Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of Chelsea Hopson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chelsea Hopson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60611  (Online Only)
I know what it is like scrolling through multiple profiles saying the same thing. So I hope these paragraphs will give you insight into what makes me different. My passion is to see Black and brown communities well. As a Black woman who grew up in urban contexts, I aim to help people thrive, especially those from marginalized communities. I have worked extensively with teens, young adults, and adults from various cultural and ethnic backgrounds. With experience ranging from violence prevention services and school-based therapy to IOP and PHP hospital settings, I am confident I can hold whatever you bring to the session.
I know what it is like scrolling through multiple profiles saying the same thing. So I hope these paragraphs will give you insight into what makes me different. My passion is to see Black and brown communities well. As a Black woman who grew up in urban contexts, I aim to help people thrive, especially those from marginalized communities. I have worked extensively with teens, young adults, and adults from various cultural and ethnic backgrounds. With experience ranging from violence prevention services and school-based therapy to IOP and PHP hospital settings, I am confident I can hold whatever you bring to the session.
(872) 276-9687 View (872) 276-9687
Photo of Millie Huckabee - Sage Therapy, Counselor
Sage Therapy
Counselor
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60601
Sage Therapy was founded in October 2020 from a deep passion to create a supportive and reliable mental healthcare practice for all clients. We believe that everyone deserves access to quality therapy, regardless of their background or identity. We offer a comprehensive range of mental health services to clients of all ages, from kids and teens to adults of all identities. Our practitioners have experience working with a wide range of mental health concerns.
Sage Therapy was founded in October 2020 from a deep passion to create a supportive and reliable mental healthcare practice for all clients. We believe that everyone deserves access to quality therapy, regardless of their background or identity. We offer a comprehensive range of mental health services to clients of all ages, from kids and teens to adults of all identities. Our practitioners have experience working with a wide range of mental health concerns.
(312) 313-7059 View (312) 313-7059
Photo of Olivia Rowley, LSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Olivia Rowley
Pre-Licensed Professional, LSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603
If you are coming into therapy, you may find that your current way of coping with life's stressors is no longer working for you, and you may be feeling stuck in life. Maybe you find yourself wondering why you keep repeating the same patterns of behavior; why your relationships seem similar in their dissatisfaction; why your emotions feel so strong and overwhelming and out of your control; or why you might feel out of touch with your deeper self.
If you are coming into therapy, you may find that your current way of coping with life's stressors is no longer working for you, and you may be feeling stuck in life. Maybe you find yourself wondering why you keep repeating the same patterns of behavior; why your relationships seem similar in their dissatisfaction; why your emotions feel so strong and overwhelming and out of your control; or why you might feel out of touch with your deeper self.
(773) 900-7105 View (773) 900-7105
Photo of Madeleine Glenn, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Madeleine Glenn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60613
Have you ever felt alone on your path towards healing? Are you struggling to understand how set healthy boundaries, focus, and find self-worth? Therapy can provide a safe space to feel seen and heard. When we begin to explore, accept, and understand ourselves, this causes everlasting internal change. I hope to foster connection based on genuine empathy, accountability, humor, and non-judgment.
Have you ever felt alone on your path towards healing? Are you struggling to understand how set healthy boundaries, focus, and find self-worth? Therapy can provide a safe space to feel seen and heard. When we begin to explore, accept, and understand ourselves, this causes everlasting internal change. I hope to foster connection based on genuine empathy, accountability, humor, and non-judgment.
(847) 613-1904 View (847) 613-1904
Photo of Robin Fleming, LCPC, Counselor
Robin Fleming
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611
Robin looks forward to collaborating with clients to increase their understanding of themselves and the challenges they may be facing. Robin uses a variety of approaches, customized to the needs of her clients. Robin operates on the premise that people thrive when treated with dignity and respect. By providing an environment of acceptance and non-judgment, Robin supports clients as they identify and utilize their strengths, values, and abilities to overcome obstacles and live healthier and more fulfilling lives.
Robin looks forward to collaborating with clients to increase their understanding of themselves and the challenges they may be facing. Robin uses a variety of approaches, customized to the needs of her clients. Robin operates on the premise that people thrive when treated with dignity and respect. By providing an environment of acceptance and non-judgment, Robin supports clients as they identify and utilize their strengths, values, and abilities to overcome obstacles and live healthier and more fulfilling lives.
(872) 278-1966 View (872) 278-1966
Photo of Debra Ann Chandler, L, C, S, W, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Debra Ann Chandler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, L, C, S, W
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60614
The most important thing I want potential clients to know is that I truly love doing therapy and sincerely care about the people I with work with. The belief that clients can create greater self awareness, insight and transformation through a non-judgmental, safe and compassionate relationship is the foundation of my approach. By providing an open and collaborative space, clients can explore their thought patterns, emotional/somatic states and behavioral experience to promote meaningful changes. I bring a warm smile, a curious, gentle, down to earth manner, a sense of humor and an authentic self into the therapy room.
The most important thing I want potential clients to know is that I truly love doing therapy and sincerely care about the people I with work with. The belief that clients can create greater self awareness, insight and transformation through a non-judgmental, safe and compassionate relationship is the foundation of my approach. By providing an open and collaborative space, clients can explore their thought patterns, emotional/somatic states and behavioral experience to promote meaningful changes. I bring a warm smile, a curious, gentle, down to earth manner, a sense of humor and an authentic self into the therapy room.
(872) 206-9495 View (872) 206-9495
Photo of Mickey Simon, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Mickey Simon
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60647
You feel different from others and can’t help but feel shame about it. Life feels out of control, your emotions seem too big, and you feel unfulfilled. You have tried almost everything you can think of to improve yourself and your life, but you still feel like you can’t make the changes necessary to feel better, calmer, and more connected. It can be really hard to ask for help, but you have tried to figure it out on your own and now it might be time to reach out.
You feel different from others and can’t help but feel shame about it. Life feels out of control, your emotions seem too big, and you feel unfulfilled. You have tried almost everything you can think of to improve yourself and your life, but you still feel like you can’t make the changes necessary to feel better, calmer, and more connected. It can be really hard to ask for help, but you have tried to figure it out on your own and now it might be time to reach out.
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Photo of Hunter Rush, Pre-Licensed Professional
Hunter Rush
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60618
One constant in life is change. Circumstances, relationships, and we ourselves can change radically over time. New challenges may stir up old emotions, ones that we thought we have left behind in the past. You may be struggling with a repeated sense of dissatisfaction in certain areas of life, whether it be relationship struggles, an emotional block, or a pervasive sense that something is missing. Different problems can be approached individually or relationally, and I work with individuals (child play therapy, adolescents, & adults), couples, and families to meet these problems from different angles.
One constant in life is change. Circumstances, relationships, and we ourselves can change radically over time. New challenges may stir up old emotions, ones that we thought we have left behind in the past. You may be struggling with a repeated sense of dissatisfaction in certain areas of life, whether it be relationship struggles, an emotional block, or a pervasive sense that something is missing. Different problems can be approached individually or relationally, and I work with individuals (child play therapy, adolescents, & adults), couples, and families to meet these problems from different angles.
(217) 754-5684 View (217) 754-5684
Photo of Akelah Moore, MA, MS, LCPC, Counselor
Akelah Moore
Counselor, MA, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603  (Online Only)
Offering a client-focused practice style that emphasizes the well-being and autonomy of patients in the areas of anxiety, depression and trauma. Offering Individual, group, and couples sessions, members of the BIPOC and Queer communities. Specializing in sport-focused performance interventions and life transition. As a therapist and mental health professional, I am dedicated to cultivating an inclusive and welcoming space for clients as I work with treating issues related to trauma, sports performance anxiety, crisis care, and family dysfunction that encompasses healing in the mind, body, and spirit.
Offering a client-focused practice style that emphasizes the well-being and autonomy of patients in the areas of anxiety, depression and trauma. Offering Individual, group, and couples sessions, members of the BIPOC and Queer communities. Specializing in sport-focused performance interventions and life transition. As a therapist and mental health professional, I am dedicated to cultivating an inclusive and welcoming space for clients as I work with treating issues related to trauma, sports performance anxiety, crisis care, and family dysfunction that encompasses healing in the mind, body, and spirit.
(312) 313-6435 View (312) 313-6435
Photo of Hilary McEvoy, LCPC, LCMHC
Hilary McEvoy
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60622  (Online Only)
Life throws us lots of challenges and having a trustworthy professional to talk to in a safe space can be helpful. I can help you sort through the complexities in life and be the best you! My approach is client centered and strength focused. We can work together to build a plan to meet your goals, tackle your problems and improve your life. I have been practicing for over 10 years and I am licensed in both Illinois and Utah. When I am not working, I enjoy spending time with my family and children. I like running, boxing and pilates. I also enjoy the benefits of having pets and spending time in nature.
Life throws us lots of challenges and having a trustworthy professional to talk to in a safe space can be helpful. I can help you sort through the complexities in life and be the best you! My approach is client centered and strength focused. We can work together to build a plan to meet your goals, tackle your problems and improve your life. I have been practicing for over 10 years and I am licensed in both Illinois and Utah. When I am not working, I enjoy spending time with my family and children. I like running, boxing and pilates. I also enjoy the benefits of having pets and spending time in nature.
(708) 255-1777 View (708) 255-1777
Photo of Laura Roetgerman, LCPC, Counselor
Laura Roetgerman
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60647  (Online Only)
With a passion for helping women thrive, I am a compassionate and knowledgeable therapist specializing in Anxiety/Panic Disorder, Postpartum Depression, and Infertility Issues. With years of experience and a genuine desire to make a difference, I am committed to creating a safe and non-judgmental space where women can openly discuss their concerns and find solace. As a dedicated therapist, I am here to support and uplift women, providing them with the tools and guidance they need to navigate through life's unique struggles.
With a passion for helping women thrive, I am a compassionate and knowledgeable therapist specializing in Anxiety/Panic Disorder, Postpartum Depression, and Infertility Issues. With years of experience and a genuine desire to make a difference, I am committed to creating a safe and non-judgmental space where women can openly discuss their concerns and find solace. As a dedicated therapist, I am here to support and uplift women, providing them with the tools and guidance they need to navigate through life's unique struggles.
(773) 362-2691 View (773) 362-2691
Photo of Sarah Ahmed, MA, LCPC
Sarah Ahmed
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640
I believe change happens through insight, by understanding how our past experiences and our context shape our present and future. As a therapist, I am warm, relaxed, and understanding. Together, my clients and I build a relationship that is unique and authentic. My office is a space that is safe and non-judgmental, where clients can explore whatever is on their mind in that moment.
I believe change happens through insight, by understanding how our past experiences and our context shape our present and future. As a therapist, I am warm, relaxed, and understanding. Together, my clients and I build a relationship that is unique and authentic. My office is a space that is safe and non-judgmental, where clients can explore whatever is on their mind in that moment.
(312) 210-0303 View (312) 210-0303
Photo of Rachana Doshi, PsyD, Psychologist
Rachana Doshi
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60654  (Online Only)
I believe that people are experts in their own lives. We all have strengths that sometimes are not apparent to us, but we can learn to identify them. As we connect to our internal experiences, we discover that our thoughts and beliefs about the way things are might be more workable than we had previously believed. My approach when working with people is to be collaborative and relational. I meet clients wherever they are in their journey and we work together to identify goals that help them lead meaningful lives. As your therapist, I look to create a safe space, be fully present, and listen deeply with non-judgment.
I believe that people are experts in their own lives. We all have strengths that sometimes are not apparent to us, but we can learn to identify them. As we connect to our internal experiences, we discover that our thoughts and beliefs about the way things are might be more workable than we had previously believed. My approach when working with people is to be collaborative and relational. I meet clients wherever they are in their journey and we work together to identify goals that help them lead meaningful lives. As your therapist, I look to create a safe space, be fully present, and listen deeply with non-judgment.
(312) 663-8124 View (312) 663-8124
Photo of Dr. Katherine Williams, MA, MSW, PhD , LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Katherine Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, PhD , LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603
Are you struggling through your days or feel that your life and relationships could be more meaningful? Therapy could help you. I will work with you to manage distressing feelings and to understand the origin of your problems. Every patient enters therapy with a unique set of needs. I tailor treatment to address your needs and goals. By working in this way therapy opens you to a positive emotional experience which in turn transforms how you approach living your life. Therapy is an investment in your future and my commitment is to assist you to live a life of vitality.
Are you struggling through your days or feel that your life and relationships could be more meaningful? Therapy could help you. I will work with you to manage distressing feelings and to understand the origin of your problems. Every patient enters therapy with a unique set of needs. I tailor treatment to address your needs and goals. By working in this way therapy opens you to a positive emotional experience which in turn transforms how you approach living your life. Therapy is an investment in your future and my commitment is to assist you to live a life of vitality.
(630) 756-5199 View (630) 756-5199
Photo of Anu Spain, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anu Spain
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
I am a licensed clinical social worker with 15 years of psychotherapy experience. I received dual master’s degrees in Social Work and Women’s Studies from Loyola University, Chicago. I previously worked as a hospice and palliative care social worker for 7 years at Midwest Palliative and Hospice CareCenter (now Journeycare) where I provided care for individuals and families coping with with terminal and life limiting illnesses. I was a therapist at Thrive Counseling Center in Oak Park for 8 years, working with older adults and also doing individual and family therapy with adults; I also started a grief and loss support group there.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with 15 years of psychotherapy experience. I received dual master’s degrees in Social Work and Women’s Studies from Loyola University, Chicago. I previously worked as a hospice and palliative care social worker for 7 years at Midwest Palliative and Hospice CareCenter (now Journeycare) where I provided care for individuals and families coping with with terminal and life limiting illnesses. I was a therapist at Thrive Counseling Center in Oak Park for 8 years, working with older adults and also doing individual and family therapy with adults; I also started a grief and loss support group there.
(312) 284-3217 x2 View (312) 284-3217 x2
Photo of Boramie “Bo” Noordhoff, LCPC, Counselor
Boramie “Bo” Noordhoff
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60661  (Online Only)
I believe in the healing power of a therapeutic relationship where you can be the real you. No judgment or criticism here. Maybe you want to break free from unhealthy patterns, work through issues that have been swept under the rug, or find wholeness. Perhaps life isn't going quite the way you'd hoped or expected. Maybe you long to be secure in who you are and embrace all parts of yourself, to move away from self-criticism and toward self-compassion.
I believe in the healing power of a therapeutic relationship where you can be the real you. No judgment or criticism here. Maybe you want to break free from unhealthy patterns, work through issues that have been swept under the rug, or find wholeness. Perhaps life isn't going quite the way you'd hoped or expected. Maybe you long to be secure in who you are and embrace all parts of yourself, to move away from self-criticism and toward self-compassion.
(312) 940-1823 View (312) 940-1823
Photo of Bailey Bostler, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bailey Bostler
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
Are you someone experiencing anxiety, struggling to set boundaries, coping with an adjustment, and/or dealing with complex trauma? It can be hard to move forward from feeling like you are alone. I am here to support individuals wanting to achieve their goals and feel empowered. I cultivate a non-judgmental environment where you can feel like you can be yourself and feel safe. I work from a collaborative approach where we will work together to find the best individualized path for you and what you would like to achieve.
Are you someone experiencing anxiety, struggling to set boundaries, coping with an adjustment, and/or dealing with complex trauma? It can be hard to move forward from feeling like you are alone. I am here to support individuals wanting to achieve their goals and feel empowered. I cultivate a non-judgmental environment where you can feel like you can be yourself and feel safe. I work from a collaborative approach where we will work together to find the best individualized path for you and what you would like to achieve.
(773) 797-9542 View (773) 797-9542
Photo of Erich H. Heintzen, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erich H. Heintzen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640
I believe that as we evolve and grow, our connections with ourselves, others and the world around us can become deeper and more fulfilling. However, when we are under stress, in a relationship crisis, or feel anxious or depressed, our connections to our loved ones and to ourselves are limited. We may be unable to communicate, feel angry, lack energy and feel overwhelmed. In order to relieve life's pressures, it is important to slow down, and become more self-aware--reconnecting with ourselves once again. Counseling fosters trust, and is a process that promotes growth and change.
I believe that as we evolve and grow, our connections with ourselves, others and the world around us can become deeper and more fulfilling. However, when we are under stress, in a relationship crisis, or feel anxious or depressed, our connections to our loved ones and to ourselves are limited. We may be unable to communicate, feel angry, lack energy and feel overwhelmed. In order to relieve life's pressures, it is important to slow down, and become more self-aware--reconnecting with ourselves once again. Counseling fosters trust, and is a process that promotes growth and change.
View
Photo of Jessica S Ventura-Ewing, LCPC, IMH-E, PMH-C, ATR-BC, Counselor
Jessica S Ventura-Ewing
Counselor, LCPC, IMH-E, PMH-C, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60660  (Online Only)
Becoming a parent is one of the most transformative journeys a person will experience. For some it can be a time for self awareness, reflection and deepening of relationships. For others it may be a time filled with anxiety, fear and distress. After baby arrives the family will be in a time of transition, navigating new roles and how to care for and attune to baby. I am passionate about supporting parents and their babies to navigate the crucial time period.
Becoming a parent is one of the most transformative journeys a person will experience. For some it can be a time for self awareness, reflection and deepening of relationships. For others it may be a time filled with anxiety, fear and distress. After baby arrives the family will be in a time of transition, navigating new roles and how to care for and attune to baby. I am passionate about supporting parents and their babies to navigate the crucial time period.
(773) 377-3440 View (773) 377-3440
Photo of Mike Falgiani - Today Telemedicine, PA-C
Today Telemedicine
PA-C
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60647  (Online Only)
Full virtual telemedicine medical office specializing in psychiatry (anxiety, depression, bipolar ect), ADHD non stimulant care ( strattera, wellbutrin ect) , weight loss management (semaglutide, tirzepatide) , urgent care (UTI, cough, injury ect), Primary care (birth control, blood work ect) . Offering Genesite genetic medication testing, ADHD computer testing and much more! Self-schedule from our website www.TodayTelemedicine.com and be seen this week!
Full virtual telemedicine medical office specializing in psychiatry (anxiety, depression, bipolar ect), ADHD non stimulant care ( strattera, wellbutrin ect) , weight loss management (semaglutide, tirzepatide) , urgent care (UTI, cough, injury ect), Primary care (birth control, blood work ect) . Offering Genesite genetic medication testing, ADHD computer testing and much more! Self-schedule from our website www.TodayTelemedicine.com and be seen this week!
(773) 692-6349 View (773) 692-6349
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
64% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.