxiety disorders; those who are neurodivergent; and relational issues to include members of the LGBTQIA+ community. I approach therapy from a CBT and Reality-Choice lens and often infuse therapeutic humor into my sessions.
(309) 302-3054 View (309) 302-3054
Photo of Nadjeh Awadallah, LCPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nadjeh Awadallah
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Tolono, IL 61880
It is important to talk through the different therapy strategies with a client to determine what suits them and meets their expectations of treatment. I like using different modalities of treatment (like Dialectical Behavioral Treatment, Solution Focused Brief Therapy, and Client-Centered Interventions) and feel it is important to educate the client on these options so they can decide on what will work well for them. Regardless of the treatment modality they choose, setting realistic treatment goals is so important and will allow clients to see change as they work through treatment.
It is important to talk through the different therapy strategies with a client to determine what suits them and meets their expectations of treatment. I like using different modalities of treatment (like Dialectical Behavioral Treatment, Solution Focused Brief Therapy, and Client-Centered Interventions) and feel it is important to educate the client on these options so they can decide on what will work well for them. Regardless of the treatment modality they choose, setting realistic treatment goals is so important and will allow clients to see change as they work through treatment.
(309) 886-6319 View (309) 886-6319
Photo of Byron D Hibbs, BSW, MHP, Pre-Licensed Professional
Byron D Hibbs
Pre-Licensed Professional, BSW, MHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tolono, IL 61880
I became a social worker because I understand what it’s like to have no purpose or direction in life and hope for things to improve without knowing where to begin. I understand it in a way that no amount of schooling could ever teach. I know how the brain can fundamentally disrupt every other aspect of your body and how your emotions can distort things—emotions you didn’t even know you had. Your emotions can make it impossible to see, think, and do anything clearly. The way they can make you hurt from your head down to your fingertips, a dull, throbbing, constant pain that never goes away.
I became a social worker because I understand what it’s like to have no purpose or direction in life and hope for things to improve without knowing where to begin. I understand it in a way that no amount of schooling could ever teach. I know how the brain can fundamentally disrupt every other aspect of your body and how your emotions can distort things—emotions you didn’t even know you had. Your emotions can make it impossible to see, think, and do anything clearly. The way they can make you hurt from your head down to your fingertips, a dull, throbbing, constant pain that never goes away.
(217) 688-9232 View (217) 688-9232
Photo of Caitlin D Schutz, MSW, LSW
Caitlin D Schutz
Licensed Social Worker, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Tolono, IL 61880
Hi, my name is Cat Schutz. I am a licensed social worker who is a compassionate counselor specializing in supporting children, families and individuals through challenging times. With a wealth of experience in working with those who have survived tremendous trauma, life changes, and who are struggling with well-being, I'm deeply committed to empowering you to navigate life's obstacles with resilience and strength. I bring a calm and reassuring presence to my therapeutic approach, and value creating a safe space for you to explore your emotions and experiences.
Hi, my name is Cat Schutz. I am a licensed social worker who is a compassionate counselor specializing in supporting children, families and individuals through challenging times. With a wealth of experience in working with those who have survived tremendous trauma, life changes, and who are struggling with well-being, I'm deeply committed to empowering you to navigate life's obstacles with resilience and strength. I bring a calm and reassuring presence to my therapeutic approach, and value creating a safe space for you to explore your emotions and experiences.
(217) 846-9361 View (217) 846-9361
Photo of Julie P Birky - Julie Birky Counseling PLLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie Birky Counseling PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tolono, IL 61880
Waitlist for new clients
Are you trying to figure out where you're going in life? Do you feel aimless in your goals but unsure how to ask for guidance? Or perhaps you're just feeling "a bit off" but you aren't sure if therapy is right for you. This is a hard place to be, especially when things mostly appear "just fine" on the outside. Many people feel this way but don't reach out for help. You could be struggling with anxiety or depression.
Are you trying to figure out where you're going in life? Do you feel aimless in your goals but unsure how to ask for guidance? Or perhaps you're just feeling "a bit off" but you aren't sure if therapy is right for you. This is a hard place to be, especially when things mostly appear "just fine" on the outside. Many people feel this way but don't reach out for help. You could be struggling with anxiety or depression.
(217) 290-0683 View (217) 290-0683

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Erin Gelke, LSW
Erin Gelke
LSW
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61820
I am a Licensed Social Worker in the state of Illinois, and I am also a trained EMDR therapist. I am experienced working with children, teens, and adults who are seeking counseling for a wide range of emotional and life experiences. I particularly enjoying working with children and teens. I am comfortable with and supportive of individuals who are on the spectrum or neuro divergent. I am driven to work with individuals who have experienced trauma of any kind, and I am particularly called to work with Police Officers, Medical Personnel, or other First Responders who are highly impacted by what they experience at work.
I am a Licensed Social Worker in the state of Illinois, and I am also a trained EMDR therapist. I am experienced working with children, teens, and adults who are seeking counseling for a wide range of emotional and life experiences. I particularly enjoying working with children and teens. I am comfortable with and supportive of individuals who are on the spectrum or neuro divergent. I am driven to work with individuals who have experienced trauma of any kind, and I am particularly called to work with Police Officers, Medical Personnel, or other First Responders who are highly impacted by what they experience at work.
(217) 334-2366 View (217) 334-2366
Photo of Christopher Menard, PsyD, Psychologist
Christopher Menard
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Urbana, IL 61801
Dr. Menard provides individual, couples, and group therapy services. He is licensed in Illinois and Tennessee, and he can provide telehealth video sessions in 40 states. To learn more, see web site: DrMenard.org
Dr. Menard provides individual, couples, and group therapy services. He is licensed in Illinois and Tennessee, and he can provide telehealth video sessions in 40 states. To learn more, see web site: DrMenard.org
(629) 265-9613 View (629) 265-9613
Photo of Ariel Warner, MA, QMHP, LPC, Counselor
Ariel Warner
Counselor, MA, QMHP, LPC
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61820
I am a Qualified Mental Health Professional with a Master’s Degree in Human Development Counseling and a concentration in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of Illinois Springfield. I have provided counseling services in a variety of different settings including community mental health, university, and private practice. I am experienced in working with children, adolescents, and young adults surrounding difficulties with self-esteem, relationships, anxiety, depression, trauma experiences, and ADHD symptoms.
I am a Qualified Mental Health Professional with a Master’s Degree in Human Development Counseling and a concentration in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of Illinois Springfield. I have provided counseling services in a variety of different settings including community mental health, university, and private practice. I am experienced in working with children, adolescents, and young adults surrounding difficulties with self-esteem, relationships, anxiety, depression, trauma experiences, and ADHD symptoms.
(217) 773-5783 View (217) 773-5783
Photo of Jamie Donsbach, MA, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jamie Donsbach
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Savoy, IL 61874
We all go through difficult times throughout our lives. Making the decision to seek help from a therapist can be frightening; however, it can also be very rewarding. We all have strengths within us to overcome obstacles, but sometimes we just need someone to help us rediscover them. My therapy style involves exploring your thoughts, feelings, and relationships along with challenging unhealthy beliefs and behavior patterns. The mission of my practice is to provide a safe, non-judgmental environment where individuals feel accepted and respected. I provide therapy to adults, children, adolescents, and families.
We all go through difficult times throughout our lives. Making the decision to seek help from a therapist can be frightening; however, it can also be very rewarding. We all have strengths within us to overcome obstacles, but sometimes we just need someone to help us rediscover them. My therapy style involves exploring your thoughts, feelings, and relationships along with challenging unhealthy beliefs and behavior patterns. The mission of my practice is to provide a safe, non-judgmental environment where individuals feel accepted and respected. I provide therapy to adults, children, adolescents, and families.
(217) 239-6563 View (217) 239-6563
Photo of Kristin Pasley, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristin Pasley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61820
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Illinois, with a Master’s Degree in Social Work from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. I have experience working in residential settings with an array of populations that allowed me to have experience with all varieties of mental health concerns, including personality disorders, mood disorders, trauma, substance abuse issues, and psychosis. I am comfortable working with adults and utilize techniques from several therapy styles, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Illinois, with a Master’s Degree in Social Work from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. I have experience working in residential settings with an array of populations that allowed me to have experience with all varieties of mental health concerns, including personality disorders, mood disorders, trauma, substance abuse issues, and psychosis. I am comfortable working with adults and utilize techniques from several therapy styles, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy.
(217) 439-3960 View (217) 439-3960
Photo of Nicole Bartecki, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Nicole Bartecki
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61825
Do you find yourself feeling anxious or overwhelmed, be it in social settings, at your workplace, or navigating through the challenges of everyday life? Are you grappling with the burdens of past or recent relationship breakdowns, losses, or circumstances that seem beyond your control? Are you yearning for change and seeking a path towards peace and stability? Together, we can work towards forging that path. We can aim to transform your life into one marked by tranquility, enriched by meaningful relationships, and underpinned by self-confidence.
Do you find yourself feeling anxious or overwhelmed, be it in social settings, at your workplace, or navigating through the challenges of everyday life? Are you grappling with the burdens of past or recent relationship breakdowns, losses, or circumstances that seem beyond your control? Are you yearning for change and seeking a path towards peace and stability? Together, we can work towards forging that path. We can aim to transform your life into one marked by tranquility, enriched by meaningful relationships, and underpinned by self-confidence.
(872) 266-9715 View (872) 266-9715
Audrey Peppers
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61820
l believe people are the best solutions to their problems and with the proper supports, individuals can accomplish anything. I'm comfortable with treating a host of challenges: including sexual and emotional traumas, mood and depression disorders, anxiety disorders, relationship issues, divorce, attention deficits and grief and loss. I love working with children and families and am comfortable working with individuals of all ages: adults, adolescents and children. Although, I specialize in child and adolescent trauma and learning issues, I also work with individuals and couples to identify their emotional needs and support them in f
l believe people are the best solutions to their problems and with the proper supports, individuals can accomplish anything. I'm comfortable with treating a host of challenges: including sexual and emotional traumas, mood and depression disorders, anxiety disorders, relationship issues, divorce, attention deficits and grief and loss. I love working with children and families and am comfortable working with individuals of all ages: adults, adolescents and children. Although, I specialize in child and adolescent trauma and learning issues, I also work with individuals and couples to identify their emotional needs and support them in f
(217) 717-9634 View (217) 717-9634
Photo of Nhi Vo
Nhi Vo
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbana, IL 61801  (Online Only)
Mental health challenges can significantly impact daily functioning, even long after the precipitating events have occurred. In some cases, there may be no clear cause, yet the impact is still profound. Regardless of the situation, everyone deserves support. In my previous work, I worked with diverse populations and complex trauma. I supported individuals and families from all walks of life, many of whom were dealing with overlapping traumas, including domestic violence, mental health struggles, homelessness, childhood trauma, and identity-based discrimination. In all cases, I was inspired by every person's innate strength.
Mental health challenges can significantly impact daily functioning, even long after the precipitating events have occurred. In some cases, there may be no clear cause, yet the impact is still profound. Regardless of the situation, everyone deserves support. In my previous work, I worked with diverse populations and complex trauma. I supported individuals and families from all walks of life, many of whom were dealing with overlapping traumas, including domestic violence, mental health struggles, homelessness, childhood trauma, and identity-based discrimination. In all cases, I was inspired by every person's innate strength.
(646) 917-6985 View (646) 917-6985
Photo of Quanesha Griffin, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Quanesha Griffin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Champaign, IL 61820  (Online Only)
Has your marriage or relationship experienced trauma such as infidelity, betrayal, or significant conflicts that have shaken the trust between you and your partner? Are you struggling with constant arguments, emotional distance, or a pervasive sense of disconnect? These are common symptoms of a broken-down marriage that result from unresolved trauma. Such experiences can leave lasting scars, affecting communication, intimacy, and the overall health of your relationship. Recognizing these issues is the first step towards healing and rebuilding a stronger, more resilient bond with your partner.
Has your marriage or relationship experienced trauma such as infidelity, betrayal, or significant conflicts that have shaken the trust between you and your partner? Are you struggling with constant arguments, emotional distance, or a pervasive sense of disconnect? These are common symptoms of a broken-down marriage that result from unresolved trauma. Such experiences can leave lasting scars, affecting communication, intimacy, and the overall health of your relationship. Recognizing these issues is the first step towards healing and rebuilding a stronger, more resilient bond with your partner.
(217) 759-9489 View (217) 759-9489
Photo of Michelle Borrego, LSW
Michelle Borrego
LSW
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61822
Life can be complex and complicated. Situations can become an overwhelming entanglement of emotions, fears, hurts, etc. Difficulties can stem from a life transition, traumatic event, relationship dynamic, a buildup of experiences, or a general dissatisfaction with life. Together we can better understand your patterns of thoughts and behaviors to discover and change those that no longer serve you. Replacing these with positive thoughts and habits will help you to experience a fuller, more satisfying life.
Life can be complex and complicated. Situations can become an overwhelming entanglement of emotions, fears, hurts, etc. Difficulties can stem from a life transition, traumatic event, relationship dynamic, a buildup of experiences, or a general dissatisfaction with life. Together we can better understand your patterns of thoughts and behaviors to discover and change those that no longer serve you. Replacing these with positive thoughts and habits will help you to experience a fuller, more satisfying life.
(224) 332-2630 View (224) 332-2630
Photo of Tamara Covert-Schnabel, EdD, LCPC, NCC, Counselor
Tamara Covert-Schnabel
Counselor, EdD, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61820
With abundant experience as a former teacher and counselor, I have worked extensively with youth. My doctoral research delved into emotional and behavioral disorders, high-incidence disabilities, and special education. I have also guided adults of all ages through career counseling, family and relationship issues, and decision-making skills, providing a comprehensive understanding of diverse needs.
With abundant experience as a former teacher and counselor, I have worked extensively with youth. My doctoral research delved into emotional and behavioral disorders, high-incidence disabilities, and special education. I have also guided adults of all ages through career counseling, family and relationship issues, and decision-making skills, providing a comprehensive understanding of diverse needs.
(217) 284-6019 View (217) 284-6019
Photo of Megan Turner, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Turner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61821
When we experience distress in our lives, whether in the form of depression, from a traumatic experience, in response to a loss, or as a result of struggles with addiction - we are challenged by our minds and bodies to seek understanding, connection and healing. I have found that when we look at these challenges and face them together, we can find relief.
When we experience distress in our lives, whether in the form of depression, from a traumatic experience, in response to a loss, or as a result of struggles with addiction - we are challenged by our minds and bodies to seek understanding, connection and healing. I have found that when we look at these challenges and face them together, we can find relief.
(217) 279-9850 View (217) 279-9850
Photo of Mike Tozer, LCSW
Mike Tozer
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCSW
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61820
I have 35 years of clinical experience and enjoy working with Veterans, First Responders, College students, High School students, anxiety, mood disorders, couples counseling and how to cope and recover from narcissistic relationship abuse and imposter syndrome. I am very passionate about treating ADHD and helping individuals know how to advocate for themselves with their schools, jobs, and health care providers. I operate primarily under the following belief, “The only thing standing between you and your goal is the story you keep telling yourself as to why you can’t achieve it.”
I have 35 years of clinical experience and enjoy working with Veterans, First Responders, College students, High School students, anxiety, mood disorders, couples counseling and how to cope and recover from narcissistic relationship abuse and imposter syndrome. I am very passionate about treating ADHD and helping individuals know how to advocate for themselves with their schools, jobs, and health care providers. I operate primarily under the following belief, “The only thing standing between you and your goal is the story you keep telling yourself as to why you can’t achieve it.”
(217) 288-4387 View (217) 288-4387
Photo of Samantha Prague, MA, LCPC
Samantha Prague
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Champaign, IL 61820
Our worlds are chaotic, messy and sometimes cruel. As a result it is easy to unknowingly repeat that disorganization in our own lives. My goal to challenge these patterns of behaviors and relationships that may be keeping children, adolescents and emerging adults stuck. My specialty is working with strong personalities who have difficulty communicating their emotions with others, often relying on their behaviors alone to do so. My clients are quirky children who have ADHD, trauma, self injury, suicidality and mood disorders in addition to adolescents and college students who struggle with identity formation and healing the past.
Our worlds are chaotic, messy and sometimes cruel. As a result it is easy to unknowingly repeat that disorganization in our own lives. My goal to challenge these patterns of behaviors and relationships that may be keeping children, adolescents and emerging adults stuck. My specialty is working with strong personalities who have difficulty communicating their emotions with others, often relying on their behaviors alone to do so. My clients are quirky children who have ADHD, trauma, self injury, suicidality and mood disorders in addition to adolescents and college students who struggle with identity formation and healing the past.
(872) 266-7573 View (872) 266-7573
Photo of Keith Brooks, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Keith Brooks
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61820
I have been serving in the mental health field in various capacities since 2011 related to chronic mental illness and mental health crises. I have been a Licensed Professional Counselor providing outpatient therapy since 2015 with a focus on anxiety, depression, traumatic experiences, and relationship issues. I enjoy working with individual’s, couples, and teens. My interventions focus largely on Cognitive and Dialectical Behavior Therapy, as well as portions of Motivational Interviewing skills. I am also willing to work through spiritual issues or provide Christian counseling where desired.
I have been serving in the mental health field in various capacities since 2011 related to chronic mental illness and mental health crises. I have been a Licensed Professional Counselor providing outpatient therapy since 2015 with a focus on anxiety, depression, traumatic experiences, and relationship issues. I enjoy working with individual’s, couples, and teens. My interventions focus largely on Cognitive and Dialectical Behavior Therapy, as well as portions of Motivational Interviewing skills. I am also willing to work through spiritual issues or provide Christian counseling where desired.
(217) 203-8468 View (217) 203-8468

See more therapy options for Tolono

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tolono, IL

< 10

Therapists in Tolono, IL who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
100% Coping Skills
80% Depression
80% Career Counseling
80% Behavioral Issues
80% Stress
80% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% Aetna
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Tolono, IL see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

60% Female
40% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tolono?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.