Psychoanalytic Therapists in Chicago, IL

Photo of Sean M. Dowdy, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Sean M. Dowdy
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603
PhD in Anthropology, Licensed Professional Counselor, 5th-Year (Advanced) Candidate at the Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute
The willingness to examine oneself—with honesty, curiosity, wonder, but also ambivalence and doubt—might be one of the bravest achievements of any human life. Acknowledging and respecting that courage in clients is my first sacred duty as a therapist. From there, we talk. We explore the unconscious dynamics of your life. We work together on getting un-stuck, grasping the multiple ways we can live with others on this beautiful yet fragile world, and building something new for yourself and for future generations.
PhD in Anthropology, Licensed Professional Counselor, 5th-Year (Advanced) Candidate at the Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute
The willingness to examine oneself—with honesty, curiosity, wonder, but also ambivalence and doubt—might be one of the bravest achievements of any human life. Acknowledging and respecting that courage in clients is my first sacred duty as a therapist. From there, we talk. We explore the unconscious dynamics of your life. We work together on getting un-stuck, grasping the multiple ways we can live with others on this beautiful yet fragile world, and building something new for yourself and for future generations.
(312) 854-8588 View (312) 854-8588
Photo of Kate Broitman, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Kate Broitman
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60605
Psychoanalytic therapy is a way of listening that uncovers hidden barriers and self defeating patterns.
I have over fifteen years of experience as a therapist and extensive post graduate training in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. This form of therapy enables us to listen for and work through the impacts of intergenerational trauma, both within our family systems as well as the larger, inequitable systems in which we live.
Psychoanalytic therapy is a way of listening that uncovers hidden barriers and self defeating patterns.
I have over fifteen years of experience as a therapist and extensive post graduate training in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. This form of therapy enables us to listen for and work through the impacts of intergenerational trauma, both within our family systems as well as the larger, inequitable systems in which we live.
(847) 262-3212 View (847) 262-3212
Photo of Ann Surber, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ann Surber
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I receive ongoing training and consultation in psychodynamic/ psychoanalytic therapy.
I believe therapy is about the transformative potential that being in relationship offers. Whether you are seeking to address emotional or relational concerns or are interested in deepening your self knowledge, I will meet you where you are now and support you in developing an understanding of your inner life within a safe and compassionate environment. This process of knowing yourself can not only bring relief to your suffering, but gift you with a greater sense of agency to make empowered choices and broaden your capacity to live a meaningful life.
I receive ongoing training and consultation in psychodynamic/ psychoanalytic therapy.
I believe therapy is about the transformative potential that being in relationship offers. Whether you are seeking to address emotional or relational concerns or are interested in deepening your self knowledge, I will meet you where you are now and support you in developing an understanding of your inner life within a safe and compassionate environment. This process of knowing yourself can not only bring relief to your suffering, but gift you with a greater sense of agency to make empowered choices and broaden your capacity to live a meaningful life.
(773) 362-2748 View (773) 362-2748
Photo of Yitzi Katz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Yitzi Katz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
My primary treatment focus is psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
Symptoms tell stories and those stories must be heard, understood and thought about. I work with people who desire to understand themselves more fully, and interested at investing in a deep and long term process. I work with individuals wanting to address a variety of concerns, symptoms, and issues. A goal of my work is increasing self-awareness and having more satisfying long-lasting relationships.
My primary treatment focus is psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
Symptoms tell stories and those stories must be heard, understood and thought about. I work with people who desire to understand themselves more fully, and interested at investing in a deep and long term process. I work with individuals wanting to address a variety of concerns, symptoms, and issues. A goal of my work is increasing self-awareness and having more satisfying long-lasting relationships.
(773) 918-2270 View (773) 918-2270
Photo of Christopher Sloan Rigling, Psychologist, PsyD, MBA
Christopher Sloan Rigling
Psychologist, PsyD, MBA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60603
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in psychotherapy based upon existential and psychoanalytic theory, and I provide consultation services for individuals striving to improve the quality of their lives, their life's work, and their living.
My clinical specialty is in psychotherapy for adults, utilizing individual, family, and group modalities.
I specialize in psychotherapy based upon existential and psychoanalytic theory, and I provide consultation services for individuals striving to improve the quality of their lives, their life's work, and their living.
My clinical specialty is in psychotherapy for adults, utilizing individual, family, and group modalities.
(217) 269-8329 View (217) 269-8329
Photo of Margaret Tobin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Margaret Tobin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60614
I integrate principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy and psychoanalytic therapy to help clients to address their unique needs.
Thanks for visiting! I am currently accepting new clients. I believe that therapy is an opportunity to make positive and lasting change. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I am committed to working with individual clients struggling with anxiety, depression, life changes and transitions, relationships, grief and loss and trauma. I utilize a strengths-based approach to collaborate with clients, locate resilience, and assist them in recognizing their value and potential. I strongly believe in the healing power of the therapeutic relationship and use that relationship to empower and encourage clients to make meaningful change.
I integrate principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy and psychoanalytic therapy to help clients to address their unique needs.
Thanks for visiting! I am currently accepting new clients. I believe that therapy is an opportunity to make positive and lasting change. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I am committed to working with individual clients struggling with anxiety, depression, life changes and transitions, relationships, grief and loss and trauma. I utilize a strengths-based approach to collaborate with clients, locate resilience, and assist them in recognizing their value and potential. I strongly believe in the healing power of the therapeutic relationship and use that relationship to empower and encourage clients to make meaningful change.
(708) 480-9573 View (708) 480-9573
Photo of Ramya B Iyer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AM, LCSW
Ramya B Iyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AM, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
In recent years I've trained as a psychoanalyst at The Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute and am currently on faculty.
Starting therapy shows great courage and hope. I will collaborate with you to explore and reduce overwhelming feelings of worry and sadness while helping you better manage relationships in your life. I am guided by the belief that human relationships can be healing and aim to develop an authentic connection with my patients.
In recent years I've trained as a psychoanalyst at The Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute and am currently on faculty.
Starting therapy shows great courage and hope. I will collaborate with you to explore and reduce overwhelming feelings of worry and sadness while helping you better manage relationships in your life. I am guided by the belief that human relationships can be healing and aim to develop an authentic connection with my patients.
(773) 372-1623 View (773) 372-1623
Photo of Dr. Katherine Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, PhD , LCSW
Dr. Katherine Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, PhD , LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603
I am a faculty member at the Michigan Psychoanalytic Institute.
Are you struggling through your days or feel that your life and relationships could be more meaningful? Therapy could help you. I will work with you to manage distressing feelings and to understand the origin of your problems. Every patient enters therapy with a unique set of needs. I tailor treatment to address your needs and goals. By working in this way therapy opens you to a positive emotional experience which in turn transforms how you approach living your life. Therapy is an investment in your future and my commitment is to assist you to live a life of vitality.
I am a faculty member at the Michigan Psychoanalytic Institute.
Are you struggling through your days or feel that your life and relationships could be more meaningful? Therapy could help you. I will work with you to manage distressing feelings and to understand the origin of your problems. Every patient enters therapy with a unique set of needs. I tailor treatment to address your needs and goals. By working in this way therapy opens you to a positive emotional experience which in turn transforms how you approach living your life. Therapy is an investment in your future and my commitment is to assist you to live a life of vitality.
(630) 756-5199 View (630) 756-5199
Photo of Laura E Lambert - Laura E. Lambert, PhD, Psychologist, PhD
Laura E. Lambert, PhD
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
My training includes a Certificate from the Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute focusing on Self Psychology and Relational Psychoanalysis, Beck Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Gottman Family Therapy Level 1, Parent Guidance, Psychotherapy for Seniors, and Fraud Prevention.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Psychologist working with adults in all phases of life, including parenting infants through young adulthood. I provide gender-affirming care to LBGQTIA individuals and their families, including letters of support for medical care. I provide problem-focused, insight-oriented, and psychodynamic psychotherapy with 20 years of experience. Through understanding and awareness, we can improve communication and help you make choices to enhance your life - career, relationships, family - and negotiate hurdles or grieve losses.
My training includes a Certificate from the Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute focusing on Self Psychology and Relational Psychoanalysis, Beck Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Gottman Family Therapy Level 1, Parent Guidance, Psychotherapy for Seniors, and Fraud Prevention.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Psychologist working with adults in all phases of life, including parenting infants through young adulthood. I provide gender-affirming care to LBGQTIA individuals and their families, including letters of support for medical care. I provide problem-focused, insight-oriented, and psychodynamic psychotherapy with 20 years of experience. Through understanding and awareness, we can improve communication and help you make choices to enhance your life - career, relationships, family - and negotiate hurdles or grieve losses.
(773) 305-6131 View (773) 305-6131
Photo of Elda Solano, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Elda Solano
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60637
I employ a combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Psychoanalytic Therapy.
Hi, there! I’m a licensed professional counselor (LPC) who enjoys working with kiddos as young as 6-years-old up to adults and families. I have experience in working with children and individuals with concerns such as: men's issues, general anxiety and more complex anxiety disorders, depression, self-esteem building, and difficulty adjusting to life changes. I am particularly passionate about working with and empowering fellow Latino individuals. I offer services fluently in both English and Spanish.
I employ a combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Psychoanalytic Therapy.
Hi, there! I’m a licensed professional counselor (LPC) who enjoys working with kiddos as young as 6-years-old up to adults and families. I have experience in working with children and individuals with concerns such as: men's issues, general anxiety and more complex anxiety disorders, depression, self-esteem building, and difficulty adjusting to life changes. I am particularly passionate about working with and empowering fellow Latino individuals. I offer services fluently in both English and Spanish.
(872) 275-4588 x233 View (872) 275-4588 x233
Photo of Madelyn Greenberger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCSW
Madelyn Greenberger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
I have advanced psychoanalytic training with adults, adolescents and children.
Psychodynamic therapy focuses on providing a safe environment from which a therapeutic relationship can grow. Through this experience, feelings and thoughts outside our everyday awareness come alive and can be used for self-understanding and growth. As a result, change tends to occur. I assist clients with a range of life situations and emotional concerns, and am interested in working with individuals who have difficulties in relationships, with anxiety, depression, and self-esteem, and who have experienced parental loss and trauma.
I have advanced psychoanalytic training with adults, adolescents and children.
Psychodynamic therapy focuses on providing a safe environment from which a therapeutic relationship can grow. Through this experience, feelings and thoughts outside our everyday awareness come alive and can be used for self-understanding and growth. As a result, change tends to occur. I assist clients with a range of life situations and emotional concerns, and am interested in working with individuals who have difficulties in relationships, with anxiety, depression, and self-esteem, and who have experienced parental loss and trauma.
(312) 548-1666 x847971 View (312) 548-1666 x847971
Photo of Melanie J Thakkar, Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Melanie J Thakkar
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602
My training in cognitive behavioral and psychoanalytic theory and practice has allowed me to formulate individualized and comprehensive treatment plans tailored to the presenting problems of each patient.
A positive working alliance between a psychologist and patient is crucial for growth and development within the clinical context. Therefore, it is key for each patient to seek out a psychologist whom they feel comfortable and connected with. I offer an initial consultation at no charge in order to determine if the right fit exists. If after a consultation it does not feel like a good fit, then I will help you find a clinician who provides one. As a licensed clinical psychologist, with more than seven years of clinical experience, I have an extensive background working with adolescents, adults, and families.
My training in cognitive behavioral and psychoanalytic theory and practice has allowed me to formulate individualized and comprehensive treatment plans tailored to the presenting problems of each patient.
A positive working alliance between a psychologist and patient is crucial for growth and development within the clinical context. Therefore, it is key for each patient to seek out a psychologist whom they feel comfortable and connected with. I offer an initial consultation at no charge in order to determine if the right fit exists. If after a consultation it does not feel like a good fit, then I will help you find a clinician who provides one. As a licensed clinical psychologist, with more than seven years of clinical experience, I have an extensive background working with adolescents, adults, and families.
(312) 646-4557 View (312) 646-4557
Photo of Yesha Shukla, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LSW
Yesha Shukla
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603
Psychoanalytic psychotherapy facilitates healing through a therapeutic relationship that is safe, trusting, and collaborative.
The therapeutic space is one in which you can speak freely, without fear of judgment. Together, we will identify and give meaning to experiences that have affected you, even those that lie outside your immediate awareness.
Psychoanalytic psychotherapy facilitates healing through a therapeutic relationship that is safe, trusting, and collaborative.
The therapeutic space is one in which you can speak freely, without fear of judgment. Together, we will identify and give meaning to experiences that have affected you, even those that lie outside your immediate awareness.
(217) 393-8932 View (217) 393-8932
Photo of Thetis Cromie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Thetis Cromie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603
She holds a professional license in Illinois and is a member of The American Psychoanalytic Association, the Chicago Psychoanalytic Society, and the Chinese American Psychoanalytic Alliance.
Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis are opportunities for children and adults to work through the challenges of anxiety and depression, as well as traumas such as loss or abuse, and the defeating patterns of human interaction that result in problems in interpersonal relationships. Both modes of treatment provide opportunities for children and adults to experience improvement in their abilities to consolidate their talents and skills and to work more effectively toward their life goals. Thetis Cromie earned a doctorate from the Divinity School of the University of Chicago and holds master's degrees from the Divinity School and the School of Social Service.
She holds a professional license in Illinois and is a member of The American Psychoanalytic Association, the Chicago Psychoanalytic Society, and the Chinese American Psychoanalytic Alliance.
Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis are opportunities for children and adults to work through the challenges of anxiety and depression, as well as traumas such as loss or abuse, and the defeating patterns of human interaction that result in problems in interpersonal relationships. Both modes of treatment provide opportunities for children and adults to experience improvement in their abilities to consolidate their talents and skills and to work more effectively toward their life goals. Thetis Cromie earned a doctorate from the Divinity School of the University of Chicago and holds master's degrees from the Divinity School and the School of Social Service.
(312) 313-2501 View (312) 313-2501
Photo of April Nisan Ilkmen, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
April Nisan Ilkmen
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
In my practice, I utilize psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
Everyone experiences emotions in life that can be overwhelming and anxiety-ridden. Many of these symptoms reflect inner conflicts and desires, but also early attachment injuries. I help my patients work toward alleviating the symptoms they bring to therapy while also encouraging them to take an intimate look at what is contributing to their struggles so that long-term change becomes possible. While it is often hard work, psychotherapy can lead to a clearer and grounded sense of self and safer relationships with others.
In my practice, I utilize psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
Everyone experiences emotions in life that can be overwhelming and anxiety-ridden. Many of these symptoms reflect inner conflicts and desires, but also early attachment injuries. I help my patients work toward alleviating the symptoms they bring to therapy while also encouraging them to take an intimate look at what is contributing to their struggles so that long-term change becomes possible. While it is often hard work, psychotherapy can lead to a clearer and grounded sense of self and safer relationships with others.
(773) 900-5099 View (773) 900-5099
Photo of Gail E. Richman, MA, LCPC
Gail E. Richman
MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602
Waitlist for new clients
My practice orientation is psychoanalytic and is focused on the growth of the personality.
Feelings of depression and anxiety, or family and work conflicts can become overwhelming. Talking about your thoughts, feelings, dreams and experiences during the therapy hour helps relieve emotional suffering and increases your capacity to tolerate and manage difficult feelings such as anger, panic, grief and a sense of isolation.
My practice orientation is psychoanalytic and is focused on the growth of the personality.
Feelings of depression and anxiety, or family and work conflicts can become overwhelming. Talking about your thoughts, feelings, dreams and experiences during the therapy hour helps relieve emotional suffering and increases your capacity to tolerate and manage difficult feelings such as anger, panic, grief and a sense of isolation.
(217) 387-8741 View (217) 387-8741
Photo of Sidney Eileen Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Sidney Eileen Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611
As a Psychoanalyst, I am able to offer Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy from a background of education at the highest level in our mental health field, effective evidence based approaches for problems that fail to respond to other therapies or medication alone, leading to deep and long lasting changes.
Your awareness of personal pain may be the beginning of your determination to make needed changes in your life. If you long for an improved sense of your self and better relationships, seeking help is the first step. Each person deserves the helpful guidance of another person and I consider it a privilege to be a part of that journey. My background, experience, education, and multicultural focus has prepared me to serve a wide variety of people and to appreciate your unique qualities. Discovering your ability to understand yourself at a deeper level opens up the freedom to make positive choices in your life.
As a Psychoanalyst, I am able to offer Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy from a background of education at the highest level in our mental health field, effective evidence based approaches for problems that fail to respond to other therapies or medication alone, leading to deep and long lasting changes.
Your awareness of personal pain may be the beginning of your determination to make needed changes in your life. If you long for an improved sense of your self and better relationships, seeking help is the first step. Each person deserves the helpful guidance of another person and I consider it a privilege to be a part of that journey. My background, experience, education, and multicultural focus has prepared me to serve a wide variety of people and to appreciate your unique qualities. Discovering your ability to understand yourself at a deeper level opens up the freedom to make positive choices in your life.
(312) 342-1781 View (312) 342-1781
Photo of Amanda El Khoury, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Amanda El Khoury
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603
Psychoanalytic therapy is unique because it takes up the question of the individual — your particular history, your singular experience, and importantly, what you have to say about it all.
Psychological symptoms causing suffering are coded messages that speak to desires and conflicts, efforts at managing disappointment and pain. I listen for what is happening under the surface. Through this process, you begin to listen to yourself differently too, creating space for your often hidden innermost beliefs to emerge.
Psychoanalytic therapy is unique because it takes up the question of the individual — your particular history, your singular experience, and importantly, what you have to say about it all.
Psychological symptoms causing suffering are coded messages that speak to desires and conflicts, efforts at managing disappointment and pain. I listen for what is happening under the surface. Through this process, you begin to listen to yourself differently too, creating space for your often hidden innermost beliefs to emerge.
(773) 378-9453 View (773) 378-9453
Photo of Natalie M Bjorklund, Counselor, LCPC, CDVP
Natalie M Bjorklund
Counselor, LCPC, CDVP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I also love to use psychoanalytic to help client's gain a better understanding about the why's of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
I have had a wide range of clientele, from 1 years old to someone in their sixties. I have had a lot of clients who've come to me with anxiety, depression, body image issues, Domestic violence and sexual assault. I have worked with trauma for over five years and I love helping clients with processing what they went through. I love helping clients gain insight as well as an understanding for what they've gone through in their lives. You can book with me by clicking my website.
I also love to use psychoanalytic to help client's gain a better understanding about the why's of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
I have had a wide range of clientele, from 1 years old to someone in their sixties. I have had a lot of clients who've come to me with anxiety, depression, body image issues, Domestic violence and sexual assault. I have worked with trauma for over five years and I love helping clients with processing what they went through. I love helping clients gain insight as well as an understanding for what they've gone through in their lives. You can book with me by clicking my website.
(815) 860-5435 View (815) 860-5435
Photo of Olivia Berkeley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Olivia Berkeley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
My training includes personal study of psychoanalytic theory and Jungian depth psychology, as well as a decade of my own therapy.
Every person has the potential to live with more freedom, joy, ease, and love, and therapy supports us to realize this potential. Many of my clients have experienced various forms of relational trauma — including wounding that has occurred in intimate relationships or in childhood — and yearn to heal from these experiences and find healthier ways of dealing with addiction or problematic substance use, stress, anxiety, depression, compulsive behaviors, relationship difficulties, and other challenging emotions. My goal is to help you live with more peace, acceptance, autonomy, confidence, satisfaction, intimacy, and joy.
My training includes personal study of psychoanalytic theory and Jungian depth psychology, as well as a decade of my own therapy.
Every person has the potential to live with more freedom, joy, ease, and love, and therapy supports us to realize this potential. Many of my clients have experienced various forms of relational trauma — including wounding that has occurred in intimate relationships or in childhood — and yearn to heal from these experiences and find healthier ways of dealing with addiction or problematic substance use, stress, anxiety, depression, compulsive behaviors, relationship difficulties, and other challenging emotions. My goal is to help you live with more peace, acceptance, autonomy, confidence, satisfaction, intimacy, and joy.
(630) 912-9196 View (630) 912-9196
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Psychoanalytic Therapists

Does psychoanalytic therapy work?

Psychoanalytic therapy derives from the work of Sigmund Freud. In this type of therapy, discovering buried thoughts and emotions from the unconscious will help a person work through their difficulties and negative behaviors. Research shows that psychoanalytic therapy can be highly effective, with patients reporting improvement in mood, quality of life, and overall well-being.

How long are people typically in psychoanalytic therapy?

Traditional psychoanalysis is in-depth and is conducted in five sessions every week. Today, modern psychoanalytic therapy is less intense and normally incorporates as few as one or two sessions a week. In some cases, positive change can occur quickly. However, if the condition, difficulty, or behavior is deep-seated, improvement may require many months or years of therapy.

Is psychoanalytic therapy suitable for young people?

Children and adolescents can benefit from this type of therapy. Many kids and teens are often unable to form and communicate their thoughts and emotions. Psychoanalytic therapy uses specific techniques such as dream analysis, symbolism, and free association or word association; all of which can be useful tools for less-communicative young people. Through this therapy, a patient will hopefully make connections between what they feel inside and how the world works outside.

Can psychoanalytic therapy be done online?

Modern-day psychoanalytic therapy is very different from traditional psychoanalysis. While an individual can sit face-to-face with the psychoanalyst for multiple sessions a week, they do not have to. Today, psychoanalytic therapy can be effectively conducted online or by phone. The key is that the individual confronts what is repressed and avoided, and this can be done whether in person or over online video.