Therapists in Hudson, IA

Photo of Jill Danielle Gronewold, Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Jill Danielle Gronewold
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Serves Area
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I use a variety of modalities to treat a wide range of presenting issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, and grief. My professional training includes working with children, adolescents, and adults who have experienced trauma, rape/sexual assault, domestic violence, and grief. I have experience in providing counseling from a Christian perspective, although I welcome clients from other faith and spiritual backgrounds.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I use a variety of modalities to treat a wide range of presenting issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, and grief. My professional training includes working with children, adolescents, and adults who have experienced trauma, rape/sexual assault, domestic violence, and grief. I have experience in providing counseling from a Christian perspective, although I welcome clients from other faith and spiritual backgrounds.
(641) 715-9961 View (641) 715-9961
Photo of Nichelle Blakesley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Nichelle Blakesley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
One of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story. Our past shapes how we see and respond to the world—but sometimes, it creates pain that lingers. Do you feel anxious, depressed, or struggle with self-worth? You’re not alone. Reaching out for help can feel overwhelming. That inner voice might whisper that you’re not worthy, that nothing will change, or that you have to carry it all alone. But the truth is—You are worthy. You can begin again. And things can change.
One of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story. Our past shapes how we see and respond to the world—but sometimes, it creates pain that lingers. Do you feel anxious, depressed, or struggle with self-worth? You’re not alone. Reaching out for help can feel overwhelming. That inner voice might whisper that you’re not worthy, that nothing will change, or that you have to carry it all alone. But the truth is—You are worthy. You can begin again. And things can change.
(319) 456-4541 View (319) 456-4541
Photo of Kim Stires, Counselor, LCMHC
Kim Stires
Counselor, LCMHC
Online Only
Hi, I’m Kim Stires and I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I’ve been a therapist for 12 years & specialize in helping adults manage stress, anxiety, & depression. I have extensive training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy & Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction & often use these tools in sessions. In therapy we can focus on how thinking affects how we feel & act while working on changing unhelpful thinking patterns. I also enjoy teaching & practicing mindfulness skills like deep breathing, body scan, & gentle movement which can help you develop self-awareness, cognitive flexibility & regulate emotions.
Hi, I’m Kim Stires and I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I’ve been a therapist for 12 years & specialize in helping adults manage stress, anxiety, & depression. I have extensive training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy & Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction & often use these tools in sessions. In therapy we can focus on how thinking affects how we feel & act while working on changing unhelpful thinking patterns. I also enjoy teaching & practicing mindfulness skills like deep breathing, body scan, & gentle movement which can help you develop self-awareness, cognitive flexibility & regulate emotions.
(319) 257-2382 View (319) 257-2382

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Sean Ostendorf, Counselor, LMHC, NCC, CADC
Sean Ostendorf
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, CADC
2 Endorsed
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
I honor a strength's based, holistic approach that focuses on supporting and encouraging the client.
I honor a strength's based, holistic approach that focuses on supporting and encouraging the client.
(319) 258-5746 View (319) 258-5746
Photo of Nic Trip, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Nic Trip
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
Hello and welcome! I am a licensed therapist providing counseling for children, teens, adults, families, and couples. I utilize trauma-informed practices and care for all clients, and enjoy working with a diverse set of clients. I have specific expertise and previous experiences working with individuals who have experienced sexual violence, are LGBTQ+, have childhood trauma, are neurodivergent, or exhibit PTSD symptoms. I also enjoy working with couples, and focus on creating an environment that fosters exploration of the relationship, intrinsic caring for the other, and navigating ways to lean into the relationship.
Hello and welcome! I am a licensed therapist providing counseling for children, teens, adults, families, and couples. I utilize trauma-informed practices and care for all clients, and enjoy working with a diverse set of clients. I have specific expertise and previous experiences working with individuals who have experienced sexual violence, are LGBTQ+, have childhood trauma, are neurodivergent, or exhibit PTSD symptoms. I also enjoy working with couples, and focus on creating an environment that fosters exploration of the relationship, intrinsic caring for the other, and navigating ways to lean into the relationship.
(319) 281-0642 View (319) 281-0642
Photo of Chelsea M Siefken, Counselor, MA, LMHC , RPT
Chelsea M Siefken
Counselor, MA, LMHC , RPT
1 Endorsed
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
Choosing the right therapist is an important decision, and I’m here to walk with you every step of the way. I offer in-person and telehealth sessions, including some weekend availability. As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Registered Play Therapist, I work with individuals, couples, and families of all ages. Therapy is a powerful tool for self-growth, healing, and gaining insight in a safe, nonjudgmental space. My goal is to help you use your strengths to achieve your goals and become your best self. Thank you for considering me to be part of your journey.
Choosing the right therapist is an important decision, and I’m here to walk with you every step of the way. I offer in-person and telehealth sessions, including some weekend availability. As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Registered Play Therapist, I work with individuals, couples, and families of all ages. Therapy is a powerful tool for self-growth, healing, and gaining insight in a safe, nonjudgmental space. My goal is to help you use your strengths to achieve your goals and become your best self. Thank you for considering me to be part of your journey.
(319) 271-8176 View (319) 271-8176
Photo of Taylor McDermott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LMSW
Taylor McDermott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LMSW
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
Welcome! I’m a licensed Master Level Social Worker (LMSW) who combines cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness to help women navigate life’s challenges with compassion and clarity. I offer a warm, non-judgmental space where you can feel truly seen, whether you’re balancing anxious thoughts, motherhood, work, or everyday stress. I take a holistic, collaborative approach, recognizing the connection between mental and physical health. Together, we will explore your goals, uncover patterns, and develop practical tools to help you feel grounded, heard, and more at peace.
Welcome! I’m a licensed Master Level Social Worker (LMSW) who combines cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness to help women navigate life’s challenges with compassion and clarity. I offer a warm, non-judgmental space where you can feel truly seen, whether you’re balancing anxious thoughts, motherhood, work, or everyday stress. I take a holistic, collaborative approach, recognizing the connection between mental and physical health. Together, we will explore your goals, uncover patterns, and develop practical tools to help you feel grounded, heard, and more at peace.
(319) 318-6345 View (319) 318-6345
Photo of Naomi Rumbley Zepeda, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Naomi Rumbley Zepeda
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Empowering teens and families to feel seen, heard, and understood Hi! I’m Naomi. Parenting a teen can be challenging—and being a teen can feel downright impossible some days. I specialize in helping families navigate complex emotions, clashing communication styles, and all the curveballs life throws your way. Whether you’re facing adoption-related transitions, disordered eating, body image concerns, anxiety, or depression, I offer a safe, no-nonsense space to explore healing and growth.
Empowering teens and families to feel seen, heard, and understood Hi! I’m Naomi. Parenting a teen can be challenging—and being a teen can feel downright impossible some days. I specialize in helping families navigate complex emotions, clashing communication styles, and all the curveballs life throws your way. Whether you’re facing adoption-related transitions, disordered eating, body image concerns, anxiety, or depression, I offer a safe, no-nonsense space to explore healing and growth.
(319) 727-8710 View (319) 727-8710
Photo of Caleb Hess, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Caleb Hess
Counselor, MA, LMHC
4 Endorsed
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
I am currently accepting referrals for both in-person and telehealth sessions. My therapeutic approach integrates Jungian psychology, existential psychology, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Together, we will explore the underlying motivations of your actions, bring awareness to unconscious patterns that may be shaping your life, and create practical interventions to address unhealthy behaviors. Through this process, we work toward cultivating a healthier relationship with yourself and building the tools needed to live with greater clarity, purpose, and authenticity.
I am currently accepting referrals for both in-person and telehealth sessions. My therapeutic approach integrates Jungian psychology, existential psychology, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Together, we will explore the underlying motivations of your actions, bring awareness to unconscious patterns that may be shaping your life, and create practical interventions to address unhealthy behaviors. Through this process, we work toward cultivating a healthier relationship with yourself and building the tools needed to live with greater clarity, purpose, and authenticity.
(319) 214-7859 View (319) 214-7859
Photo of Charlie Trunck, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Charlie Trunck
Counselor, MS, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
I work with adolescents, teens, young adults, and adults who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to manage life’s challenges. Many are dealing with anxiety, ADHD, anger, depression, trauma, or stress tied to relationships, school, or work. They’re often looking for someone real—someone they can talk to without judgment and who can help them gain clarity, manage emotions, and move forward with more confidence and control in their daily life.
I work with adolescents, teens, young adults, and adults who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to manage life’s challenges. Many are dealing with anxiety, ADHD, anger, depression, trauma, or stress tied to relationships, school, or work. They’re often looking for someone real—someone they can talk to without judgment and who can help them gain clarity, manage emotions, and move forward with more confidence and control in their daily life.
(319) 343-6637 View (319) 343-6637
Photo of Hunter Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Hunter Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi, I'm Hunter. I'm a therapist specializing in anxiety disorders, OCD, and insomnia. I work with all kinds of people at any stage of therapy (new to therapy or returning to therapy). I have worked with anxious clients who have issues with people pleasing, intrusive thoughts, and troubles communicating. With therapy, clients learn about their anxiety in order to face it head on using exposure therapy, acceptance therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. In sessions, I help by supporting your efforts, suggesting tools, and challenging you to grow.
Hi, I'm Hunter. I'm a therapist specializing in anxiety disorders, OCD, and insomnia. I work with all kinds of people at any stage of therapy (new to therapy or returning to therapy). I have worked with anxious clients who have issues with people pleasing, intrusive thoughts, and troubles communicating. With therapy, clients learn about their anxiety in order to face it head on using exposure therapy, acceptance therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. In sessions, I help by supporting your efforts, suggesting tools, and challenging you to grow.
(515) 255-2224 View (515) 255-2224
Photo of Sarah Kathryn Kiani - Hope Tree Counseling Services Inc., Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPCC
Hope Tree Counseling Services Inc.
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Waterloo, IA 50703
I have special interest in working with issues of terminal illness, grief loss and transition with children individuals and families. I work with children with attachment, ADHD, trauma, and behavioral issues. I work with women issues surrounding self- esteem and personal growth. I have an extensive background in theater and the arts. I incorporate nature, animals, drama, art and play into my therapies with clients. My work also focuses on treating PTSD and anxiety. I incorporate trauma informed care into my work. I believe healing is possible and I am here to walk the path with my clients to a place of growth and positive change.
I have special interest in working with issues of terminal illness, grief loss and transition with children individuals and families. I work with children with attachment, ADHD, trauma, and behavioral issues. I work with women issues surrounding self- esteem and personal growth. I have an extensive background in theater and the arts. I incorporate nature, animals, drama, art and play into my therapies with clients. My work also focuses on treating PTSD and anxiety. I incorporate trauma informed care into my work. I believe healing is possible and I am here to walk the path with my clients to a place of growth and positive change.
(319) 232-4673 View (319) 232-4673
Photo of Diane Rolf, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Diane Rolf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
Hello! I'm so glad you have taken the first step in healing! As a therapist, I aim to provide a welcoming, down-to-earth space where you can be your full self - messy, growing, healing, confused, hopeful - all of it. I've always believed that healing happens best when we feel seen and supported without judgement. As a therapist, I don't pretend to have all the answers, but I'll meet you with empathy, honesty, and a sense of humor when you need it. I truly believe that we all have the capacity to feel better, despite our pasts. I'm also a big believer in progress over perfections, and that small steps can lead to big changes.
Hello! I'm so glad you have taken the first step in healing! As a therapist, I aim to provide a welcoming, down-to-earth space where you can be your full self - messy, growing, healing, confused, hopeful - all of it. I've always believed that healing happens best when we feel seen and supported without judgement. As a therapist, I don't pretend to have all the answers, but I'll meet you with empathy, honesty, and a sense of humor when you need it. I truly believe that we all have the capacity to feel better, despite our pasts. I'm also a big believer in progress over perfections, and that small steps can lead to big changes.
(319) 658-5176 View (319) 658-5176
Photo of Janet Schuster, Counselor, tLMHC, NCC, MS
Janet Schuster
Counselor, tLMHC, NCC, MS
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
Life can be overwhelming, and sometimes the weight of stress, anxiety, or past wounds makes it hard to move forward. You don’t have to face it alone. As a mental health counselor, I provide a compassionate space where you can be heard and understood without judgment. Whether you’re navigating life transitions, healing from trauma, or simply seeking clarity, I’m here to help you find hope and practical steps toward a healthier, more fulfilling life. Grounded in the belief that true healing comes from pursuing that which is good, true, and beautiful, I tailor each session to your unique needs, always honoring your dignity and values.
Life can be overwhelming, and sometimes the weight of stress, anxiety, or past wounds makes it hard to move forward. You don’t have to face it alone. As a mental health counselor, I provide a compassionate space where you can be heard and understood without judgment. Whether you’re navigating life transitions, healing from trauma, or simply seeking clarity, I’m here to help you find hope and practical steps toward a healthier, more fulfilling life. Grounded in the belief that true healing comes from pursuing that which is good, true, and beautiful, I tailor each session to your unique needs, always honoring your dignity and values.
(319) 220-4592 View (319) 220-4592
Photo of Stacey Hoth, Counselor, MA, MS, NCC, tLMHC
Stacey Hoth
Counselor, MA, MS, NCC, tLMHC
5 Endorsed
Waterloo, IA 50701
I currently have immediate openings for new clients and would be honored to support you on your journey. Do you struggle with feeling on edge and/or not caring about anything at all? Do you put your needs at the bottom of the to-do list? Do you wonder if life should feel somehow better? Happier? Now more than ever, people are feeling anxious, overwhelmed, and uncertain about how they are supposed to manage their relationships, careers, and their lives. Pushing away your needs and not taking time for yourself can lead to long-term issues for your mind and body. I believe it should not be so hard to live a better life.
I currently have immediate openings for new clients and would be honored to support you on your journey. Do you struggle with feeling on edge and/or not caring about anything at all? Do you put your needs at the bottom of the to-do list? Do you wonder if life should feel somehow better? Happier? Now more than ever, people are feeling anxious, overwhelmed, and uncertain about how they are supposed to manage their relationships, careers, and their lives. Pushing away your needs and not taking time for yourself can lead to long-term issues for your mind and body. I believe it should not be so hard to live a better life.
(319) 463-3568 View (319) 463-3568
Photo of Rachel Blough - Raven Counseling Services LLC, Counselor, LMHC, BSW
Raven Counseling Services LLC
Counselor, LMHC, BSW
1 Endorsed
Waterloo, IA 50702
Do you feel defeated and alone? Are you seeking to heal the inner areas of self doubt, worry, fear, pain, and other places where hope is subsiding? Do you need a space to take a breath, slow down, and reflect with guidance from a clinical perspective? I am a clinician with over 12 years of experience providing person centered counseling and would like to help you discover how to find awareness and cope better. A raven is associated with loss; yet it's symbolism is complex. As a talking bird, it represents prophecy, complex decision making, and having rich awareness. I am ready to help support you in your hour of need!
Do you feel defeated and alone? Are you seeking to heal the inner areas of self doubt, worry, fear, pain, and other places where hope is subsiding? Do you need a space to take a breath, slow down, and reflect with guidance from a clinical perspective? I am a clinician with over 12 years of experience providing person centered counseling and would like to help you discover how to find awareness and cope better. A raven is associated with loss; yet it's symbolism is complex. As a talking bird, it represents prophecy, complex decision making, and having rich awareness. I am ready to help support you in your hour of need!
(319) 318-6773 View (319) 318-6773
Photo of Emily Conrad Steffen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Emily Conrad Steffen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in working with teens and adults with anxiety and depression disorders, trauma, and adjustment to life event concerns. I am both EMDR-certified and Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy trained, and have been in practice for 10+ years. I currently have limited availability depending on schedule.
I specialize in working with teens and adults with anxiety and depression disorders, trauma, and adjustment to life event concerns. I am both EMDR-certified and Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy trained, and have been in practice for 10+ years. I currently have limited availability depending on schedule.
(319) 224-8643 View (319) 224-8643
Photo of Monica Walters, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Monica Walters
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
My goal is to provide a safe, encouraging space for individuals to attune to their potential. Challenges come in many forms. Whether those challenges are rooted in anxiety, depression, self-esteem, grief, or life adjustment, I am here to empower individuals to make realistic steps that are sustainable, and celebrate successes along the way!
My goal is to provide a safe, encouraging space for individuals to attune to their potential. Challenges come in many forms. Whether those challenges are rooted in anxiety, depression, self-esteem, grief, or life adjustment, I am here to empower individuals to make realistic steps that are sustainable, and celebrate successes along the way!
(319) 844-5856 View (319) 844-5856
Photo of Cindy Enyart, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Cindy Enyart
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Waterloo, IA 50701
Opening up can be difficult, and I want you to have a space where you feel safe, heard, and accepted. Your story, background, and identity matter, and my goal is to create a supportive environment where you can explore your emotions and experiences without fear of judgment.
Opening up can be difficult, and I want you to have a space where you feel safe, heard, and accepted. Your story, background, and identity matter, and my goal is to create a supportive environment where you can explore your emotions and experiences without fear of judgment.
View
Photo of Amy S Roling - Amy Roling- Inspire Counseling & Coaching, Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Amy Roling- Inspire Counseling & Coaching
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Waverly, IA 50677
Waitlist for new clients
I have been working in the counseling field for 25 years. I enjoy helping clients help themselves move forward and live a healthier life. I've worked in college counseling centers, community mental health, schools, and in Corporate America. I use a cognitive behavioral approach and focus on each client's strengths. I've worked with many clinical issues: including anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties and many other issues that interfere with one's ability to enjoy life. I truly believe that if an individual, couple or family want help, healing is possible.
I have been working in the counseling field for 25 years. I enjoy helping clients help themselves move forward and live a healthier life. I've worked in college counseling centers, community mental health, schools, and in Corporate America. I use a cognitive behavioral approach and focus on each client's strengths. I've worked with many clinical issues: including anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties and many other issues that interfere with one's ability to enjoy life. I truly believe that if an individual, couple or family want help, healing is possible.
(319) 313-7681 View (319) 313-7681

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Hudson, IA

< 10

Therapists in Hudson, IA who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Coping Skills
100% Self Esteem
100% Women's Issues
67% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aetna
67% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Hudson, IA see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Hudson?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.